II. THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Tourism and Tourist
Theobald (1994) suggested that "etymologically, the word tour is
derived from the Latin, 'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or
circle; the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning changed
in modern English to represent 'one's turn'. The suffix –ism is defined as 'an
action or process; typical behaviour or quality', while the suffix, –ist denotes
'one that performs a given action'. When the word tour and the suffixes –ism
and –ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle.
One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately
returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a
journey in that it is a round-trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to
the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can
be called a tourist."
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum
of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not
connected with any earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of
England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement
work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes
movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of
Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular
activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home. In 1994, the
United Nations classified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics:
a) Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling
only within this country.
b) Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given
country.
c) Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.
Today, three schools discuss on the roots of tourism. The French School, led
by A. Houlot argued that the term tourism comes from the old Aramaic Tur,
which was used for the trip, exploration and movement of people in the
Bible. This word had been used, for the first time, when Moses begins his
expedition to the lands of Canaán.Nevertheless, another school of thought -
the Onomastic School - considers the origin of the concept not from a
linguistic perspective but rather links it to the last name of the French
aristocracy Della Tour. According to this school, after Carlos V signs a
treaty with England in 1516, in celebration of this event, the future king
transport and related businesses. Last but not least, a third school focuses on
the Anglo-Saxon world, situating the Theobald´s development under the
lens of scrutiny. Surmising that the roots of the word tourism comes from
the Ancient Anglo-Saxon term Torn, these scholars found evidence to think
the term was coined in XIIth century which by farmers to denote those
travels with intentions to return. Over centuries, the meaning of the word
has been shifted to be politically adopted. By the middle of the 18th century,
the English noblemen used the term “turn” to refer to the trips undertaken
for education, search and culture exploration. In reality, the purpose of the
noblemen’s trip to the different parts of Kingdom was to acquire knowledge
that was later useful for governing.
In support to Leiper´s account, M. Korstanje provided evidence that shows
the Grand-tour was enrooted in the ancient Norse Mythology. Following the
examination of legends and texts, this research focuses on the fact that
Odin/Wotan represents the archetype of a travelling-god who explored the
world to get experience and knowledge. Norse-related texts are indeed
unique in this sense. Although the touristic-drive seems to be inherent to
almost all cultures and times, Korstanje explains that only by the influence
of Norse Mythology, the Grand-tour was accepted as a common-practice in
2.2 Ecotourism
Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel
to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact
and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for
conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political
empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different
cultures and for human rights.
Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in
developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those
involved in development; the issue has been addressed through small-scale
projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of
Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists. Research by the Overseas
Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage
tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some
cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the
poor include mountain-climbing in Tanzania and cultural tourism in Luang
Prabang, Laos.
Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the
world economic crisis. Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau
(2007), recession tourism is defined by low-cost, high-value experiences
hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to
comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting
travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further.
When there is a significant price difference between countries for a
given medical procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern
Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to
particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), traveling to take advantage of
the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of
teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical
competency outside of the classroom environment.[citation needed] In
educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes
visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student
Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned
inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International
Practicum Training Program.
Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the
early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time
of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for
the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently,
Greg Richards, who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure
Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the European
Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable
tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the
active participation of travellers in the culture of the host community,
through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by
high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative
Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic
experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural
features of a place. More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as
a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in
the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer
examples of this type of tourism development, including the United
Kingdom, Austria, France, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New
Zealand.
The growing interest of tourist in this new way to discover a culture
regards particularly the operators and branding managers, attentive to the
possibility of attracting a quality tourism, highlighting the intangible
heritage (craft workshops, cooking classes, etc.) and optimizing the use of
existing infrastructure (for example, through the rent of halls and
Since the late 1980s, sports tourism has become increasingly
popular. Events such as rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian
Games and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to
gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include
flights, hotels and excursions.
The focus on sport and spreading knowledge on the subject,
especially more so recently, lead to the increase in the sport tourism. Most
notably, the international event such as the Olympics caused a shift in focus
in the audience who now realize the variety of sports that exist in the world.
In the United States, one of the most popular sports that usually are focused
on was Football. This popularity was increased through major events like
the World Cups. In Asian countries, the numerous football events also
increased the popularity of football. But, it was the Olympics that brought
together the different sports that lead to the increase in sport tourism. The
drastic interest increase in sports in general and not just one sport caught the
attention of travel companies, who then began to sell flights in packages.
Due to the low number of people who actually purchase these packages than
predicted, the cost of these packages plummeted initially. As the number
start to rise slightly the packages increased to regain the lost profits. With
the certain economic state, the number of purchases decreased once again.
economic situation, therefore, most travel companies were forced to set
aside the plan to execute the marketing of any new package features.
