vii ABSTRACT
Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in
the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.
This undergraduate research analyses the post-feminism theory applies in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Therefore, there are two problems discussed in this research. The first one is how Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with other gender. The second one is about the reactions of people around to her political decisions.
This research is a qualitative and document analysis research. The data source of which was the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie’s transcript. The researcher used check-list as the instrument of the data gathering technique to analyse and categorize the language used by Margaret Thatcher to answer the problems formulation. Based on the analysis, there are two findings that can be used to answer the problems formulation.
The first finding describes the four Post-feminist Characteristics found in
Margaret’s languages used in The Iron Lady movie. Those characteristics are; General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism, Female Identity Crisis, Focus on the Individual, and Revival of Traditional Femininities. The second finding reveals the
people reactions on Margaret’s political decisions. There were two types of people
reactions founded. The first reaction is internal reactions that emerged from the closest people around her; her family and the members of her party. The second reaction is external reactions that emerged from her oppositional party and wide public rebellion. Both of the reactions; internal and external appears in words and actions of the people, which are publish through mass media; newspaper, TV, radio.
The researcher also provides some suggestions for English lecturers and future researchers. The lecturers in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) can use this movie to teach in Movie Interpretation class. While for the future researchers, they can analyse some other aspects of this movie which have never been discussed.
viii
ABSTRAK
Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in
the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.
Skripsi ini menganalisa penerapan teori postfeminis dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Oleh karena itu, ada dua umusan permasalahan pokok yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan pokok yang pertama tentang bagaimana Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady menerapkan teori posfeminis melalui caranya berinteraksi dengan kaum pria. Permasalahan pokok yang kedua tentang reaksi dari orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik dari Margaret.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan analisis dokumen. Sumber utama penelitian ini adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Peneliti menggunakan check-list sebagai instrumen penelitian dan mengkategorikan bahasa yang digunakan Margaret untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan. Berdasarkan analisa tersebut, ada dua temuan yang dapat digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan.
Penemuan pertama menjelaskan keempat karakter posfeminis yang diterapkan dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady. Keempat karakterikstik itu adalah; penolakan umum terhadap feminisme gelombang kedua, krisis identitas ke-wanitaan, fokus pada kesenangan pribadi, dan membangkitkan kembali tradisi kewanitaan awal. Penemuan kedua mengungkapkan tentang reaksi orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. penulis menemukan ada dua jenis reaksi yang muncul terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. Reaksi pertama adalah reaksi intern yang muncul dari orang terdekat Margaret sendiri; keluarga dan partainya. Reaksi kedua adalah reaksi ekstern yang muncul dari partai oposisi dan dari masyarakat pemberontak. Kedua jenis reaksi tersebut; baik intern maupun yang ekstern, muncul dalam bentuk kata-kata dan aksi, baik yang positif maupun negatif dan di publikasikan lewat media massa; Koran, Televisi, dan Radio.
Penulis juga mempersiapkan beberapa saran untuk para dosen dan para peneliti selanjutnya. Untuk para dosen yang mengajar di Pendidkian Bahasa Inggris dapat menggunakan film ini dalam mengajar kelas Movie Interpretation. Sedangkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya, dapat menggunakan film ini untuk membahas topic-topik lain yang kiranya belum pernah didiskusikan sebelumnya
Kata Kunci: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People
i
THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY
APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY
MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY
MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Agustina Rante Allo Student Number: 111214148
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
Not
all of us
can do
great things
. But we can do
small things
with
great love
.
(Mother Teresa)
So do not fear, for I am with you; do not
be dismayed, for I am your God. I will
strengthen you and help you; I will
uphold you with my righteous right
hand. (Isaiah 41:10)
With the
Lord
of the
World
for the
World
of the
Lord.
(Constitution of the Congregation of JMJ)
v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain
the work or parts of other people’s work, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, March 10th, 2016
The Writer
Agustina Rante Allo
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Agustina Rante Allo
NIM : 111214148
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE ANALYSIS OF POST-FEMINISM THEORY APPLIED IN THE LANGUAGE USED BY MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY
MOVIE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya
memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk
menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk
pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di
internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin
dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan
nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat sebenarnya
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 10 Maret 2016
Yang menyatakan:
vii ABSTRACT
Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in
the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.
This undergraduate research analyses the post-feminism theory applies in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Therefore, there are two problems discussed in this research. The first one is how Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with other gender. The second one is about the reactions of people around to her political decisions.
This research is a qualitative and document analysis research. The data source of which was the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie’s transcript. The researcher used check-list as the instrument of the data gathering technique to analyse and categorize the language used by Margaret Thatcher to answer the problems formulation. Based on the analysis, there are two findings that can be used to answer the problems formulation.
The first finding describes the four Post-feminist Characteristics found in
Margaret’s languages used in The Iron Lady movie. Those characteristics are; General Rejection of Second Wave Feminism, Female Identity Crisis, Focus on the Individual, and Revival of Traditional Femininities. The second finding reveals the
people reactions on Margaret’s political decisions. There were two types of people
reactions founded. The first reaction is internal reactions that emerged from the closest people around her; her family and the members of her party. The second reaction is external reactions that emerged from her oppositional party and wide public rebellion. Both of the reactions; internal and external appears in words and actions of the people, which are publish through mass media; newspaper, TV, radio.
The researcher also provides some suggestions for English lecturers and future researchers. The lecturers in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) can use this movie to teach in Movie Interpretation class. While for the future researchers, they can analyse some other aspects of this movie which have never been discussed.
viii
ABSTRAK
Rante Allo, Agustina. (2016). The Analysis of Post-Feminism Theory Applies in
the Language Used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady Movie.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programe, Sanata Dharma University.
