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Thickeners and Gelling Agents. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. West Sussex, pp. 237-265.
Budiyanto dan Yulianingsih. (2008). Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Ekstraksi Terhadap Karakter Pektin dari Ampas Jeruk Siam (Citrus nobilis L.). J. Pascapapen 5 (2): 37-44.
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Eliaz, Isaac; Elaine Weil dan Barry Wilk. (2007). Integative Medicine and the Role of Modified Citrus Pectin/Alginates in Heavy Metal Chelation and Detoxification – Five Case Reports. Forsch Komplementarmedizin 14: 358-364.
Endress, H. U. (1991). Nonfood Uses of Pectin. Dalam Walter, Reginald H (ed). (1991). The Chemistry and Technology of Pectin. Academic Press. USA.
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Franchi, Maria Luisa; Maria Belen Marzialetti; Graciela N. Pose dan Sebastian Fernando Cavalitto. (2014). Evaluation of Enzymatic Pectin Extraction by a Recombinant Polygalacturonase (PGI) From Apples and Pears Pomace of Argentinean Production and Characterization of the Extracted Pectin. Journal of Food Process Technology 5 (8): 1-4.
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Lim, Jongbin; Jiyoung Yoo; Sanghoon Ko dan Suyong Lee. (2012). Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Yuza (Citrus junos) pomace: A Comparison of Conventional-Chemical dan Combined Physical-Enzymatic Extractions. Food Hydrocolloids 29: 160-165.
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2009.
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Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74 (1): 470-476.
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47
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Kurva Standar Larutan Stock Kadmium
Lampiran 2.Kurva Standar Larutan Stock Tembaga y = 0.987x
R² = 0.999
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
Hasil
P
em
bacaan
SS
A
(pp
m
)
Konsentrasi Larutan Stock Kadmium (ppm)
pembacaan SSA (ppm) Linear (pembacaan SSA (ppm))
y = 1.111x R² = 0.996
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
Hasi
l P
em
bacaan
SS
A
(ppm
)
Konsentrasi Larutan Stock Tembaga (ppm)
Lampiran 3. Kurva Standar Larutan Stock Timbal
Lampiran 4. Penyerapan Kadmium pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 5. Distribusi Kadmium pada Penelitian Pendahuluan Waktu
kontak (jam)
Distribusi kadmium (%) Fase tidak terlarut
(insoluble) Fase terlarut (soluble) Recovery 1 63,826 ± 0,659 29,446 ± 0,866 93,271 ± 0,296 3 14,860 ± 0,261 16,272 ± 0,814 31,132 ± 0,720 5 33,189 ± 0,418 26,056 ± 0,814 59,245 ± 0,784
y = 0.588x R² = 0.951
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
Hasi l P em bacaan SS A (pp m )
Konsentrasi Larutan Stock Timbal (ppm)
pembacaan SSA (ppm) Linear (pembacaan SSA (ppm))
280,936 ± 2,900
65,409 ± 1,148
146,085 ± 1,839 129,608 ± 3,812
71,624 ± 3,581
114,688 ± 3,584
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
1 3 5
Massa logam berat te rbaca SS A (µg)
Waktu kontak (jam)
fase terlarut (soluble)
49
Lampiran 6. Penyerapan Tembaga pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 7. Distribusi Tembaga pada Penelitian Pendahuluan Waktu
kontak (jam)
Distribusi tembaga (%) Fase tidak terlarut
(insoluble) Fase terlarut (soluble) Recovery 1 51,740 ± 0,609 22,801 ± 2,132 74,541 ± 2,017 3 31,885 ± 1,171 22,164 ± 1,583 54,048 ± 1,098 5 35,459 ± 1,900 18,956 ± 2,119 54,415 ± 0,458 Lampiran 8. Penyerapan Timbal pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
119,085 ± 1,401
73,386 ± 2,696 81,613 ± 4,372 52,479 ± 4,908
51,012 ± 3,644 43,628 ± 4,876
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1 3 5
Massa logam berat te rbaca SS A (µg)
Waktu kontak (jam)
Fase terlarut (soluble) Fase tidak terlarut (insoluble)
84,166 ± 18,732
45,015 ± 14,641
81,467 ± 8,897 119,797 ±
25,841
98,671 ± 22,895
140,404 ± 34,119 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
1 3 5
Massa logam berat te rbaca SS A (µg)
Waktu kontak (jam)
Lampiran 9. Distribusi Timbal pada Penelitian Pendahuluan Waktu
