AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN SUBTITLE.

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Yusup Aji Permana, 2014

AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN SUBTITLE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS

IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO

INDONESIAN SUBTITLE

A Research Paper

Submitted to English Department of FPBS UPI in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

by:

Yusup Aji Permana

0707871

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Audiovisual Translation of Politeness

i The Last Sa urai Fil : A Study of

English into Indonesian Subtitle

Oleh Yusup Aji Permana

0707871

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu © Yusup Aji Permana 2014

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Agustus 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

Audiovisual Translation of Politeness in “The Last Samurai” Film: A Study of

English into Indonesian Subtitle

By

Yusup Aji Permana

(0707871)

Approved by

Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor

Dr. H. Hobir Abdullah, M.Pd. Susi Septaviana, S.Pd., M.A NIP. 195202091977021001 NIP. 197609042009122002

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN SUBTITLE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

The study is entitled “Audiovisual Translation of Politeness in „The Last Samurai‟ Film: A Study of English into Indonesian Subtitle”. It aims to analyze subtitle strategies used in subtitling texts that contain politeness strategies found in the film. The study applied a qualitative descriptive method in collecting and descripting the data. The concept of Brown and Levinson‟s (1987) politeness

strategies and Gottlieb‟s (1992) subtitling theory were referred to. There were 465 politeness strategies occurrences in the selected data. Four types of politeness strategies were found: positive politeness 176 items (37.93%), negative politeness 139 items (29.95%), bald on-record 120 items (25.87%), and off-record 30 items (6.25%). Nine of ten subtitle strategies were applied in subtitling texts which contain politeness strategies, namely: expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, dislocation, condensation, decimation and deletion. The most frequently used strategy was transfer with 218 items (46.89%) and the least used strategy was transcription with 1 item (0.21%). The dominant phenomenon reveals the translator‟s tendency in applying transfer as a strategy to render all types of politeness strategyies in the source language texts into the target language texts at equal degree.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK

Penilitian ini berjudul “Audiovisual Translation of Politeness in “The Last Samurai” Film: A Study of English into Indonesian Subtitle”. Penelitian ini

bertujuan untuk menganalisa penggunaan strategi dalam menerjemahkan teks yang mengandung strategi kesopanan yang ditemukan di dalam film. Metode kualitatif deskriptif digunakan dalam mengumpulkan dan mendeskripsikan data penelitian ini. Konsep strategi kesopanan Brown dan Levinson (1987) dan teori penerjemahan subtitle Gottlieb (1994) digunakan sebagai landasan teori. Dalam temuan penelitian ini, terdapat 465 kemunculan strategi kesopanan dalam data yang terkumpul. Empat tipe strategi kesopanan ditemukan, diantaranya: positive

politeness, 176 kemunculan (37.93%), negative politeness, 139 kemunculan

(29.95%), bald on-record, 120 kemunculan (25.87%), dan off-record, 30 kemunculan (6.25%). Sembilan dari sepuluh strategi penerjemahan digunakan dalam menerjemahkan teks yang mengandung strategi kesopanan, diantaranya:

expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, dislocation, condensation, decimation, dan deletion. Strategi yang paling sering digunakan

adalah transfer dengan 218 item (46.89%) dan strategi yang paling jarang digunakan adalah transcription dengan 1 item (0.21%). Fenomena yang dominan menunjukan kecenderungan penerjemah dalam menggunakan transfer sebagai strategi untuk menerjemahkan semua tipe fitur strategi kesopanan dari teks sumber ke teks target pada derajat yang sama.

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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN SUBTITLE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the study. It consists of the

background of the research, research questions, limitation of the study, aims of the

study, significant of the study, as well as research methodology which include the

procedures of data collection and data analysis, clarification of terms, and

organization of the paper.