Skripsi ini menganalisa penerapan teori postfeminis dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Oleh karena itu, ada dua umusan permasalahan pokok yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan pokok yang pertama tentang bagaimana Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady menerapkan teori posfeminis melalui caranya berinteraksi dengan kaum pria. Permasalahan pokok yang kedua tentang reaksi dari orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik dari Margaret.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan analisis dokumen. Sumber utama penelitian ini adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh Margaret Thatcher dalam film The Iron Lady. Peneliti menggunakan check-list sebagai instrumen penelitian dan mengkategorikan bahasa yang digunakan Margaret untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan. Berdasarkan analisa tersebut, ada dua temuan yang dapat digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan.
Penemuan pertama menjelaskan keempat karakter posfeminis yang diterapkan dalam bahasa yang digunakan Margaret dalam film The Iron Lady. Keempat karakterikstik itu adalah; penolakan umum terhadap feminisme gelombang kedua, krisis identitas ke-wanitaan, fokus pada kesenangan pribadi, dan membangkitkan kembali tradisi kewanitaan awal. Penemuan kedua mengungkapkan tentang reaksi orang-orang terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. penulis menemukan ada dua jenis reaksi yang muncul terhadap kebijakan politik Margaret. Reaksi pertama adalah reaksi intern yang muncul dari orang terdekat Margaret sendiri; keluarga dan partainya. Reaksi kedua adalah reaksi ekstern yang muncul dari partai oposisi dan dari masyarakat pemberontak. Kedua jenis reaksi tersebut; baik intern maupun yang ekstern, muncul dalam bentuk kata-kata dan aksi, baik yang positif maupun negatif dan di publikasikan lewat media massa; Koran, Televisi, dan Radio.
Penulis juga mempersiapkan beberapa saran untuk para dosen dan para peneliti selanjutnya. Untuk para dosen yang mengajar di Pendidkian Bahasa Inggris dapat menggunakan film ini dalam mengajar kelas Movie Interpretation. Sedangkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya, dapat menggunakan film ini untuk membahas topic-topik lain yang kiranya belum pernah didiskusikan sebelumnya
Kata Kunci: The Iron Lady Movie, Margaret Thatcher, Post-feminism, People
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to deliver my greatest gratitude to the Almighty God and
Lord Jesus Christ. I thank Him for being with me in all my ways of life. I
present this thesis to my beloved Congregation of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. To all my fellow nuns of Jakarta Province, to my fellow nuns of Trimargo Convent, and especially to my provincial Sr. Vinsensia Siunta, JMJ and provincial councils, Sr. Francinetty Manua, JMJ and Sr. Yulita Dammen, JMJ. I present this thesis also to the Rev. Mathias Wolff, SJ, the founder of my congregation, for only by his continuously prayer in the presence of God that I can finish this thesis well.
Foremost, I would like to express my special gratitude to my thesis advisor, Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd., who has become a great supporter as I struggle to finish this thesis. I am very blessed for her encouragement, support, guidance, ideas, suggestions, her times, and patience that becomes great helps in completing this thesis. I also express my most gratitude to all my lecturers in PBI who guide and help me during my study, especially to my academic advisor, Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed.
My gratitude is also for my mother and my loving departed father, my
brother, my younger brother, and both of their family, because of their prayer
and support I can finish this thesis well. My most special thanks also goes for my entire classmates, class C 2011; especially for Cici, Helmy, Ria, Desca, Sr.
Mikaela, KYM, and all of those who I cannot mention their name one by one. I
am so blessed to be in this class with all of you. I stay young and strong because of you all.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x
LIST OF TABLES ... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1
B. Research Questions ... 5
C. Research Objectives ... 5
xi
E. Definition of Terms ... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 10
1. Post-feminism Theory ... 10
2. Post-feminist Characteristics ... 14
a. General Rejection on Second Wave Feminism ... 14
b. Female Identity Crisis ... 15
c. Focus on the Individual ... 15
d. Revival of Traditional Femininity ... 16
3. Social Reactions Theory ... 16
4. Language and Gender Theory ... 18
5. The Explanation of the Subject ... 20
B. Theoretical Framework ... 21
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 22
B. Research Setting ... 23
C. Data Source ... 23
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ... 24
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 25
F. Research Procedures ... 27
xii
1. Focus on the Individual ... 31
2. Revival of Traditional Femininities... 34
3. General Rejection on Second Wave Feminism ... 37
a. Margaret’s Personal Life ... 38
b. Margaret’s Political Life ... 39
4. Female Identity Crisis... 41
B. People Reactions on Margaret Thatcher’s Political Decisions ... 41
1. Internal Reactions... 42
2. External Reactions ... 45
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions ... 48
B. Recommendations ... 51
REFERENCES ... 53
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 3.1 ... 26
Table 3.2 ... 27
Table 4.1 ... 30
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices Page
The Iron Lady Movie’s synopsis ... 56
Appendix A Post-feminist Characteristics in Margaret’s Language ... 63
Appendix B Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s Decisions ... 85
Appendix C Motivation Words that Affects Margaret’s Decisions ... 102
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into six sections. The first section is the
research background. This section explains the descriptions of the research
and the reason for the topic chosen. The second is the research questions,
this section presents the formulation of questions discussed or analyzed in
the research. The third is the research limitation that explains the focus and
the limit scope to discuss in the research. The fourth is the research
objectives. This section will cover the goal of the research. The fifth is the
research benefits. It discusses the advantages of this research. The sixth is
the definition of terms which contains the important key terms mentioned
in this research to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.