2.3 History of Aceh
2.3.1 Aceh Province
In the wake of East Timor's August 1999 referendum, hundreds of
thousands have marched in support of a similar act of self-determination in
the Indonesian region of Aceh, a region which also has endured decades of
brutal military operations. Aceh is a province in Northern Sumatra, which,
like most of Indonesia, is overwhelmingly Muslim. It has a population of
around five million, and a long tradition of resistance to outside powers.
Islam likely first entered the Indonesian archipelago through Aceh
sometime around the 12th century. In the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, the port of Aceh became entangled, along with the rest of what
now comprises Indonesia, in the European colonial powers' competition for
worldwide political and economic dominance.
The British and Dutch were in competition for spices produced in Eastern
Indonesia, for which Aceh was an international trading center. In an attempt
to undermine Aceh's hold on the international spice trade, the British and
Dutch carried their business (and rivalry) to West Java. After many
the Netherlands issued a formal declaration of war and invaded Aceh. One
of their primary rationalizations for this aggression was to counter what they
perceived as Acehnese piracy, especially attacks on trading ships. The
Acehnese resisted occupation and fought a war of resistance which lasted
intermittently from 1873 to 1942. The conflict was the longest the Dutch
ever fought, costing them more than 10,000 live.
In March 1942 Japan conquered the colonial forces in the Dutch East
Indies. In August 1945, just days after the Japanese surrendered to the
Allies, the Republic of Indonesia proclaimed its independence. Soon,
however, both the British and Dutch were back in the region, though the
Dutch did not return to Aceh.
Under the Linggarjati Agreement, mediated by Great Britain and signed
by Indonesia and the Netherlands in March 1947, the Dutch recognized
Indonesian sovereignty over the islands of Java, Sumatra, and Madura.
Many Indonesians viewed the deal as a violation of Indonesia's
independence proclamation of August 1945, which implied sovereignty over
the whole territory of the Republic. The agreement sparked guerrilla
fighting and led to another four years of violence and territorial disputes
between the Netherlands and Indonesia.
Many Acehnese see the 1949 Round Table Conference Agreements as
Nations, the agreements provided for a transfer of sovereignty between the
territory of the Dutch East Indies and a fully independent Indonesia. On
December 27, 1949, the Dutch East Indies ceased to exist and became the
sovereign Federal Republic of Indonesia, which in turn became the Republic
of Indonesia when it joined the United Nations in 1950. The Kingdom of
Aceh was included in the agreements despite not having been formally
incorporated into the Dutch colonial possession. The Indonesian
government then used armed troops to annex Aceh.
Although Indonesia has the largest Muslim population of any country, it
is not an Islamic state. Most Acehnese have a less secular vision of Islam
than Indonesians elsewhere in the archipelago, but compared to Iran,
Afghanistan, and other more fundamentalist countries, Acehnese Islam
tends to be relatively respectful of the rights of women. Its focus on
community also stresses the importance of social and economic justice to an
extent that runs contrary to Indonesian military hegemony.
2.3.2 Simeulue Island
Before the Islamic religion came into Simeulue island, the inhabited
island in the form of fellowships which is led by a tribal chief. Areas
inhabited by people called "Bano" is Teupah bano, bano simulul, reeds
autonomy and do not have a relationship in terms of governance and walk
alone.
After the Islamic religion came into Simeulue Island, tribal
government that turned into small kingdoms, the kingdom Teupah, simulul
kingdom, the Kingdom sigulai, leukon kingdom, and the kingdom of reeds,
each headed by a king called "BANGULU" and subject to under the rule of
the sultanate of Aceh in Kuta Raja. during the deliberations have started
there, where the kings with the customs, the religion, and village elders. The
government finally disappeared after the entry of the Dutch Colonial in
rencong earth ground Iskandar Muda.
In the sixteenth century, a scholar from West Sumatra Pagaruyung
kingdom named Halilullah will perform pilgrim to Ka’bah by riding Ayar.
He stopped for a moment in the kingdom of Aceh. Upon arrival there the
Sultan asked to dissuade Halilullah perform pilgrimage, because he was
asked by Sultan to islamize the people of Simeulue Island when it was
named Island U.Halilullah do not know the direction of the road to Simeulu
Island (Pulau U), then Sultan selected one of a beautiful woman ladies in
waiting Sultan originating from the village of his birth Halilluah Simeulue
Island to assist as a guide. Because this lady's maid girl is still a virgin and
not to invite libel then by Sultan both married as husband and wife.
Silmeulue Habibullah held by his students with Tengku Di Ujung of the
name of his wife and Si Melur is the island of Simeulue U is named. And
since it also is 100 percent Simelue population converted to Islam.
