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RESEARCH MISCONDUCT

Adi Utarini

Program Pra-Doktor

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Tujuan Sesi

•

_{Meningkatkan kepedulian}

terhadap masalah research

misconduct

•

_{Memahami panduan untuk}

mencegah research

Bagian I.

Academic Integrity:

Plagiarisme

Kecurangan

Kolusi

Falsifikasi/fabrikasi

Deceit

Jenis Academic Misconduct

Plagiarisme

Kecurangan

Kolusi

Falsifikasi/fabrikasi

Deceit

Definisi research misconduct

http://www.ncsu.edu/sparcs/policy/references/interim.html

"Research Misconduct" means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scholarly community for proposing, conducting, publishing or

otherwise reporting research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or

Definisi research misconduct

(Office of Research Integrity, US DHHS)

• _{Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification,}

or plagiarism in:

▫ proposing,

▫ performing, or

▫ reviewing research, or

▫ in reporting research results.

• _{Research misconduct does not include honest error or}

•i s m aking up dat a o r re sults and re cor ding

or m. the rting repo

Fabrication •is manipul ating rese arch mat erials

, anging or ch s, or sse oce r pr t, o men equip om itt ing d ata or re sults such tha t the re sear

ch ch sear e re in th ed ent pres ly re ate cur t ac is no rec ord . Falsification •i s th e a ppropr iatio n of ano the r p ers on's

ideas, ing ut giv witho ords w s, or sult s, re esse proc appropr iate cr edit . Plagiarism

Definisi…

Fabrication

Definisi Plagiarisme

• Taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of

another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver (American Association of University Professors; 1989, cited from Roig M)

• Appropriating an idea (eg explanation, a theory, a

conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphod) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without

giving credit to its originator

Examples of improper image manipulations

Manipulated images (left)- cut individual band and paste it to a new image -revealed by contrast

adjustment (right)

Contoh Plagiarisme

•Original text: “Minor league baseball historically is as

American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades. It is still small-town U.S.A., in feel if not in fact” (Rielly 206).

•Plagiarized version: Baseball’s minor leagues are

historically as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades seen in small-town USA.

Contoh:

• _{Original text:}

▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can

effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)

Contoh baik :

• Original text:

▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related

tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)

• Parafrase dengan sitasi:

▫ There remains debate as to where HIV-related tuberculosis can be treated with short course regimens that include

Contoh plagiarisme:

• Original text:

▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related

tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)

• Parafrase tanpa sitasi:

▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regimens that include rifampin can effectively treat HIV-related TB

CLONE: exactly the same CTRL-C: significant portions of text FIND-REPLACE: changing key-words and phrases REMIX: paraphrases from multiple sources RECYCLE: borrow generously from author’s previous work HYBRID: combines perfectly

cited sources with copied pasagges without citation MASHUP: mixes copied material from multiple sources 404ERROR: Inaccurate information of sources AGGREGATO R: Proper citation but no original work RE-TWEET: Proper citation, relies heavily on text’s original work

Types of plagiarism

CLONE CTRL-C FIND-REPLACE REMIX: RECYCLE HYBRID MASHUP 404ERROR AGGREGATOR: RE-TWEET

Publikasi tentang Misconduct & Plagiarisme

Implikasi Research Misconduct

• Biaya 17 kasus research misconduct 2000-2005: US$

116,160-US$2,192,620 per kasus yang dilaporkan oleh ORI (Gammon and Ranzini, 2013)

• Sanksi:

▫ Artikel, dana penelitian dibatalkan

▫ Status sebagai PI, peneliti, mahasiswa dicabut ▫ Gelar dibatalkan..

• Social cost: kepercayaan masyarakat, reputasi peneliti, reputasi institusi

• Permendiknas 17 tahun 2010 ttg pencegahan dan penanggulangan plagiat di Perguruan Tinggi

30

Why Does It Occur?

• _{Poor supervision} • _{Too much work} • _{Lack of time} • _{Lack of training} • _{Lack of interest} • _Incentives

• _{Fame and fortune} • _{Prove a held theory} • _{Cut corners}

Bagian II.

Meningkatkan Research Integrity dengan Mencegah Plagiarisme

Tanggungjawab Peneliti

•

_{Mencegah research misconduct}

•

_{Menjamin integritas penelitian}

•

_{Melaporkan research misconduct}

•

_{Melaporkan yang bersikap menentang terhadap}

pelaporan research misconduct

Singapore Statement of Research Integrity

(World Congress of Research Integrity, 2010)

Four Principles

•

_Honesty

in all aspects of research

•

_{Accountability}

in the conduct of research

•

_{Professional courtesy & fairness}

_{in working with others}

•

_{Good stewardship}

of research on behalf of others

27 Guidelines

• Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism and other

questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing (Roig M)

•P enul is yan g e tis sel alu m enyeb

utkan umber dan s lain ulis usi pen trib kon ide-i denya

G 1

•P enul is h arus ber usah a k eras

untuk gsu an ca l emba [m leh pero mem

ng

] ac

tual paper hed lis pub

G 16

•P enetapan tim penul is di bah as sebelu

m engacu pada m iset dan i r ras abo kol an akuk mel

pan duan m isal nya ICM JE

G 23

•Gh ost auth or tid ak et is, t id ak d

apat erima dit

G 26

Key Guidelines

(Roig M)

Key Guidelines: G2-4

• Any verbatim text taken from another author must

be enclosed in quotation marks.

• Acknowledge every source that we use; whether we

paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it quotations.

• When we summarize, we condense, in our own

words, a substantial amount of material into a short paragraph or perhaps even into a sentence.

Key Guidelines: G5-7

• _{Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing, always}

identify the source of our information.

• When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others’ work we

must reproduce the exact meaning of the other author’s ideas or facts using our words and sentence structure.

• In order to make substantial modifications to the original

text that result in a proper paraphrase, the author must have a thorough understanding of the ideas and

Key Guideline: G 8-9

• A responsible writer has an ethical responsibility to

readers, and to the author/s from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect others’ ideas and words, to credit those from whom we borrow, and whenever possible, to use one’s own words when paraphrasing.

• When in doubt as to whether a concept or fact is

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‘Many people say that it is the intellect

which makes a great scientist. They are

wrong:

it is character

’