A. Research Background
Movies are made to be watched and listened. Movies appeal to human’s visual and aural senses. Like any art forms, movies are also
meant to be felt and understood, to appeal to human emotions and minds.
Movies are open to the world for being interpreted. By watching movies,
people can have the better understanding of how to deal with life. They
2 can also think critically about other’s personality and analyze the ideology
of each character in a particular action.
Movies are also considered as the representative of human life in
reality. Through movies, people can learn the different representation of human’s characters, emotions, struggles, feelings, and philosophy of life.
Movies can drive people to be critical about their aspect of life and how to
live their life. Also, through movies, people will not only see the representation of one’s character but also will see what life is and how it
works from different perspectives. Even in religious aspects, movies are
also playing its role. In prayer, human creativity combines with divine
creativity through imagination. The same thing happens when people use
film as a prayer (J. Pungent, SJ & M. Williams, SJ, 2004). By the time
people watch a movie, they are not only entertained, but they are also
being formed (Y. Iswarahadi, SJ in rohani, 2012). In other words, movie is
a way for people to see their own world through the story and the
characters which are represented in it.
Since movies are rich in valuable lessons of life, many researchers
work on the analysis of movies from all aspects of life. This research is
going to analyze ideology revealed in Margaret Thatcher character’s
through the language used in The Iron Lady movie.
In this research, researcher is going to analyze the language used by Margaret Thatcher’s character in The Iron Lady movie because the
3
movie and focus on how the character of Margaret Thatcher in that movie
used the language; spoken, body language, idea, and expression in order to
interact with other gender, especially on her political decision. Also, the
researcher used The Iron Lady movie because of the female actress of this
movie is reflected the true story of The Iron Lady itself; Margaret Thatcher
portrayed by Meryl Streep.
Margaret Thatcher (MT) is the first woman of Prime Minister who
served in the United Kingdom and the longest-serving Prime Minister in
the modern era of England. She is known as the Woman's of Baja or the Woman’s of iron (Iron Lady) hooked up with a nickname given by the
USSR (Soviet) to her. In her policy Margaret Thatcher is always true to
her views and cannot accept other people's opinions. She will perform
with a firm decision despite many rumors against it. Based on Margaret
Thatcher real life background, the researcher wants to focus on
post-feminism value in the way she thinks and leads the country as a Prime
Minister.
Language is considered as one of the most important elements of
human society since the language is used to communicate and to express
the human ideas. Aitchison (2003) states that humans can communicate in
numerous ways, for instance; they can wink, wave, smile, and even tap
someone on the shoulder which is also considered as the way of
communication. Brown (2005) emphasizes on language as a system of
4
members to communicate intelligibly between one and another. Wibowo
(2001:3) adds that language is a system of symbols that are meaningful
and articulate sound which are arbitrary and conventional. Schipper (2003)
also states that language is a form of communication that is based on a
system of symbol, whether it is spoken, written, or signed. Communication
itself means a behavior that is directed at another member of the same species and may affect the recipient’s behavior and the initiator subsequent
behavior.
Coates (1998), states that the most affecting social factor in the
communication is gender. Gender is the biggest influence among all of the
social factors of how people interact. In some areas, the society treats a
certain behavior towards men and women. It is based on how culture
interprets the biological differences in terms of sex, include expectation on
how man and woman behave and speak. Through language used, people can show their status level in the society. Someone’s ideology of life can
be represented through the language used. People can also judge one
another personality through the language they used.
Feminism is the movement and ideology that attain women’s
rights to create the world for women beyond social equality (Humm: 406). Feminism’s ideology is fighting for the women to gain their opportunity to
have a higher education and to do male’s jobs. They also get their
5
Feminism itself has some varieties movements, e.g. Radical
Feminism, Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Socialist Feminism and
Post-feminism. Post-feminism has the different manifestation of feminism.
Post-feminism is often judged as anti-feminism movements because most
of the characteristics of Post-feminism are about rejecting some concepts
of feminism. The simplest idea of post-feminism represents pluralism or
respect differences (Brooks, 1997). In post-feminism, there is more
differences or gender gap between man and women because they are
people.
B. Research Questions
Departing from the background, there are some questions
formulated. The questions are as follows:
1. How does Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie applies
post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with another gender?
2. How are the reactions of people to her political decisions?
C. Research Objectives
6
1. To investigate how does Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie
applies post-feminism theory through the way she interacts with
another gender.
2. To investigate how are the reactions of people around to her political
decisions.
D. Research Benefits
This research aims to give benefits to English lecturers and future
researchers to enrich their knowledge on Post-feminism. The purpose also
might get some information about the proper roles and behavior of women
in the society. In extras, the readers might learn how well a woman named
Margaret Thatcher is able to be equal with man in her political position.
For the English lecturers, this research is expected that the English
lecturers can use it to develop interactive teaching-learning activities in
Movies Interpretation Class. In addition, the lecturers can increase the students’ interest and creativity in interpreting a movie. They can also help
the students to make a comparison between the roles of women in Margaret Thatcher era and women in today’s era.
For the future researchers, this research aims to give a meaningful
contribution to other researchers who want to conduct further studies in the
same field. The researcher also expects that this research can provide the
researchers an additional reference on how to change the conservative
7
E. Definition of Terms
Some specific terms will be used in this research. In order to make
a better understanding and get the same idea from the research, this section
will represent some definition of terms that are used in this research.
1. Post-feminism Theory
Brooks (1997), she states that post-feminism today is not about
what comes after feminism, but it is about the conceptual shifts within
feminism. In addition, Braithwaite (2004), states that post-feminism is
now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to
previous feminist discourses.