1.1 Background

Film is a popular form of entertainment. Since film is watched by people in

different countries and different languages, the dialogue in a film has to be

translated into intended language. Therefore, there should be a form of translation

to overcome this language barrier issue in cinematography setting. The

availability of this translation is expected to help the viewers in understanding

dialogue and enjoying the story of the film. After all, audiovisual translation

(henceforth, AVT) or film translation is offered to handle this issue (Jaskanen,

1999). AVT is divided into two types of translation: dubbing and subtitle. Further,

the focus of this study is only on subtitle.

The availability of subtitle in a foreign film is necessary. Subtitle helps the

viewers understand the conversation performed by the characters in a film.

Interestingly, similar to real-life conversation, dialogue in a film contains

exchange of verbal and non-verbal language that supports the visual elements.

Language in the film dialogue is not only explicitly expressed through

expressions, namely: apology, request, question, promise, order, command,

statement, felicitation, invitation, greeting, prohibition and so on. It, however, can

also be expressed through implicit expressions to conceal the message. In a

situation where it is not possible to directly speak the message, this function of

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order to maintain and modify interpersonal relationship among characters (Brown

& Levinson, 1987).

According to Fong and Au (2009) subtitle/subtitling “represents and re -presents the dialogue”. It means that the dialogue (spoken mode) is converted into subtitle (written mode). In line with this, Taylor (2000) states that what makes

subtitle distinguished from other translation forms are its process which involves

transferring the characteristics of spoken dialogue into the written mode.

Based on the definitions above, it suggests that subtitle has to replicate what

is said in the source language with the equivalent form in the target language. In

relevance to the politeness in film dialogue, the feature of politeness strategies in

the dialogue should be concerned. In a way that polite or impolite meaning

contained in the original dialogue should be relayed equally into the subtitle text.

Furthermore, the viewers need subtitle that capture the characters‟ messages of

politeness in the original dialogue.

In translating film dialogue, the subtitler can apply subtitling strategies

proposed by Gottlieb (1992, as cited in Michael, 2012) in order to replicate the

politeness strategies from source language text (SLT) into the target language text

(TLT). However, the consequence if the subtitler fails to choose the appropriate

subtitling strategies is that the politeness strategy‟s features in SLT are not

rendered equally in the TLT. This could lead to a case where the subtitle text fails

to reach the accuracy, clarity, and naturalness measure (Larson, 1984).

Although politeness has essential contribution in depicting characters

through dialogue, it has not acquired much attention in film translation. In fact,

the original dialogues containing politeness strategies need to be transferred

equally into the subtitle in order to make the viewers understand the ideas and

messages of the dialogues. Based on the reason above, the writer is encouraged to

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The reason for choosing the film is based on some reasons. Firstly, the

film director, Edward Zwick, composes the politeness strategies in the characters „dialogue to divide the characters‟ way of speaking. The director characterized the characters from Japanese and American by showing the differentiation in the use

of politeness strategies. Moreover, the characters in the film illustrate all types of

politeness strategies in the dialogues on certain speech events. Therefore, it gives

the writer abundant data on politeness strategies in this film. Secondly, the film

brings historical knowledge to the viewers. It depicts the era of Emperor Meiji

who wants to modernize Japanese country by bringing advanced technology,

weapons, railways and army trainers from western world after the isolation times. However, the Emperor Meiji‟s idea has raised objection from samurai warriors

These two questions were used to guide the steps of the research:

1. What kinds of politeness strategies are found in the dialogues of “The Last Samurai” film?

2. What kinds of strategies are used by the subtitler in subtitling politeness strategies in “The Last Samurai” film?

1.3 Limitation of the Study

First, this study is narrowed down to find the occurrence of politeness

strategies in the dialogues of the film. Secondly, it analyzes subtitle strategies that

are used by subtitler in translating politeness strategies from source language text

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.4 Aims of the Study

In line with the research questions mentioned above, the objectives of this

study are as follows:

1. To analyze politeness strategies found in the dialogues of the film.

2. To analyze the most frequent subtitle strategies used in subtitling

politeness strategies in source language texts to the target language

texts.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The results of this study are expected to be useful source and reference for

the readers in order to give academic input for those who are interested in

audiovisual translation and politeness. Furthermore, it is expected to give students

an insight on politeness strategies theory, so they are aware of its manifestation in

language use. Lastly, it can be a practical guidance for the translator to enhance

their skills in film translation, especially in selecting appropriate strategies in

subtitling dialogue in the film.