Simeulue district with an area of 198 021 ha occupied population of
approximately 80,000 people. Languages of ethnic communities using
Simeulue area beside Indonesian, Bahasa Lamamek or Sigulai and English
Language Devayan. Simeulue natives have a unique ethnic style when
compared to other ethnic groups in the region of Aceh.
In general the Simeulue eyed as Mongoloid race, yellow. In addition to
speakers or ethnic Lamamek Sigulai and there's more Devayan third
language used by the indigenous ethnic Leukon language, but the group's
speakers Leukon diminishing population.
a. Simeulue District Autonomy
The struggle continues on, hope has begun to appear, child domestic
work hard hand in hand, as well as contributing continued stream of sweat
merges into the spirit of togetherness Simeulue children wherever he is.
Rahmat Allah arrived with the enactment of Law No. 48 of 1999 concerning
the establishment of Simeulue district and bireuen dated 12 October 1999,
was inaugurated by the Ad Interim interior minister Faisal Tanjung in the
Ministry of Home Affairs in Jakarta. In order to complete the formation of a
Simeulue Regency. Therefore political parties struggle facing the interior
minister, the House of Representatives for the formation of Simeulue
Regency. In this description briefly described how the process of formation
of Simeulue District Council. started on 12 April, 2000, for the coordination
of 16 participants Election 1999 Political parties and KNPI district in
Simeulue make a letter addressed to:
1. Interior minister
2. Minister of State for regional autonomy
3. Special region of Aceh provincial governor
b. Language
Simeulue language, consisting of devayan dialect, speakers with sub-region
central Simeulue, in the bay, eastern Simeulue, SouthTeupah and West
Teupah.
1. Jame language, with speakers Sinabang City area and surrounding.
Example : Kamano kito pai ( Where Are We Going ? )
2. Sigulai language with native speakers territories west of Simeulue
district, Alafan and Salang.
3. Leukon language, with speakers only leukon region or village lafakha and
rainbow.
Example : Ofel umormo ? ( How Old Are You? )
4. Devayan language
Example : Araya kabarmo ? ( How Are You ? )
c. Art of Rapai Debus
Unlike the Nandong, Debus art requires incantations or prayers that iron
must be learned by the parents or Khalifah. Because this art as a tool in
addition rafai sound also use a sharp weapon, namely: Rencong, knives,
machetes, chains, bamboo and even chainsaw engines that banged on the
body / bodies, blessing prayers tadui objects sharps had been able to bend
and even break. This art is the pride of the people of Simeulue in any event
such as a wedding party and guests welcome, recited in the accompanying
sounds rafai in Aceh and breathe the language of religion. , for example:
“Di lasikin pasar bengkolan
( Bengkolan Market in Lasikin )
Di Sinabang mariam raya
( mariam raya in Sinabang )
( It wishes God Willing )
Tolong tuhan hawa binasa”
( God, please air disappeared )
d. Characters That Important Allies
Tgk. HalilullahVarious sources bring Islam firstly came to the
Simeulue island was brought by a scholar who was ordered by the Sultan of
Aceh is Tgk. Halilullah, later better known Tgk. Tip (tip grandmother)
because she was interred at the tip of Simeulue Island, which is in the Gulf
of Simeulue Kuta Padang Central Simeulue district. He of Alkan
Minangkabau of West Sumatra, he came to Aceh or Aceh in order about to
perform the pilgrimage to Holy Land, Mecca. That at that time he is willing
to perform the pilgrimage, first enhance their knowledge. In new Aceh went
to mecca. Events such as the naming Aceh porch mecca. in the Islamic
kingdom of Aceh is the most advanced Islamic country in southeast Asia,
Aceh is a reference to Muslims in the region. if there are difficulties in the
field of religion will refer to Aceh.Sultan of Aceh asked Tgk. Halilullah to
postpone his intention to perform the pilgrimage, for sultan wanted to give a
tough task, but it is sacred, the time it was called the 'U' to Islamize the
As guidance or directions to the island of Simeulue (U) by the Sultan
to marry Tgk. Halilullah with a girl from the island (U) which at that time
was in the Sultan's palace is named Princess Simeulue (Simelur). Simelur a
beautiful daughter, handsome and virtuous character is flawless and
beautiful, look Muslim. so bid the Sultan received gladly by Tgk. Halilullah.
In the course of subsequent history, that Halilullah with his wife
Melur beautiful princess stranded in Hope Island, west end of the island of
Simeulue. landed next to the desert town of Kuta bay Simeulue born wife,
Princess Simeulue. This field of Kuta area (Gulf Simeulue) Tgk. Halilullah
with his wife to develop and teach the religion of Islam to the rest of