2. Margaret Thatcher
Margaret is the first woman to hold the position as Prime Minister
in the United Kingdom. During her three terms, she cut social welfare
programs, reduced trade union power and privatized certain industries. She
has served the United Kingdom as a Prime Minister for eleven and a half
years, from May 4th, 1779 until her resignation on November 28th, 1990.
She died on April 8, 2013, at age 87.
3. The Iron Lady Movie
This movie is a surprising and intimate portrait of Margaret
8
United Kingdom. One of the 20th century's most famous and influential
women, Thatcher came from nowhere to smash through barriers of gender
and class to be heard in a male dominated world. Much more than a
biographical epic, the film is also the surprisingly intimate journey of a
"common" grocer's daughter whose social ambition and steel will -- along
with the love of her husband and confidant, Denis (Jim Broadbent) —
propelled her to unprecedented power. Combining fact, fiction and poetic
flight of imagination – as well as flashbacks -- director Phyllida Lloyd
creates a portrait that reveals the many faces of Thatcher: the hard-nosed
conservative; the woman who demolished the barriers of gender and class
in a male-dominated world; the spirited wife and mother who longed to
change her country for the better.
This movie was made in London, 2008. The story began with the
elderly former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher prepares breakfast for
her husband Denis, as she has every morning of their married life. Denis is
alive only in her imagination.
Once described in life as “always present, never there”, Denis is
still present for Margaret. Is he a loving memory made flesh? A
manifestation of her grief? Or perhaps her conscience, taking her to the
9
Locked in the infuriating inaction of retirement and battling ill
health, Margaret is ambushed by memories. Fragments of her private life
and of her premiership crowd into her mind and she relives them in vivid
detail. As she struggles to maintain her equilibrium, Denis teases and
needles her. The struggle, the triumphs, the betrayals – in the end, what
did she achieve? When all is said and done, was it worth it?
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is the
Theoretical Description which consists of two theories. Those theories are
the theory of Post-feminism and theory of People Reaction. The second
section is the Theoretical Framework which presents how the theories will
be used in the research to answer the questions formulation.
A. Theoretical Description
This section consists of five theories, namely: the development of
Post-feminism Theory, Post-feminist Characteristics, Social Reaction
Theory, Language and Gender Theory, and the explanation of the subject;
The Iron Lady movie.
1. Post-feminism Theory
Feminism is a movement which is fighting for the rights of
women so that women get out of injustice. Feminism is a political
movement that reviews various aspects of life. Feminism itself has been
through several stages of development. Recently, feminism is still as a hot
issue to be discussed. The history of feminism is divided into three waves.
The first wave of Feminism has been revealed in 1792 until 1960.
It has been known by the writer Wollstonecraft in The Vindication of the
Rights of Women. There is some feminism flows in this era. Some of them
are; Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Anarchist Feminism, Marxist
Feminism, and Socialist Feminism. All of those flows are fighting for the
development of the rational side of women. They are focused on individuals’ autonomy practice, but still do not eliminate discrimination
against women (Sanders, 1999).
The second wave of Feminism was revealed in 1960-1980. It is marked by the publication of “The Feminine Mystique” (Freidan, 1997)
and was followed by the establishment of National Organization for
Woman. This wave appears as a reaction to the dissatisfaction of women
on various discriminations they experienced. They are fighting for the
universalism. Feminism flows of this era are; Existential Feminism and
Gynocentrism Feminism.
The third wave of Feminism is revealed in 1980 up to nowadays.
This movement is well known as Post-feminism. It emerges as the result
of varieties criticism of feminism universalism in the second wave. Pilcher
(2004), states that to comprehend post-feminism, it is a must to state that
there is no agreement about how post-feminism can be described; the definition or terms is usually “essentially contradict” (Pilcher, 2004, p:
105). It means that there is a pro and against towards post-feminism. The
while the contra said that post-feminism is an anti-feminist movement
(Pilcher, 2004, p: 106).
Brooks (1977), argues that “it is not a question of depoliticizing
feminism, but of marking the conceptual shift from the ‘old’ and the ‘new’
form of debates around the revivified and theorized concept of difference”. The conceptual shift means here is about accepting pluralism
to shape equality than create equality. In addition, Brooks states that post-feminism represents post-feminism’s maturity, a development into a confident
body of theory and politics, representing pluralism and difference.
Mills (1989), notes that the frame of post-feminism is useful to
signify how feminism becomes rewritten, depoliticized and incorporated
into media accounts of contemporary culture. Furthermore, Brooks states
that feminism is not necessarily anti-feminist. Based on this border
perspectives, Braithwaite stated that post-feminism are not simply
reactions against or anti-feminism as cited in Brooks (1977: p. 27).
In addition, Gill (2007) states that post-feminism should be thought
of as "a sensibility". Besides, post-feminism also should be acknowledged
to be the cultural mood regarding gender that pervades Western countries
in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.
Post-feminism itself has some flows with their own uniqueness.
The first is Postmodern Feminism (known as Posmo). The idea of Posmo
is antiabsolute and antiauthority. This flow found that ‘gender’ does not
Feminism illustrates that the differences between men and women need to
be accepted and nurtured. More specifically, this flow rejects the
authority.
The second flow is Multicultural Feminism. Multicultural
feminism focused on the view that not all women are created or
constructed equally in a country. They are different in all aspects of life; not only on races and ethnicities differences’, but also different from
sexual identity, gender identity, age, religion, education level, occupation,
and marital status. This flow is generally identifying as the
social-intellectual movement that promoting the value of diversity as a principle
key. Multicultural also emphasize that all cultural groups must be
respected and treated equally.