1.6 Research Method

1.6.1 Research Design

This study was conducted based on a qualitative method. This methodology

plays important role in directing this study. By using a qualitative method, the

study did not involve statistical analysis, but it only employed a simple calculation

technique (Creswell, 2012). The study was intended to describe existing

phenomenon which is politeness strategies in dialogue (Huda, 1999, p. 38).

Besides, the reason why this study used a qualitative method was because it

collected the data from the transcription of subtitle of the film (Preissle, as cited in

Ratcliff, 2002).

1.6.2 Data Source

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American army officer, Nathan Algren, who is hired by Young Emperor of Japan, Meiji, to train Japan‟s first modern army. However, Algren finds himself troubled with rebellious samurai forces that against Emperor‟s will.

1.7 Procedures of Data Collection and Analysis

In the process of collecting and analyzing the data, the writer used some

steps as follows:

1) Watching “The Last Samurai” film;

2) Transcribing the film subtitle, English into Indonesian version;

3) Reading the subtitle in order to investigate the object that is potential to

analyze;

4) Analyzing the occurrences of politeness strategies and the most

frequent subtitle strategies used in subtitling the politeness strategies;

5) Calculating total number and percentage of each Politeness strategies to

know the amount of each strategies;

6) Describing and interpreting the findings;

7) Drawing conclusion according to the findings.

1.8 Clarification of Key Terms

This sub chapter presents the review of several terms, which are related to

the study to avoid misinterpretation:

 Audiovisual translation is “language and cultural transfer aimed at translating original dialogues coming from any acoustic or visual product” (Leonardi, 2008, p. 159). In this study, it refers to subtitling and dubbing.

 Subtitle refers to transcript or screenplay of the dialog or commentary in films, television programs, video games, and etc. They can either be

a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language or a

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 Politeness is the use of language to mitigate utterances that may impose a threat to other people‟s face or good name (Brown & Levinson, 1987).

 Politeness strategies are the strategies a person can choose in order to minimize the threat to face. In this study, it refers to the four main

strategies in doing face-threatening-acts (FTA) (Brown & Levinson,

1987).

1.9 Organization of Paper

This research is organized into five chapters; each chapter is divided into

sections. Chapter 1 briefly explains the introduction to the presents study; it

comprises background of the study, limitations of the study, research question,

aims of the study, research method, data collection, data source and clarification

terms. Chapter 2 reviews the literatures which discuss the related theories that are

used as framework. Chapter 3 elaborates the procedures which are used in the

study; it comprises research design, data collection and data analysis. Chapter 4

elaborates the findings and discussions of the analyzed data. Chapter 5 covers the

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology applied by the writer in conducting

this study. It comprises formulation of problems, research design, data source,

procedure of data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Questions

1. What kinds of politeness strategies are found in the dialogues of “The

Last Samurai” film?

2. What kinds of strategies are used by subtitler in subtitling politeness

strategies in “The Last Samurai” film?

3.2 Research Design

This study was conducted based on a qualitative method. This methodology

plays an important role in directing this study. By using the qualitative method,

the study did not involve a statistical analysis but it only employed a simple

calculation technique (Creswell, 2012). In addition, it was intended to describe an

existing phenomenon, which is politeness in utterances (Huda, 1999, p. 38).

Furthermore, this study collected data from the transcription of film subtitle.

Preissle (as cited in Ratcliff, 2002) posits that the qualitative method:

... is a loosely defined category of research design or models, all of which elicit verbal, visual, tactile, olfactory and gustatory data in the form of descriptive narratives like field notes, recordings, or other transcription from audio- and videotapes and other written records and pictures or film.