kontak (jam)
Distribusi timbal (%) Fase tidak terlarut
(insoluble) Fase terlarut (soluble) Recovery 1 149,656 ± 33,107 213,010 ± 45,948 362,666 ± 79,245 3 80,040 ± 26,033 175,446 ± 40,709 255,487 ± 20,317 5 144,855 ± 15,820 249,652 ± 60,666 394,507 ± 70,769 Lampiran 10. Penyerapan Kadmium pada Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 11. Distribusi Kadmium pada Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan Waktu
kontak (jam)
Distribusi kadmium (%) Fase tidak terlarut
(insoluble) Fase terlarut (soluble) Recovery 1 2,139 ± 0,464 30,535 ± 0,927 32,675 ± 0,616 3 16,405 ± 0,730 33,111 ± 0,914 49,516 ± 0,837 5 103,820 ± 0,040 19,794 ± 0,861 123,614 ± 0,900
9,417 ± 2,042 72,208 ± 3,213
456,975 ± 0,175
134,404 ± 4,079
145,741 ± 4,023
87,124 ± 3,788
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1 3 5
Massa
loga
m
berat
te
rbaca
SS
A
(µg)
Waktu kontak (jam)
51
Lampiran 12. Penyerapan Tembaga pada Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 13. Distribusi Tembaga pada Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan Waktu
kontak (jam)
Distribusi tembaga (%) Fase tidak terlarut
(insoluble) Fase terlarut (soluble) Recovery 1 30,787 ± 0,994 19,487 ± 2,112 50,274 ± 3,079 3 5,271 ± 0,502 28,742 ± 1,733 34,012 ± 2,116 5 6,502 ± 0,600 2,535 ± 0,434 9,037 ± 0,541
Lampiran 14. Penyerapan Timbal pada Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan 70,859 ± 2,287
12,131 ± 1,156 14,965 ± 1,381 44,852 ± 4,862
66,152 ± 3,989
5,835 ± 0,998 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
1 3 5
Massa logam berat te rbaca SS A (µg)
Waktu kontak (jam)
Fase terlarut (soluble)
7,980 ± 1,173 12,300 ± 1,506 7,890 ± 2,125 28,710 ± 2,349 31,734 ± 4,847
23,926 ± 4,257
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1 3 5
Massa logam berat te rbaca SS A (µg)
Waktu kontak (jam)
Lampiran 15. Distribusi Timbag pada Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan Waktu
kontak (jam)
Distribusi timbal (%) Fase tidak terlarut
(insoluble) Fase terlarut (soluble) Recovery 1 14,190 ± 2,086 51,050 ± 4,177 65,240 ± 4,669 3 21,870 ± 2,678 56,425 ± 8,619 78,295 ± 10,962 5 14,029 ± 3,778 42,543 ± 7,570 56,572 ± 11,340
Lampiran 16. Homogenitas Data Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 17. Normalitas Data Penelitian Pendahuluan
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
1,787 2 6 ,246
,005 2 6 ,995
3,063 2 6 ,121
,268 2 6 ,774
,879 2 6 ,462
,470 2 6 ,646
i_cd_insol i_cd_sol i_cu_insol i_cu_sol i_pb_insol i_pb_sol Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Tests of Normality
,292 3 . ,923 3 ,463
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,292 3 . ,923 3 ,463
,337 3 . ,855 3 ,253
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,235 3 . ,978 3 ,716
,349 3 . ,832 3 ,194
,337 3 . ,855 3 ,253
,219 3 . ,987 3 ,780
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,308 3 . ,902 3 ,391
jam 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 i_cd_insol i_cd_sol i_cu_insol i_cu_sol i_pb_insol i_pb_sol
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
53
Lampiran 18. Analisa One Way Anova Data Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 19. Uji Duncan Fase Insoluble Kadmium pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
ANOVA
71145,225 2 35572,612 8141,548 ,000
26,216 6 4,369
71171,440 8
5439,259 2 2719,629 202,958 ,000
80,400 6 13,400
5519,659 8
3560,197 2 1780,098 188,364 ,000
56,702 6 9,450
3616,899 8
135,001 2 67,500 3,312 ,107
122,282 6 20,380
257,283 8
2868,890 2 1434,445 6,678 ,030
1288,788 6 214,798
4157,678 8
2612,683 2 1306,341 1,663 ,266
4712,032 6 785,339
7324,714 8
Between Groups Within Groups Total
Between Groups Within Groups Total
Between Groups Within Groups Total
Between Groups Within Groups Total
Between Groups Within Groups Total
Between Groups Within Groups Total
i_cd_insol
i_cd_sol
i_cu_insol
i_cu_sol
i_pb_insol
i_pb_sol
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
i_cd_insol
Duncana
3 65,4087
3 146,0853
3 280,9357
1,000 1,000 1,000
jam 3,00 5,00 1,00 Sig.