The third flow is Global Feminism. Global Feminist claimed that
the oppression of women can also be caused by an unfair system. The
global feminist highlights the inequality between first world countries and
third world countries which have a different system of government. Thus
extending the global feminist agenda into a cross-country-women’s
liberation and nation.
The fourth flow of post-feminism is Ecofeminism. This flow is a
movement that seeks to create and preserve nature and the environment
with based femininity. Baxter (2006), tried to arouse and knock the heart
Ecofeminism assumes that this natural phenomenon occurs because the act
of masculine hegemonic and exploitative.
2. Post-feminist Characteristics
As an ideology of life, post-feminism also has some
characteristics. This research found some characteristics of post-feminism
from some writers. Here, the researcher chose feminist characteristics by Faludi’s: backlash theory, Grant’s: advice manual and some addition from
Braithwaite Journal. There are four characteristics of post-feminism found.
a. General Rejection on the Second Wave of Feminism
Braithwaite’s theory states that woman of this characteristics are
grateful for the freedoms and equalities made possible by the feminist
movement, but at the same time blame it for making them miserable with
pressures and high expectations. Women feel forced to apply what
feminism won for them; juggling a bona fide career and a family
(Braithwaite, 2004, p; 21-22). In addition, Grant asserts that woman who
focuses her energy to shape her career has her time left over to improve
her relationships, to support her man, and to raise her children. Besides,
Faludi (1992) in her book said that many contemporary women are
supposedly angry that feminism has weighed them down with high
b. Female Identity Crisis
This characteristic states that women today are not familiar with the term womanhood, because ‘feminism did not prepare them for the
roles as women’ (Friedan, 1997, p: 75). Feminism has promised her
-‘women’-a stronger sense of her own identity. Feminism also has given
her little more than an identity crisis, the best-seller advice manual being a
Woman asserts. Grant asserted that contemporary women have a real
course because feminism placing so much emphasis on career and taking
not enough attention on marriage and motherhood. In addition, Grant
explained that the dilemma of the contemporary woman is shown when
she tries to decide whether she want to be a single career girl or to be a
mother/housewife. It happens because the price she has had to pay in order
to gain the whole world often feels like the loss of her very soul.
c. Focus on the Individualism
The third character of post-feminism is focused on the individual
for personal pleasure. These may include fashion, beauty, sexiness, fun,
pleasure, and even include self-existence; “Look…! I am a woman, and I can do it better than men’s!”. This also signifies of indulgence that
considers ‘a rebellion against the old regime of feminism’ and ‘lifestyle
choices and personal consumer pleasures’ (Braithwaite, 2004, p: 23 and
d. Revival of Traditional Femininity
In this last but not least characteristics of feminism, post-feminism’s eagerness to participate in the revival of traditional femininity.
It can be shown through motherhood and domesticity-men, children,
family, and life at home, which is not in the plot of feminism. This
characteristic is also fighting for a normal family life as it should be. On
one side a mother could have had a brilliant career outside the home, but
on the other hand, she also became a brilliant mother and wife inside home
as befits a traditional woman. Faludi (1992) mentioned that women had
enough of the need for equality and they started claiming that they only
wanted to be the guardians of motherhood and domesticity, the
housekeepers of national politics (Faludi, 287). Besides, feminists failed
women by promoting the Equal Rights Amendment, pushing for no-fault
divorce laws, and ignoring motherhood. Women today are now realizing
that this is considered as one of the alternative lifestyles.
3. Social Reactions Theory
Labeling is a definition when given to a person will become the
identity of that person, and explain how the type of particular person. By
labeling a person, people tend to see him as a whole personality and not
the behavior one by one. Lemert (in Sunarto, 2004) states that labeling
theory is the deviation caused by the labeling of society to someone who
symbolic interactionism perspective and has evolved in such a way to
research and testing in various fields such as criminology, mental health,
health, and education. Labeling theory has started by Lemert and symbolic
interactionism of Herbert Mead (in Sunarto, 2004). Later, this theory
develops by Becker in 1963. Initially, the Structural Theory deviant or
deviation understood as behavior that exists and is a character as opposed
to social norms. Devian is a form of behavior.
Mead (1934) states that people act together. They do what they do
with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the
future. Furthermore, one tries to fit his own line of action into the actions
of others, just as each of them likewise adjusts his own developing actions
to what he sees and expects others to do.
Labeling theory states that the more often and more
people who label to a particular person or group, the person or the group
will resemble and even be transformed into a label that is given to him or
her. This reaction arises because someone labeled felt caged in
label given to him (Hikmat, 2008).
Labeling is one of the most reasons for someone to do
secondary deviation. Someone who labeled tends to perform other actions
which also include actions primary irregularities, especially in defending
themselves from granting that label. Someone who labeled is trying to
irregularities the others because it cannot maintain the attitude of the label
given (Martine, 2008).
Labeling theory stresses the idea that deviance is a relative term.
Under this perspective, people become deviant not because of the act
itself, but how people react to that act. As part of this theory, there are two
types of deviance. Primary deviance refers to episodes of deviant
behavior that many people participate in. Secondary deviance is when
someone makes something out of that deviant behavior, which creates a
negative social label that changes a person's self-concept and social
identity. People call this negative label a stigma.
4. Language and Gender Theory
Eckert and Mc.Gonell-Ginet (2003, p: 13), gender is the process of
categorizing characteristics based on social interpretation of biological
similarities and differences. This categorization is the social decision
(Fausto & Sterling, 1998) to label one is a woman and the other one is a
man. The labeling then focuses on what society expects somebody to
perform (Butler, 1990) based on their sex. Gender is defined broader as the
social constructions of the characteristics, responsibilities, and roles for
women and men, boys, and girls (World Health Organization [WHO],
2012).