In addition, this study employed a descriptive method to facilitate the

interpretation phase which consists of activity such as classifying, analyzing, and

explaining the result of data analysis (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993, as cited in

Fauziyyah, 2012). The writer assumed that by applying the qualitative and

descriptive methods, the study could yield a comprehensive understanding on the

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.3 Data Source

The data, subtitle transcription of „The Last Samurai’ film, were taken as the material for the study. The writer reasoned that there were plenty and various

realizations of politeness strategies in utterances which were performed by

characters in particular speech event, such as: the interaction between

superior-inferior characters, i.e. the conversation of the emperor of Japan and his advisors;

the higher rank army officer and his subordinate. The interaction between the

equal social status characters, i.e. the conversation among the Emperor‟s advisors.

The last was the interaction between characters from different cultural

background, i.e. conversation between Nathan Algren (U.S army officer) and

Katsumoto (advisor of the emperor of Japan).

Another reason was that the film brings historical knowledge to viewers. It

portrays Japanese historical moment in the reign of The Emperor Meiji. As the

film was listed as the box office film in 2003, it became prime watch-list of

filmgoers in all places at that time. Thus, the film was globally distributed

including to non-English speaking countries such as Indonesia. Therefore, the film

has to be provided with comprehensible subtitles in the target language.

3.4 Data Collection

In this study, the data collection process started from watching the film

entitled “The Last Samurai” and transcribing its subtitle in English and Indonesia version. By doing that, the writer could grasp the whole conversation and see the

compatibility between characters‟ dialogues and subtitles. This transcription of subtitle was then used as the primary data in this study, the writer did not use data

sample but rather used the selected data. After that, the collected data were read

and compared to examine the compatibility between the English and Indonesian

version.

Moreover, the writer collected the utterances of all characters in the "Last

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tied to context, whereas utterances are identified by their context”. According to

that definition, the writer focused on utterances as the object of analysis. The

subtitles of film “The Last Samurai” consist of the spoken utterances. The writer

found the utterances that contain politeness strategies. Furthermore, it was

analyzed and tabulated into types of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and

Levinson (1987). The study found 465 politeness strategies occurrences in 445

selected utterances in “The Last Samurai” subtitle. There were several utterances

containing more than one politeness strategies. This method of the data

calculation, however, brought some weakness to the study. Since, the data

(utterances) was randomly selected; therefore, the result of data analysis did not

illustrate the whole data.

3.5 Data Analysis

In this process, the primary data were analyzed to investigate the pattern that

can be explored to describe the existing phenomena. As Moleong (1995, p. 103)

suggests that the data analysis process comprises of managing, organizing,

categorizing the data. In detail, the procedures of data analysis in this study were

as follows:

1) Clarifying the abbreviation used in this study:

Table 3.1 Abbreviations used in this study

Abbreviations Symbols

2) Comparing the English and Indonesian version

Table 3.2 An example of data source classification

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(English) (Indonesian)

1. Algren, get out there! Algren, keluarlah!

2. This isn't a problem. I'll just talk _{to him for a minute.} Ini bukan masalah. Aku akan bicara _{dengannya sebentar.}

3) Identifying and classifying the utterances into types of politeness

strategies (Brown and Levinson‟s theory) and subtitling strategies

(Gottlieb‟s theory). In analyzing politeness strategies, the utterances

were classified into: bald-on record, positive politeness, negative

politeness, and off record. After that, examining what kind of subtitling

strategies which were applied by the translator, namely: expansion,

paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, dislocation, condensation,

decimation, deletion, and resignation.

Table 3.3 An example of classification politeness strategies and subtitling strategies

No. SLT TLT Politeness

strategies and subtitle strategies. In the calculation, the writer used

simple calculation technique as described below:

F

P = X 100 %

N

P: Percentage of each type of politeness/subtitle

strategies

F: Frequency of each type of politeness

strategies/subtitle strategies

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5) Describing and interpreting the findings of the analysis from tables and

diagrams presentation, and

6) Drawing conclusion based on findings.

3.6 Concluding Remarks

This chapter has explained the research methodology employed in this

study. It consists of the explanation of research design, data source, procedure of

data collection, and data analysis. In the next chapter, the presentation of data

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of the conclusions and the suggestions of the study.