N 1 2 3
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3,000.
Lampiran 20. Uji Duncan Fase Soluble Kadmium pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 21. Uji Duncan Fase Insoluble Tembaga pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 22. Uji Duncan Fase Insoluble Timbal pada Penelitian Pendahuluan
i_cd_sol
Duncana
3 71,6240
3 114,6880
3 129,6080
1,000 1,000 1,000
jam 3,00 5,00 1,00 Sig.
N 1 2 3
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3,000.
a.
i_cu_insol
Duncana
3 73,3863
3 81,6130
3 119,0850
1,000 1,000 1,000
jam 3,00 5,00 1,00 Sig.
N 1 2 3
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3,000.
a.
i_pb_insol
Duncana
3 45,0147
3 81,4667
3 84,1663
1,000 ,829
jam 3,00 5,00 1,00 Sig.
N 1 2
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3,000.
55
Lampiran 23. Homogenitas Data Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan
Lampiran 24. Normalitas Data Optimasi Penelitian Pendahuluan
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
3,844 2 6 ,084
,046 2 6 ,955
1,053 2 6 ,406
3,476 2 6 ,099
,918 2 6 ,449
,862 2 6 ,469
ii_cd_insol ii_cd_sol ii_cu_insol ii_cu_sol ii_pb_insol ii_pb_sol Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Tests of Normality
,269 3 . ,949 3 ,567
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,252 3 . ,965 3 ,641
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,196 3 . ,996 3 ,878
,353 3 . ,824 3 ,174
,367 3 . ,794 3 ,100
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,349 3 . ,832 3 ,194
,314 3 . ,893 3 ,363
,292 3 . ,923 3 ,463
,299 3 . ,914 3 ,433
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,263 3 . ,955 3 ,593
jam 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 1,00 3,00 5,00 ii_cd_insol ii_cd_sol ii_cu_insol ii_cu_sol ii_pb_insol ii_pb_sol
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Lampiran 25. Normalitas Data Penelitian Utama
Tests of Normality
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,219 3 . ,987 3 ,780
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,337 3 . ,855 3 ,253
,219 3 . ,987 3 ,781
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,314 3 . ,893 3 ,363
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,314 3 . ,893 3 ,363
,232 3 . ,980 3 ,726
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,219 3 . ,987 3 ,780
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,292 3 . ,923 3 ,463
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,276 3 . ,942 3 ,537
,253 3 . ,964 3 ,637
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,219 3 . ,987 3 ,780
,219 3 . ,987 3 ,781
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
,175 3 . 1,000 3 1,000
menit 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 30,00 60,00 90,00 iii_cd_f_insol iii_cd_f_sol iii_cd_5_insol iii_cd_5_sol iii_cd_10_insol iii_cd_10_sol iii_cd_k_insol iii_cd_k_sol iii_cu_f_insol iii_cu_f_sol iii_cu_5_insol iii_cu_5_sol iii_cu_10_insol iii_cu_10_sol iii_cu_k_insol iii_cu_k_sol
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
57
Lampiran 26. Homogenitas Data Penelitian Utama
59
Lampiran 31. Uji Duncan Fase Tidak Terlarut Tembaga pada Penelitian Utama
61