Language is one of the systems of communication in speech and
people’s identity that differentiates one with other. The language style
used by someone can show which social group someone belongs to. There
are many sociolinguists have made some research about the influence of
gender and language in society, such as; Lakoff (1975), Spender (1980),
Coates (1998), and Cameron (2003). Wood (1997) also explains that the
research about gender and communication have been done by many
researchers for decades. The research that is done by Jhonson (1997)
shows that men and women actually have different assumptions in
communication. He states that both men and women live in two different
worlds that became great evidence why both of them have the different
form of communication in the society.
The differences between men and women are also found in the
form of discrimination in society. Women are always expected to talk like
a lady. Women need to talk politely, gracefully, and courteously. If they
do not do that, they will be considered as unfeminine-women. However,
when women talk gracefully and courteously they will also be judged as a
weak person. On the contrary, it is normal for men to angry and acts
aggressively. Besides, men have never been criticized when they talk
rudely. People in the society accept it as a common thing and it is men’s
nature act like that.
Even in the politics, the difference in the way men and women
talking do not bring any benefit for women in the politics life. Women
Larner (2009, p.5) states that it can be seen that although women work in
politics field, they are still considered to be unimportant just because of
the way they use language.
5. The Explanation of the Subject; The Iron Lady Movie
The Iron Lady movie is a biographical movie. This movie tells the
life of a woman named is Margaret Thatcher who fought very hard to
reach her position in parliament. In order to achieve her goals, Margaret
got various challenges and obstacles, one of which is gender
discrimination.
In the very beginning, the struggle of Margaret Thatcher was not well received by the public of her Country. People’s rejections occur
because, at that time, people still think that women’s duty in the ‘kitchen.’
However, Margaret Thatcher is a strong woman, due to all her hard work
and struggle; she finally managed to sit on the benches of parliament.
After she becomes a prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher still
must confront all forms of reaction emanated both from society and other
Member of Parliament against all her wisdom and political decisions.
This is a very inspiring movie. In addition, this movie can also be a
lesson to continue to fight and work hard for the sake of the country. By watching this movie, someone’s nationality is considering increasingly
women are expected to increasingly have the confidence to perform,
fought and have good competition with men in the political field.
B. Theoretical Framework
This research provides some theories to support the analysis and to
answer the two questions presented in the questions formulation in the first
chapter. They are; theory of Post-feminism and Post-feminist
Characteristics, Social Reaction Theory, and Language and Gender
Theory.
The first is the theory of Post-feminism and Post-feminist
Characteristics. Those theories are used to answer the first research
questions, which is to identify how Margaret Thatcher is being presented
in The Iron Lady movie. In addition, this theory will help the researcher to
find out whether Margaret Thatcher represents any post-feminism ideology
in the way she interacts with other genders or not. The theory of
Post-feminist characteristics is used to find out what sort of character Margaret
Thatcher is.
The second is the theory of social reaction and theory of language
and gender. In this research, the researcher uses the theory of social
reaction to finding out the pro and contra-reactions on the political decisions’ of Margaret Thatcher during her political career. The theory of
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six parts. The first part is research
method. This section explains the type of research chosen. The second part
is research setting. The third part is the data source. The fourth is
instruments and data gathering techniques. This section describes kinds of
instruments being used in this research. The fifth is data analyzing
technique. The section describes how the findings are analyzed. The last
part is research procedure that explains the steps of the research.
A. Research Method
This is a document analysis, since some of the researchers, such as
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002, p. 442) define document analysis as a
research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of
identifying specified characteristic of materials. Ripley and Flick (2007) state that, “analyzing conversation has a long tradition in the history of
qualitative research.” The material was usually in the form of scripts,
textbooks, advertisement, and any other types of document. The data of
this research were found in The Iron Lady movie’s script that contained
the conversation of the characters. The data were analyzed based on Brook’s theory about post-feminism.
B. Research Setting
The analysis of The Iron Lady movie was started from February
9th, 2015 in Yogyakarta until September 25th, 2015. The researcher spent
half a year in analyzing the script in order to gain the answer for the
research questions that found in the transcript.
C. Data Source
The data of this research is Margaret Thatcher’s language and
behaviors that are presented in the English movie entitled The Iron Lady.
The sources were in the form of movie’s transcription. This movie is a
surprising and intimate portrait of Margaret Thatcher (Meryl Streep), the
first and only female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. One of the
20th century's most famous and influential women, Thatcher came from
nowhere to smash through barriers of gender and class to be heard in a
male dominated world. Much more than a biographical epic, the film is
also the surprisingly intimate journey of a "common" grocer's daughter
whose social ambition and steel will -- along with the love of her husband
and confidant, Denis (Jim Broadbent) — propelled her to unprecedented
power. Combining fact, fiction and poetic flight of imagination – as well
as flashbacks -- director Phyllida Lloyd, produced by Damian Jones, and
written by Abi Morgan.
This movie creates a portrait that reveals the many faces of
barriers of gender and class in a male-dominated world; the spirited wife
and mother who longed to change her country for the better.
The researcher chose this movie because of some criteria that the
researcher needed to be analyzed. Some of those criteria are; the character
has applies post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with other
gender in the movie, the character also has social interaction with various social status, the character’s ideology of life, and the movie also represents
social reaction.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In this research, there were two instruments used by the researcher. Those instruments are human instrument and document. “The human
instrument has the unique capability of summarizing data on the spot and
feeding it back to an informant for clarification, correction, and
amplification. Moreover, human instrument is the main instrument for gathering the data from the documents”. (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p.194).
The other instrument was the document. This instrument can help the researcher in doing the research; it can be similar to the sources’
books. The researcher made an observation on the script in order to
accomplish the research questions. After gathering the data needed, the
data would be presented in the analysis. Documents can be a personal
document, such as diaries, files, or books (Ary, Jacobs, and Rasavieh,
Lady movie to collect the data from Margaret Thatcher’s language and actions. The movie’s transcript consisted of 96 pages and was taken from
http://goodinaroom.com/wp-content/uploads/Iron-Lady-screenplay.pdf.
The script that was found and the dialogue in the movie transcript were not
as much as the dialogue in the movie. That is why the researcher combined
both the script and the movie’s subtitle when gathering the data needed. However, most of the data were taken from the movie’s transcript.
The researcher selected the language of Margaret Thatcher that will
be used to find out the answer of the first research question. However, for
the answer of the second research question, the researcher selected all the
reactions of people around to her political decision; both in the form of
actions and words. Besides the used of human instrument and document,
the researcher also used checklist and table in order to categorize the data
needed.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The data collected in this research were analyzed to answer the
questions formulation. The first research question in this research was to
present the post-feminism’s ideology through Margaret Thatcher’s
interaction with another gender. The language used and the action done by
the character will be classified based on Braithwaite’s theory of post
the second wave feminism, female identity crisis, focus on the individual, and revival of traditional femininity.
The second research question was to present the factors that affect the social reaction to the Margaret Thatcher’s political decisions. The
language used and the action done by the character will be analyzed according to Howard Becker’s theory.
There were two tables made by the researcher to gain the data from the movie’s transcript. The first table is used to analyze the post-feminist
characteristics represent in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The
Iron Lady movie. The second table is used to analyze the social reaction
by the people around to her political decisions.
Table 3.1 Post-feminism Characteristics Applies in Margaret’s Languages
No Margaret’s with her husband
Bedroom Old Margaret is standing in front
of a wide cupboard and
Denis’ hand
reaches across, wavering between
jackets of brown tweed and grey
twill
TOTAL Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences Occurrences
Table 3.2 Types of People Reactions on Margaret’s Political Decisions.
Place Context
Types of Reaction Internal
Reaction External Reaction
Family Party Words Actions Mass is committed to public service,
In gathering the data needed, the researcher was supported by some
supporting instruments, such as electronic devices, that consisted of laptop
listed the expressions needed and matched those expressions with the
movie transcript.
F. Research Procedure
There were several steps the researcher did in order to finish this
research. The first step was watching the movie for several times, and then
finding the official transcript on the internet. The second step was the researcher make sure whether the movie’s transcript are similar with the
movie’s subtitle or not, then the researcher collecting all the languages
used by Margaret Thatcher in that movie. The third step was the researcher
understanding the language used by Margaret Thatcher, understanding the
four characteristics of post-feminism, and the researcher categorizing the
language used by Margaret Thatcher into four post-feminist
characteristics. After the categorization, the researcher has some
discussions with some colleagues about the categorization part. The
researcher also has some consultations with the thesis advisor. Besides, the
researcher also has some discussion with the social media friends (Face Book’s friends) in order to validate the data gathering. The discussion was
done to gain the same perception of post-feminism characteristics that
revealed in the language used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady
movie.
After the post-feminism characteristic’s categorization, the
to her political decisions. In this analysis, in order to gain all the data
needed, the researcher has done the same steps with the post-feminist
categorizations.
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the discussion of research that had been done
by the researcher. The analysis firstly focuses on how post-feminism
theory through the post-feminism characteristics applied in the language
used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. Secondly, the analysis
concentrates on the social reaction of Margaret Thatcher’s decisions.
A. Post-feminist Characteristics in Margaret Thatcher’s Language
Through the language used by Margaret in the The Iron Lady
movie, the researcher has found that Margaret was indeed applied
post-feminism theory in the way she interacts with others gender. The
researcher found that Margaret applied the post-feminism theory through
fourth characteristics of post-feminist; general rejection of second wave
feminism, female identity crisis, focuses on the individual, and revival of
traditional femininities. The table below will explain the founding.
Table 4.1. Number of Occurrences of Post-feminist Characteristics
Number of Occurrences
Post-feminism Characteristics General
Rejection of Second Wave
Feminism
Female Identity Crisis
Focus on the Individual
Revival of Traditional Femininities
21 Occurrences 3 Occurrences 36 Occurrences 23 Occurrences
The researcher will explain the characteristics according to the occurrences’ frequencies.
1. Focus on the Individual
Through The Iron Lady movie, Margaret Thatcher showed that
positive ambition can drive people to reach their destiny of life. Everybody
knows that Margaret Thatcher was the grocer’s daughter only, but her
ambition drives her to be the first female Prime Minister of the Great
United Kingdom for eleven and a half years. She won the election on May
4th, 1979 until her resignation on November 28th, 1990. According to
Braithwaite (2004), ambition, persistence, courage and firmness as a
woman was one of the characteristics of post-feminist.
The characteristic was well known as focus on the individual
characteristic. This characteristic was also emphasizing on lifestyle
choices and personal consumer pleasures. These may include fashion,
beauty, sexiness, fun, pleasure, and even include self-existence; “Look…!
I am a woman, and I can do it better than men’s!” (Braithwaite, 2004, p:
23 and 24). This characteristic was the very often occurred in the language
used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie. There were 36
occurrences of focus on the individual that found by the researcher in the
language used by Margaret Thatcher in that movie. It proved that Margaret
The bravery of Margaret Thatcher has seen since she was young. It clearly shown in the movie that when everybody in the family’s shop; her
father and mother, her sister, and a shop man were hiding under the table
because of the air raid on 1943, when her father Alfred Roberts asked
somebody to cover the butter that still open on the table, Margaret
spontaneously volunteer herself to go. “I’ll go,” she said, she did not
afraid of her own self (App. A, p. 50, no. 10). She always braves to take
the risk of every single action that she took, even when she has to lose her
popularity because of her controversial decisions.
Scene : 1056
Time : 01:31:46,655 - 01:31:56,647
“Don’t they know if you take the tough decisions, yes people will hate you today but they’ll thank you for generations.”
The Iron Lady movie was not only showed Margaret’s bravery but
also shown her ambition clearly. It can be seen when she wanted to run for
the leader of Conservative Party. She considers that none of the men in her
party has enough guts. Even though her husband reminds her how loyal
the Prime Minister to her, but Margaret was unstoppable.
Scene : 386
Time : 00:38:58,731 - 00:39:06,681
“But he’s weak, and he’s weakened the party. One must know when to go”.
She considers other people cannot do everything as best as she
to be able to prove to the world around her that she could. In addition,
Margaret proved her capability in the real action she did during her
lifetime as a Prime Minister. She did her duty in totality. All that she seeks
the most was the best thing for her lovingly country and her people. She
wanted all people were happy with her party services.
Scene : 695
Time : 01:01:18,272 - 01:02:05,667
“Gentlemen, if we don’t cut spending we will be bankrupt. Yes the medicine is harsh but the patient requires it in order to live. Shall we withhold the medicine? No! we are not wrong. We didn’t seek election and win in order to manage the decline of a great nation.
The people of this country chose us because they believe we can restore the health of the British economy and we will do just that! Barring a failure of nerve”.
Margaret’s bravery and ambition were equipped with her
unwavering firmness. She holds the basic principle of her party tightly.
Her decisions were unshakeable. This can be seen in some of her
controversial decisions. One of them is when the Falkland War happened
in 1982. One of her most trusted man, namely Geoffrey Howe asked her to
think twice about the cost of sending 28,000 men and a hundred ships
twelve thousand miles, almost to Argentina. He said that it will be
absolutely crippling. However, Margaret over unpredictable answer,
Scene : 795
Time : 01:10:24,614 - 01:10:28,173
In the same time, without any doubt, Margaret publicly announced
that;
Scene : 799
Time : 01:10:37,744 - 01:10:47,294
“The government has now decided that the large task force will sail, as soon as all preparation are complete”.
That quotation proved that Margaret Thatcher applied
post-feminism theory through the focus on the individual characteristic of the
theory of Braithwaite (2004). Margaret never stops at the one point of
achievement. She is a woman that always focuses on the goal of her life.
2. Revival of Traditional Femininities
The Iron Lady movie begins with the elderly Margaret in a
department store near to her house buying some milk. In the next scene,
she was having breakfast while having a warm conversation with her
husband Denis. It seems that they live in a real life. In fact, Denis is alive
in her imagination only. However, in her elderly time, Margaret looks like
ordinary women in general. The greatness of a Prime Minister that
admired by the people in the entire of the world disappeared in her
simplicity of life. She took care of her family with love. She did
housework like every wife or mothers do.
Those attitudes shown by the elderly Margaret were known as one
of the post-feminist characteristics. The characteristic was namely revival
traditional femininities. Those aspects are motherhood and
domesticity-men, children, family, and life at home, which is not in the plot of
feminism (Faludi, 1992, p.287). This characteristic was also fighting for a
normal family life as it should be. On one side a mother could have a
brilliant career outside the home, but on the other hand, she can also
become a brilliant mother and wife inside the home. Those aspects were
applied in Margaret language used in The Iron Lady movie.
Almost the entire time of her elderly life was spent in fantasy. She
lived as an ordinary woman who went to the store to buy her own need.
Doing everything for her husband, even to choose what clothes fit her
husband. The warm family’s conversation between Margaret and her
daughter were also proved her traditional femininities character. It can be
seen on the scene when her daughter Carol came to visit Margaret. One of
her house assistances told Carol that Margaret went out herself to buy
some milk. Carol told Margaret that if she needs something, she could ask
one of her assistance for help. However, Margaret told that she did not for
the knackers yet, she can still do many things by herself.
Scene : 131
Time : 00:14:06,485 - 00:14:36,272
Through this language, Margaret looks happy to live as a
traditional woman; wife and mother. She actually can just ask one of her
family assistances to buy some milk for her, but she was happy to do it
herself. Besides, Margaret was also shown through The Iron Lady movie
that her status as Prime Minister cannot be an obstacle for her to be a good
wife. This can be seen in the most touching words she said to Reece and
Airey when they wanted Margaret to change some of her appearances.
They asked Margaret to let her hat go and also the pearls wear in her neck.
Scene : 462
Time : 00:43:51,226 - 00:44:09,203
“Gentlemen, I am in your hands. I may be persuaded to surrender the hat. But the pearls were a gift from my husband on the birth of our twins and they are absolutely non-negotiable”.
Through this language, Margaret proved to everybody that for her,
the family was as important as the political career. Her motherly attitude
did not appear in her family only but also shown in her political decision.
She felt that she was not only a mother of her own children; Carol and
Mark, but she was also a mother of every Britain’s citizens. This was
proved by her action to Falkland. She did not care about the thousands of
miles distance from the mainland of Britain. She did not care also about
how many citizens were there in Falkland, even General Haig told her
about the insignificant of Falkland both politically and economically. Her
cabinet also asked her to think of the peace negotiation.
Scene : 809
