An Analysis on Modalities in Hillary Clinton's Speech

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AN ANALYSIS ON MODALITIES IN HILLARY

CLINTON’S SPEECH

A THESIS

BY

GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON

REG. NO. 120705063

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2017

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AN ANALYSIS ON MODALITIES IN HILLARY CLINTON’S

SPEECH

A THESIS

BY

GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON

REG. NO. 120705063

SUPERVISOR

CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum

Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum

NIP. 195904191981022 001

NIP.19570626 198303 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera

Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2017

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on May 23rd , 2017

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP.19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. ___________________

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D ___________________

Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum ___________________

Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans, M.Hum. ___________________

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR A WARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : May 23rd, 2017

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vi

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : GRACE NATALIA TAMPUBOLON

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS ON MODALITIES IN HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : May 23rd, 2017

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vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the name of the Holy Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen. My

gratitude for God for the blessing He gives to me in writing this thesis. It is not my

power to finish my study, but it is Jesus Grace. Jesus, You are my everything …

First, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, who has supported and

helped my study during the period of study in this faculty.

Secondly, I would like to thank to the Head of English Department, Dr.

Deliana, M.Hum, and the Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,

M.A. Ph.D and the Lecturers who shared many knowledge as long as study in this

faculty. My special thank goes to Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum as my supervisor and Dr.

Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as my co-supervisor for their kindness, patience, support to

me toward face the exam, guidance, times, valuable ideas and advices in writing my

thesis. May God is always blessing you. I would like to thank to Sir Rusdi Noor

Rosa, S.S., M.Hum for his support to me to study linguistics and his valuable ideas in

giving suggestions for this thesis. And also I would like to thank to Sir Kirno who

helps me in administration process.

Third, My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, my Father

Mr. Serma (Purn.) T. Tampubolon and my Mother Mrs. L. Manurung who always

there for me, pray for me in order I could finish my study, takes care of me, support

me to motivated to study, remind me to pray to God, advise me if I made mistakes,

and help me to do anything. Thank you so much Dad and Mom for your

unconditional love for me. Dad, Mom, you are my inspiration. I am nothing without

you. May God is always blessing you. I really do love you Dad and Mom.

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viii

Then, my big thank goes to my beloved one sister, Dede Yulia Tampubolon

who takes care of me and always help me to do something if I feel so hard. I hope

you could finish your study well and get the best job for your future.

My big thank goes to the both of my beloved brothers, Serka Valentino Tampubolon

and Pratu Jhon Harry Tampubolon who support to me in payment tuition fee as long

as more four years, advise me to study well and never give up to reach the goal. I

hope you get more blessed. I love you my siblings. And also thank you to my cousin,

Jonathan Ralito Saragih who helps me and supports to me. I hope you will finish

your study well and reach your dream.

My special thank goes to my best friend Betaria Silaban, Ervika Yanti Sinaga

and Kristin Theresia Siregar, Martin Marbun, Nia Sri Wahyuni Tarigan, Debora

Indriani Butar-butar, Dame Diarnita Sianipar, Tondi Namora, Heleri Sinabutar,

Fandu Kokoh, Samuel Siagian who help me to finish my thesis, for their pray, and

their support in attending my final exam. I do love you guys. I would to thank to

someone in there who cares of me and pray for me. And also thank you to all my

friends in English Literature 2012 Class-A as long as four years.

Finally, I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of

writing this thesis. Thank you so much. I realize that this thesis is far from being

perfect. Hopefully, this thesis is advantageous for the readers. May God is always

blessing us, Amen.

Medan, May 23rd, 2017

Grace Natalia Tampubolon Reg. No. 120705063

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ABSTRACT

This thesis is study about modalities in Hillary Clinton’s speech. It aims to describe how Hillary Clinton express her attitude and thought through her speech. The theory supporting this thesis is a theory proposed by M.A.K Halliday (1994) and Amrin Saragih (2006). This thesis is qualitative descriptive research by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The findings are showed 333 clauses used modalities from 942 clauses. In this thesis, there are four types of modalities (54.34% probability, 2.4% usuality, 33.92% obligation, 9.3% inclination). And also, there are three degree values of modalities divided to: (1) 14.71% high-probability, 36.93% median-probability, 2.70% low-median-probability, (2) 0.30 % high-usuality, 0% median-usuality, 2.10% low-usuality, (3) 8.70% high-obligation, 15.01% median-obligation, 10.21% obligation, and (4) 0% high-inclination, 9% median-inclination, 0.30% low-inclination. The most dominant type and value of modalities found in Hillary Clinton’s speech is probability (54.34%) with median degree (36.93%).

Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Modalities, Types of Modalities, Values of Modalities

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini adalah kajian tentang modalitas dalam bahasa Hillary Clinton. Itu bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana Hillary Clinton mengekspresikan sikap dan pikirannya melalui pidatonya. Teori yang mendukung skripsi ini adalah teori yang dikemukakan oleh M.A.K Halliday (1994) dan Amrin Saragih (2006). Skripsi ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif oleh Miles, Huberman dan Saldana (2014). Temuan tersebut menunjukkan 333 klausa yang menggunakan modalitas dari 942 klausa. Dalam skripsi ini, ada empat tipe modalitas (54.34% probabilitas, 2.4% keseringan, 33.92% keharusan, 9.3% kecenderungan). Dan juga, ada tiga tingkatan nilai modalitas dibagi menjadi: (1) 14.71% tinggi, 36.93% probabilitas-menengah, 2.70% probabilitas-rendah, (2) 0.30 % tinggi, 0% keseringan-menengah, 2.10% keseringan-rendah, (3) 8.70% keharusan-tinggi, 15.01% keharusan-menengah, 10.21% keharusan-rendah, and (4) 0% kecenderungan-tinggi, 9% kecenderungan-menengah, 0.30% kecenderungan-rendah. Tipe dan nilai modalitas yang paling dominan yang ditemukan dalam pidato Hillary Clinton adalah probabilitas (54.34%) dengan tingkat menengah (36.93%).

Kata Kunci: Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik, Modalitas, Tipe - tipe Modalitas, Nilai - nilai Modalitas

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Modalization and Modulation ... 14

Table 2.2: Finite Modal Operator ... 15

Table 2.3: Three Values of Modality ... 16

Table 2.4: Modality Expressed by Modals and Semi-Modals ... 17

Table 4.1: Mood Adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Speech... 27

Table 4.2: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 30

Table 4.3: Finite Verbal Operators in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 31

Table 4.4: Modal Adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 33

Table 4.5: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 35

Table 4.6: Adverbs Serving as Comment Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 36

Table 4.7: Clauses in Hillary Clinton’s Speech... 38

Table 4.8: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 41

Table 4.10: Adverb of Modality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 43

Table 4.11: Modal Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 44

Table 4.12: Mood Adjunct of Temporality Time in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 45

Table 4.13: Phase as an Appearance Meaning in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 45

Table 4.18: Mood Adjunct in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 52

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Table 4.21: Typically by an Adjective in Hillary Clinton’s Speech... 57

Table 4.23: Projection type as Manner: Quality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech... 60

Table 4.25: Finite Non-Modal Tense in Hillary Clinton’s Speech... 62

Table 4.26: Projection type as an Idea in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 63

Table 4.29: Causative in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 67

Table 4.30: Term of Conation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 68

Table 4.31: Projection type as an Idea in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 69

Table 4.34: Percentages of Types and Values of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 74

Table 4.35: Category of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 75

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY 2.1 Theoretical Framework... 7

2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis ... 7

2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic ... 9

2.1.3 Metafunction ... 9

2.1.4 Modality ... 10

2.1.4.1 Functional Account of Modality ... 11

2.1.4.1.1 Modalization ... 11

2.1.4.1.1.1 Probability ... 11

2.1.4.1.1.2 Usuality ... 11

2.1.4.1.2 Modulation ... 12

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2.1.4.1.2.1 Obligation ... 12

2.1.4.1.2.2 Inclination... 13

2.2 Relevant Studies ... 19

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method ... 20

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 20

3.3 Data Collecting Method ... 21

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis Method ... 22

Data Collecting Method ... 23

Data Display ... 24

Conclusion and Drawing Verification ... 25

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction ... 26

4.2 Types and Values of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 26

4.2.1 Probability Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 27

4.2.1.1 High Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech... 27

4.2.1.2 Median Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 38

4.2.1.3 Low Degree of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 47

4.2.2 Usuality Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 51

4.2.2.1 High Degree of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 51

4.2.2.2 Low Degree of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 52

4.2.3 Obligation Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 54

4.2.3.1 High Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 54

4.2.3.2 Median Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s ... 58

4.2.3.3 Low Degree of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s ... 65

4.2.4 Inclination Type in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 69

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4.2.4.1 Median Degree of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 69

4.2.4.2 Low Degree of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 72

4.3 The Dominant of Type and Value of Modalities in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 73

4.3.1 The Percentages of Probability in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 73

4.3.2 The Percentages of Usuality in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 73

4.3.3 The Percentages of Obligation in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 73

4.3.4 The Percentages of Inclination in Hillary Clinton’s Speech ... 74

4.4 Discussion ... 76

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 78

5.2 Suggestion ... 79

REFERENCES ... 80 APPENDICES I

APPENDICES II