The conclusions are taken from the findings. Meanwhile, the suggestions contain

some helpful ideas for the next writer or for those who are interested in the same

field.

5.1 Conclusions

The study is aimed at analyzing subtitle strategies used by translator in

subtitling politeness strategies found in the film. In analyzing the data, the writer

used the theory of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987)

and theory of subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992). The study did not

discuss the findings deeply with thorough analysis of data but rather it only

discusses and describes the surface part of the findings. However, there are some

conclusions which can be drawn from the analysis and discussion of the study.

Firstly, the study found 465 occurrences that were distributed into four types

of politeness strategies, namely: bald on-record with 120 items (25.87%), positive

politeness with 176 items (37.93%), negative politeness with 139 (29.95%), and

off-record with 30 items (6.25%). It is clearly shown that positive politeness was

the most identifiable type with 176 items (37.93%) of the total data.Furthermore,

it could be inferred that the use of positive politeness in the film illustrated the

maintenance of friendliness or good relationship among characters by giving good

opinion, claims, presupposition, and joke and so on (Brown and Levinson, 1987).

Secondly, there were nine of ten subtitle strategies applied by translator in

subtitling politeness strategies. The most frequently used strategy was transfer

with 218 items (46.89%), followed by expansion with 80 items (17.84%),

condensation 70 items (15.05%), paraphrase with 44 items (8.82%), imitation 33

items (7.09%), deletion 9 items (1.93%), dislocation 6 items (1.29%), decimation

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strategy found in subtitling the politeness strategies. Those strategies were used by

the translator in order to provide the appropriate subtitle of politeness strategies in

the film.

The study found that transfer was the most frequently used in subtitling all

types of politeness strategies with 218 items or covered (46.89%) rather than other

subtitle strategies. The use of transfer strategy is found in bald on-record with 66

items (14.19%), positive politeness 91 items (19.56%), negative politeness 52

items (11.18%), and off-record 9 items (1.93%). In the case of subtitling

politeness strategy’s features, the application of transfer strategy was considered to be appropriate. The reason was because of transfer strategy enabled the

translator to transmit both meaning and structure in the source language

completely and correctly into target language text (Gottlieb, 1992, as cited in

Michael, 2012). Therefore, the politeness value in source language texts could be

equally rendered into the target language texts. The degree of politeness strategy’s

features (polite or impolite meaning) in the source language texts can be preserved

in the target language texts. Moreover, by using transfer strategy, the subtitles can

fulfill the measure of accuracy, clarity and naturalness (Larson, 1984).

5.2 Suggestions

The writer realizes that this study has some aspects that need to be fixed and

developed. Therefore, the writer proposes some suggestions that might be helpful

for the further study which follows the same topic with this study. Furthermore,

the writer offers some suggestion for the further studies that may fix or develop

this study. Those suggestions are as follows:

1. It would be better for the further study to use and analyze the whole

data (utterances); thus, the result of data analysis illustrates the whole

data.

2. The further study will be benefited of using other theories of politeness.

By using other theories of politeness, it will enrich the knowledge on

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pragmatics phenomena, in particular, politeness, the writer should be

aware of the implicit message behind every dialogue, so they will have

knowledge on the appropriate subtitling strategies when rendering the

meaning from the source language into the target language.

3. In regards to subtitling, the writer should find varied theories. Hence,

he/she will be able to get more knowledge on conducting the subtitling

research.

4. The writer should conduct further exploration on film genre, so he/she

will be able to get more knowledge and findings which enrich the

subtitling research.

5. The writer should be able to make continual research on the same topic

so as to the findings on previous researches will be developed. Thus, it

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www.cinefile.biz/script/lastsamurai.pdf.

AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN SUBTITLE.

AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF POLITENESS

IN “THE LAST SAMURAI” FILM: A STUDY OF ENGLISH INTO

INDONESIAN SUBTITLE

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Audiovisual Translation of Politeness

i The Last Sa urai Fil : A Study of

English into Indonesian Subtitle

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION