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A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF ADDRESS TERMS UTTERED BY THE CHARACTERS IN JAMES MARSH’S THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING MOVIE.

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A Thesis

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of the

Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature

By:

Ratna Dewi Haqsari

12211144013

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

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If opportunity does not knock, build a door.

(Milton Berle)

“Man Jadda Wa Jadda.”

“Those who do it seriously will be successful.”

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This thesis is dedicated to:

My Mom, Ibu Wahyu Indarti

and

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mercies and blessings that always enlighten me. Without His blessing, I would have never completed this thesis. To be able to write this thesis, some parties have provided me all their support and help. Hence, my deep gratitude is presented to: 1. Dr. Margana, M.Hum., M.A., as the first supervisor and Paulus Kurnianta,

M.Hum., as the second supervisor, for their patience, motivation, detailed correction and precious guidance during the process of writing this thesis; 2. Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum., as the academic supervisor, who guided and

supported me during my study in this university;

3. all the lecturers of English Education Department who taught and guided me during my years of study;

4. my beloved parents, Ibu Wahyu Indarti and Bapak Muklas, for their continuous prayer, support, and love in the process in writing this thesis;

5. my triangulators: Ratna Duwi Haryanti, S.S. and Yosep Saputra for helping me check the thesis;

6. members of 2012 J class and Linguistics class of 2014 for their help and support in completing this thesis; and

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contributions to the readers and other researchers.

Yogyakarta, December 30, 2016

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ix

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATIONS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Research Focus ... 4

C. Objectives of the Research ... 6

D. Significance of the Research ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

A. Literature Review ... 8

1. Sociolinguistics... 8

2. Solidarity and Politeness ... 10

3. Address Terms ... 11

a. Types of Address Terms ... 13

b. Social Factors in Using Address Terms ... 19

4. The Theory of Everything Movie ... 24

B. Previous Studies ... 26

C. Conceptual Framework ... 28

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D. Technique of Data Collection ... 34

E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 34

E. Trustworthiness ... 35

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 37

A. Research Findings ... 37

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 37

2. Social Factors that Affect the Characters of The Theory of Everything Movie in Certain Types of Address Terms ... 39

B. Discussion ... 41

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 41

2. Social Factors that Affect the Characters of The Theory of Everything Movie in Certain Types of Address Terms ... 56

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 74

A. Conclusion ... 74

B. Suggestions ... 76

REFERENCES ... 78

APPENDICES ... 80

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Figure 2. Analytical Construct ... 30

Table 1. Data Sheet of Types and Social Factors of Address Terms

Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 33 Table 2. Data Findings of Types of Address Terms Uttered by

the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 38 Table 3. Data Findings of Social Factors of Address Terms Uttered by

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xiii 12211144013

ABSTRACT

This research employs sociolinguistic approach to investigate address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie. This research has two objectives; to identify the types of address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie and to analyze the social factors of address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie.

This research was conducted by employing descriptive qualitative research method. The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself. The data of the research were in the form of sentences, clauses, or words spoken by the characters in the movie. The contexts of the data were utterances and conversations. The sources of the data were the movie of The Theroy of Everything and the movie script. To collect the data, the researcher employed note-taking technique from the character’s utterances in the movie. To gain the data trustworthiness, the researcher asked the triangulators to check the collected data.

The results of this research are presented as follows. First, first name (FN) appears more frequently because it is one of the ways to reach intimacy among the characters. First name not only appears when the setting of the conversation is in the house but also appears when the conversation occurs in a college area. Second, the social factor of address terms which mostly influences the use of address terms by the characters is the degree of intimacy (DI). In this kind of settings, first name is usually used to address someone as it indicates equality and familiarity. This type of address terms is regarded as a sign of considerable intimacy. Degree of intimacy is dominantly performed by the characters since the settings of the conversations mostly take place in a house. In a house, the interactions between the members of the family are mostly depicted.

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This chapter describes the background of why this research is important to be conducted. It also conveys the background of the research, research focus, and the formulation of the problems. This chapter also mentions the objectives of this research and states the significances of this research.

A. Background of the Research

Language is one of the important aspects in human life. Language cannot be separated from human life since it is a means of a communication. According to Pearson (1985: 14), communication can be counted as a medium of interaction which people can use when they want to negotiate a certain meaning of any matter. A successful communication only can be reached when the information in the messages can be understood by both speaker and hearer. Meanwhile, the failure of a communication will become a flaw in society, since communication is significant to satisfy individual, social, and also practical needs.

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people use language to communicate each other, they commonly call or refer to others by using address terms which are appropriate to them.

Address terms is related to politeness in communication. Each kind of address terms has different level in communication process. People will be seen as polite if they address people appropriately, but they will be seen as impolite if they do it inappropriately. Holmes (2001: 296) states that being polite is a complicated business in any language. People should understand the language, social and cultural values of a society. They tend to think of politeness just a matter of saying “please” in making request and saying “thank you” when someone gives us what we want or does something for us.

Choosing the appropriate address terms to call someone can show the intimacy level. For instance, when someone says “Sweet dream, honey!” to address his/her friend shows that the word “honey” has high level of intimacy. The speaker is using pet name to address his/her couple. Another example is when someone says “How are you, Mrs. Brown?” to address other people indicates that the word “Mrs. Brown” has low level of intimacy. It shows that the speaker and the addressee do not have close relationship. It can be inferred that people should use appropriate address terms in addressing someone whether they know the addressee very well or not.

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reflected in the condition of the speaker. For example, the use of titles such as Doctor or Professor to address other people indicates the least intimate relationship between the speaker and the addressee (Wardaugh, 2006: 268). It can be concluded that the speaker and the addressee do not know each other and do not have a close relationship. This example proves that if someone does not know the way to address people, they will ruin the communication.

Studying address terms always becomes interesting linguistic research as the use of address terms can reveal many things including the identity of the speakers, the power and authority of the speakers, and the distance and relationship between the speakers. Therefore, people need to understand the types and the social factors behind the choice before using a certain type of address terms.

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In conducting the research, the researcher chooses a movie as the source of data rather than a kind of field study. Besides, since movie is the representation of human life, the researcher thinks it is acceptable to use movie as source of data. A movie of which the researcher presumes having the phenomena of address terms is The Theory of Everything. The Theory of Everything is a British biographical romantic drama movie which tells a theoretical physicist named Stephen Hawking.

A movie entitled The Theory of Everything is chosen as the object of the research because the conversations all characters represent our daily life conversations, and they employ or use some types of address terms. Through this movie, people can see that address terms can be used for any reasons depending on the situational contexts. For example, the use of address terms in college will be different from the use of address terms at home. Therefore, the phenomena of address terms can be obstacles for the audience who does not understand the rules of address terms.

B. Research Focus

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As a reflection of a real life experience, a movie has two kinds of communication. There are spoken communication and written communication. The example of spoken communication can be seen from the conversation among the characters in the movie. When the characters in the movie are having a conversation with another one, it cannot be avoided that they use more than one type of address terms due to some factors including relationship they have with the addressee.

There are many address terms used in a social interaction. They vary depending on who use it, where they use it, when they use it and why they use it. This research takes a Hollywood movie entitled The Theory of Everything. There are several problems found in this movie based on the phenomena of address terms. The first problem is concerned with the types of address terms that are used in this movie. Addressing other people not only uses Mr. or Mrs., but also uses several ways such as by using last name (LN) or kinship terms (KT). The second problem is social factors that affect the characters in using certain types of address terms.

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1. What types of address terms are uttered by the characters of a movie entitled The Theory of Everything?

2. What social factors do affect the characters of The Theory of Everything movie in certain types of address terms?

C. Objectives of the Research

In reference to problem formulations mentioned above, the objectives of the research are stated as follows:

1. to identify the types of address terms which are uttered by the characters of a movie entitled The Theory of Everything, and

2. to analyze the social factors that affect the characters of The Theory of Everything movie in certain types of address terms.

D. Significance of the Research

Based on the result of the research, it is expected that this research provides both theoretical and practical contributions.

1. Theoretical significance

Theoretically, the research findings confer additional information to linguistic field dealing with sociolinguistic research under the issue of address terms. 2. Practically significance

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This chapter is divided into three parts: literature review, previous studies, and conceptual framework. The first part consists of some theories as guidance in conducting this research and description the object of this research. The second is previous studies. It describes previous studies which have similar topic as references of this research. The third part deals with conceptual framework. It shows the concepts used in this research. It is also formulated into an analytical construct.

A. Literature Review

1. Sociolinguistics

Language is an important part of human behavior. It is a primary tool of interaction among people in a society since they use language to communicate and to express their feeling and ideas with others. Without language, people will find several problems when they do their activities with others. Discussing language and society, people deal with a kind of study called sociolinguistics. According to Yule (2006: 254), sociolinguistics is a study which focuses on language which is dealing with social and cultural phenomenon in a society. It usually explores the field of language, society, and things which are related to social sciences, especially psychology, anthropology, and sociology.

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affect the way people speak or talk since it is determined by the social context. In accordance with those two linguists, Holmes (2001: 1) also says that sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which the language is used. It explains that people who study linguistics probably concern on describing people’s different ways of speaking in different social contexts. Moreover, Holmes argues that sociolinguists also try to investigate the use of language to convey messages. As language functions to convey messages, there must be social interactions between the members of community. Those social interactions can indicate the relationship of the people who are involved. Thus, sociolinguistics is essential in explaining the interaction between the members of the society.

As cited in Wardaugh (2006: 12), sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with its goal to understand better the structure of language and the functions of language in communication. It means that in sociolinguistics, people learn how social structures influence the way people talk. In addition, they also study how social attributes such as class, sex, and age influence the use of language varieties and pattern. Similarly, Chaika (1982: 3) states that sociolinguistics is a study of language use in social interaction. It means that this study focuses on the way people talk naturally in everyday communication in their social environment.

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studies about the ways people use language in social interaction. Moreover, sociolinguistics is a study of language in relation to society. Language is the foundation of society allowing people to live, work, and play together. By using language, people can also show their characteristics, their background, even their personal identity.

2. Solidarity and Politeness

One of the purposes of language is to maintain relationship and solidarity between people, so that it is important to use language properly. Addressing a person with an appropriate address term that befits his/her age or status is one of the norms of speech that makes interaction between speakers acceptable. It signals the speaker’s attitude towards the addressee and defines the relationship that speaker perceives to exist between him/her and the addressee (Wardaugh, 2006: 260). People should notice some considerations in the word choice they use in conversation. Those considerations include what people want to say and how people say (Wardaugh, 2006: 260).

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…another person’s face. In this sense, politeness can be accomplished in situations of social distance or closeness. Showing awareness for another person’s face when that other seems socially distant is often described in terms of respect or deference.

Thus, politeness can be defined as the way people use language to maintain their relationship with others. It shows how to use the language and conduct the conversation well. The use of language in a society can describe the relationship among the users. The relationship between the speaker and the addressee can be seen through the way people address others.

3. Address Terms

Language is not only concerned with the message but also concerned with the setting and social relationship between the users. In communication, people try to make the listener understand what he/she thinks and what he/she feels. He/she is also using language to define his/her relationship, to identify him/her as part of a social group, and to establish the kind of speech event he/she is in. This is clearly highlighted in the use of address terms. To give a clearer explanation, Fasold (1997: 1-2) defines address terms in the following way.

Address terms are the words speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to them. They are also part of semantic systems which are connected to the social relationships. Names and second- person pronouns are two main kinds of address terms in most language.

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46), address terms are different from greetings and summons. Address terms are used by people when they want to show their power or solidarity to other people while greetings depend on the mood of the speaker. Meanwhile, summons is used only when the speaker wants to get someone’s attention, and the speaker will start the conversation after it. Here is an example of address terms in a conversation.

Mother : Why are you so late?

Ray : This morning my teacher kept me again. Mother : What is the name of the teacher who kept you? Ray : The bastard sootbucket!

Mother : Sssh.. Your grandmother was there. Ray : Upss.. Sorry.

(Holmes, 2001: 1) The above illustration is about a boy named Ray. He came late to his home since his teacher kept him again. He addressed his teacher by bastard sootbucket. When his mother said that his grandmother was there, he was sorry because he realized that his grandmother would not like to hear him addressing his teacher by those words. He would have described his teacher differently if he knew that his grandmother was there.

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School Principal : What were you doing today, Ray? Ray : My teacher kept me again this morning. School Principal : What is the name of the teacher who kept you?

Ray : Mr. Sutton.

(Holmes, 2001: 2) Here, Ray used Mr. Sutton to address the teacher whom is not present in the conversation. Mr. Sutton is used because Ray wants to show respect the one who has taught him at the school. Mr. Sutton has higher status as a teacher that should be respected by the students. Moreover, they were in a formal occasion and institution that required a formal language use to honor all the participants. In conclusion, the same message may be expressed very differently to different people. People use different styles in different social context.

a. Types of Address Terms

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There are several types of address terms which now are being used in the entire world. According to Chaika (1982: 47-50), the types of address terms are first name (FN), title plus name (TLN), title only (T), last name (LN), and special name (SN) which often used among close friends. In addition, Wardaugh (2006: 268) has his own types of address terms. He states that the types of address terms are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title alone (T), last name (LN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT).

1) First name (FN)

First name is mainly used to call the younger person by the older one or to call a child by his/her parents. This type is used to address other people by his/her name. According to Wardaugh (2006: 268), the use of first name in communication indicates equality, familiarity, and intimacy. In the same time, it also shows an effort to assert some power to other people. This kind of type can be shown in the following example.

Christina Bella : Sorry, Angela. I’ve got to go now.

Angela Christie : Alright Christina. Good bye, see you tomorrow. Christina Bella : Bye, Angela. See you soon.

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2) Title with last name (TLN)

Title with last name is usually used by people to call someone they merely acquainted with. This type is also used by people who have relatively higher status than the other people who he/she wants to address. The use of title with last name in communication indicates social distance and unfamiliarity between the speaker and the addressee (Chaika, 1982: 47).

Similarly, Wardaugh (2006: 268) states that the use of title with last name is usually used by people with lower status to addressing people from higher status. This type also indicates the unfamiliarity and imbalance in power between the speaker and the addressee. In sum, people with lower status tend to use this type to address other people with higher status. Here is an example of title with last name (TLN) type in a conversation.

Teacher : Hello class, I’m your new English teacher. My name is John Smith but you can call me Mr. Smith.

Students : Hello, Mr. Smith. Nice to meet you. Teacher : Nice to meet you too.

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3) Title only (T)

If a speaker addresses someone by title only (T), it means that he/she uses the most formal address term. This type is probably a less intimate and more deferential than title with last name (TLN). For example, pupils often address their teacher with his/her title only. According to Wardaugh (2006: 268), the use of title only in addressing others indicates the least intimate relationship. This type is usually used to determine social status or ranks of occupation.

An example of this type in the utterance can be seen as follows:

Student : Excuse me, sir. Do you think it’s okay if I go home early today?

Teacher : Why?

Student : My mom’s hospitalized, and I want to visit her. Teacher : Never mind. I hope your mother will get better soon. Student : Thank you, sir.

The above example is a conversation between a student and a teacher. In this conversation, the student addressed his/her teacher by using “sir”. The use of title only (T) indicated that the student used the most formal address term to show power differential and distance between the teacher and the student.

4) Last name (LN)

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while the superior will be addressed by his/her title with last name. Here is the example in a conversation.

Teacher : What’s your name? Student : My name is Ni Made. Teacher : Are you from Bali, Made? Student : Yes.

The above example is a conversation between a teacher and a student. In this conversation, the teacher used last name (LN) to address his/her student. The use of last name indicated that the teacher used the less formal address term type to show his/her superiority towards the student.

5) Special name (SN)

The fifth type of address terms is special name. The use of special name (SN) is a kind of informal language that usually used by people in the non-formal situations. According to Chaika (1982: 49), this type of address terms is used in communication between a speaker and an addressee that has an intimate relationship such as between close friends. It is used as a sign of intimacy. The examples of special name such as Charles that turns into Charlie, James that turns into Jim, Katherines that turns into Kathy, and Deborah being called as Debbie.

6) Pet name (PN)

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originally used as intimacies within the family circle. This type is sometimes used by a couple who have their own nickname to the one they love, such as honey, dear and sweetheart. For example, the word sweetheart is used in the following dialogue.

A : Happy birthday, Stella. Wow, you are one year older now. Congratulations sweetheart!

B : Thank you.

The above conversation is interesting since A used “sweetheart” to addressing B. It indicates that they had an intimate relationship.

7) Kinship term (KT)

Kinship term is about the term used in a speech community to identify relationships between individuals in a family. Wardaugh (2006: 271) states that the kinship system itself is generation and age-oriented with terms for both the paternal and maternal sides. An example of this type in the conversation can be seen as follows:

Father : Will you turn off the lights when you leave the room? We have to save the electricity.

Daniel : Ok, Dad.

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b. Social Factors in Using Address Terms

In communication, people will address other people in different way. They address people based on the context whether they are in formal or informal contexts. When they address someone, there are some social factors affecting the choice of address terms (Wardaugh, 2006: 272). They are particular occasion (PO), social status or rank of the other (SS), gender (G), age (A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional status (TS), race (R), and degree of intimacy (DI). In daily life, people may use more than one type of address term. The choice of the types is greatly influenced by those factors.

1) Particular occasion

People tend to address a certain person differently in different place where they communicate. Wardaugh (2006: 272) gives an example of this kind of social factor in a military area. A soldier has to maintain his/her respect toward his/her commander. A soldier has to maintain his/her respect while in the same time he/she has to live together with the commander in dangerous circumstance, like in a war. In formal occasion, people are demanded to respect other people overriding social status.

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inside the school. The context will be different when they are in the house. They are in the different context or occasion with the different degree of formality that will impact the way to address. In school, they are involved in an institutional setting that requires formality and respect to the other.

2) Social status

There are some social factors that influence people to use certain types of address term in their communication. One of the social factors that can influence people in use address terms is social status. According to Chaika (1982: 47), the superior will receive title with last name when he/she is being addressed. Chaika adds that title with last name also given to the superior and to relative strangers. This type of address terms indicates inequality in power between the speaker and the addressee. The superior will receive title with last name when they are addressed, while the inferior will received first name.

3) Gender

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4) Age

Age is a kind of the social factors that can influence people to choose certain types of address terms. Age is a determinant factor in the use of address terms. Chaika (1982: 47) illustrates an older person usually prefers being addressed by using title with last name especially when they are addressed by younger person. In the other hand, when a younger person is the boss of an older one, age often wins out. Therefore, the boss calls his/her employee by title with last name. The use of this kind of social factor in using address terms is an appropriate way to show politeness. 5) Family relationship

The change of age and family relationship influences the choice of address terms. Wardaugh (2006: 271) gives an illustration that the condition which may arise when someone has to address his/her father-in-law. For example, it seems to be too formal if addressing a father-in-law as Mr. Smith. It also seems that too familiar if addressing him by only call Smith and it seems to be unnatural if addressing him as Dad. However, the arrival of grandchildren is sometimes seen as a way out because it is being easier to call a father-in-law as Granddad than Dad.

6) Occupational hierarchy

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difference. Wardaugh adds that different circumstance of field of work such as in military and business world will also affect the choice of address term. People who have higher occupational status will receive title with last name when they are addressed by the people who have lower occupational status. In the other hand, people who have lower occupational status will receive first name when they are being addressed.

7) Transactional status

Status of a person can give great effects in his/her daily life. In a society, social status of someone can be clearly seen in a communication especially in using address terms. The different social status will determine which types of address terms are applied. The inequality in power between higher and lower social status can be seen in the use of title with last name and first name in communication.

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8) Race

In a certain society, race determines people in the way they choose certain type of address term. Wardaugh (2006: 269) states that in southern states of the United States, black people will be addressed by his/her first name in a situation where it actually requires titles. The asymmetrical use of names is also part of the system.

9) Degree of intimacy

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4. The Theory of Everything Movie

Figure 1. Cover of The Theory of Everything Movie

The Theory of Everything is a biographical romantic drama movie directed by James Marsh. The Theory of Everything’s script is adapted from the memoir entitled Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen by Jane Wilde Hawking in 2014. This movie involves some famous Hollywood actresses and actors such as Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking, Felicity Jones as Jane Wilde Hawking, Charlie Cox as Jonathan Jones, Emily Watson as Jane’s mother, Simon McBurney as Stephen’s father, and Harry Lloydand as Brian. This movie had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 7th, 2014.

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farewell party, Stephen met a beautiful literature student, Jane Wilde. Stephen fell in love with her and they got married.

While pursuing his research, Stephen’s muscles began to fail. It was discovered that he had a debilitating motor neuron disease known as ALS. He would be unable to talk, swallow, breathe, and difficult to move most of his body. Jane helped her husband in every possible way. She became Stephen’s fulltime caregiver actually.

After having a second child, Stephen developed a theory about the visibility of black holes. From that theory, Stephen became a renowned astrophysicist. He wrote a theory into a book entitled A Brief History of Time. That book became an international best-seller.

While focusing on the children, Jane had a difficulty to work on her own thesis. She joined the church choir to throw out her depression. In the church choir, she met a widower, Jonathan. Jane and Jonathan became close friends, and she employed him as a piano teacher for her children. Unfortunately, when Jane gave a birth to third children, Stephen’s mother forced Jane to admit that the baby was Jonathan’s. Stephen had no idea about that. He was still busy doing his research. He had been invited to America to accept an award.

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and Elaine had fallen in love, and they married. Besides, Jane and Jonathan also decided to marry.

The Theory of Everything managed as a successful movie in 2014. The movie opened to a positive reception worldwide. It was nominated for a variety of accolades in award shows and film festivals. The movie received four Golden Globe Award nominations, three 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations, and 10 British Academy Film Awards nominations.

It is an interesting movie since it could give the audience the formal language use that was employed in a formal occasion and institution. Therefore, people can clearly notice the different styles of language that are used in different occasion. The characters of the movie employ several address terms in their communication that sometimes confuse the audience. For that reason, this movie is chosen as the object of this research because the phenomena in the story related to the address terms.

B. Previous Studies

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proposed by Leech. This study employed a descriptive qualitative research. The findings of this study indicated that (1) the most appearing type of address term is title only, (2) the most appearing purpose of address terms is to make someone inferior in their utterances, and (3) the appearing kind of roles influencing the use of addressing terms is based on their class.

Then, another study dealing with address terms is research entitled “The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Addressing Terms Used in The Karate Kid Movie” conducted by Sari in 2015. The study was mainly focused on analyzing the variations, the reasons, and the politeness pattern of address terms applied in The Karate Kid movie. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher found that the common address terms variations used by the characters are name, kinship, intimacy, respect, and mockery. The most appearing data related to the reasons of address terms are to show intimacy, care, sympathy, worry, power/authority, politeness, to calm someone, to warn someone, and to show anger/dislike. Finally, as the third objective, the common politeness patterns of address terms in this study are asymmetrical T/V usage, symmetrical/mutual T usage, and symmetrical/mutual V usage.

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The Theory of Everything movie and to describe the social factors that affect the characters of The Theory of Everything movie in certain types of address terms. There are some differences between the previous studies and this research. First, the researcher investigates the same topic by using a different theory and object. By using a different object, the research can show different results as it takes a different context. Second, the two previous studies describe the types of address terms. Meanwhile, the researcher does not only try to describe the types of address terms but also try to describe the social factors influencing the use of address terms in the movie. However, this research analyzes address terms by using Chaika’s and Wardaugh’s theory.

C. Conceptual Framework

Language is a primary tool of interaction among people in a society. People use language to communicate and to express their feeling and ideas with others. There are many language branches that are important to consider. Sociolinguistics is one of the linguistic branches that deals with the ways people use language in social interactions. There are many aspects studied in sociolinguistics such as Tu and Vous, address terms, and politeness. However, in this research, the researcher only deals with one aspect namely address terms.

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situation in The Theory of Everything movie. To answer the research questions, this research uses Wardaugh’s and Chaika’s theory about classification of types and social factors of address terms.

This research identified seven types of address terms as the first research question. As classification by Wardaugh (2006) and Chaika (1982), there are seven types of address terms. They are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title only (T), last name (LN), special name (SN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT).

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D. Analytical Construct

In reference to the conceptual framework above, the following diagram presents the outlines of the research.

Figure 2. Analytical Construct Sociolinguistics

Language

1.First Name (FN)

2.Title with Last Name

(TLN)

A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in James Marsh’s The Theory of Everything Movie

Solidarity and

1.Particular Occasion (PO) 2.Social Status (SS) 3.Gender (G) 4.Age (A)

5.Family Relationship (FR) 6.Occupational Hierarchy

(OH)

7.Transactional Status (TS) 8.Race (R)

9.Degree of Intimacy (DI)

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In this chapter, the researcher presents all elements regarding with the research method applied in conducting this research. This chapter deals with the description of the research method which includes research type, form, context, and source of the data, the data collecting technique, the technique of data analysis, the research instrument, and trustworthiness. Each sub-chapter is discussed below.

A. Research Type

This research applied descriptive qualitative method since it emphasized on describing the phenomenon of language use. Qualitative method was used to describe the phenomenon in its context by interpreting the data. As stated by Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 166-167), qualitative research relies on people’s interpretation of their own experience. Related to its purpose, the qualitative research is more about how to make description than prediction of the data.

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B. Form, Context, and Source of Data

The data were taken from The Theory of Everything movie script. The data were in the form of sentences, clauses, or words spoken by the characters in the movie. The contexts of the data were dialogues. There were two kinds of data sources in this research. They were a primary data source and a secondary data source. The primary data source was the movie and the movie script. The movie script was accessed on http://www.screenplaydb.com/film/scripts/the_theory_of_everything.pdf. The data were taken from the characters’ conversations. The researcher watched the movie and then checked the accuracy of the conversations by reading the movie script. The secondary data sources were books and journals related to the topic of this research. Those books and journals were used to find out the related theories in order to answer the research questions.

C. Research Instruments

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instrument to collect the data of address terms from the sources. The table below illustrates the form of the data sheet which was used to collect the data.

Table 1. Data Sheet of Types and Social Factors of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

Note:

2. Types TS : Transactional Status

FN : First Name R : Race

Types Social Factors

Explanation challenge for you all, as you embark on your separate doctoral the quarks from the quacks.

1

a  

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D. Techniques of Data Collection

The data of this research were collected using a note-taking technique from the character’s utterances in The Theory of Everything movie. The researcher took some steps during the data collection: downloading the movie along with its script, making the data sheet, and categorizing the raw data into the sheet. The first step was watching The Theory of Everything movie to understand its plot and story. After that, the researcher re-watched the movie to find the utterances containing address terms uttered by the characters. Then, the researcher checked the accuracy of the movie script with the conversations in the movie. Next, the researcher took notes of the characters’ utterances which were in accordance with the research questions. Categorizing the raw data into the data sheet was the final step of the data collecting techniques.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

After the data had been collected, the researcher conducted the data analysis. Bodgan and Biklen (1982: 145) state that data analysis is working with data which includes organizing, classifying, synthesizing, understanding the data, and determining the data that will be presented. In accordance with the definition, the procedures of data analysis in this research were as follows:

1) the data taken from the The Theory of Everything movie were analyzed, 2) the data were classified based on the two research questions and put into

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3) each datum which had been classified in the data sheet was analyzed based on the two research questions,

4) the data were interpreted to answer the two research questions, and 5) the findings were concluded.

F. Trustworthiness

This research employed trustworthiness to establish the reliability, truthfulness of the data, credibility, and the consistency of the data used. The trustworthiness of the data is important in order to determine whether the research is reliable research. To confirm the trustworthiness of the data, triangulation technique was employed in this research. Triangulation is a technique to ensure the trustworthiness of the data by employing something outside the data to investigate the data or to compare the data (Guion, 2002: 1).

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37

In this chapter, the results of the research are explained in detail. This chapter is divided into two issues, namely research findings and discussion. Each is presented below.

A. Research Findings

Based on the data analysis, the research reveals 40 data of address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie. The following sections illustrate the research findings.

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

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Table 2. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

No. Types of Address Terms Occurrences

1. First name (FN) 23

2. Title with last name (TLN) 4

3. Title only (T) 5

4. Last name (LN) 0

5. Special name (SN) 4

6. Pet name (PN) 0

7. Kinship term (KT) 4

Total 40

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The movie mostly takes place in a house that did not required formal use of language. First name (FN) is the most occurring type of address terms since it is one of the ways to reach intimacy and to show superiority among the characters. In other hand, the use of title with last name (TLN) and title only (T) are avoided in informal occasion like in a house. It can be seen from the table that those two types of address terms are rarely used by the characters of the movie.

2. Social Factors that Affect the Characters of The Theory of Everything Movie in Certain Types of Address Terms

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Table 3. Social Factors of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

No. Social Factors of Address Terms Occurrences

1. Particular Occasion (PO) 3

2. Social Status (SS) 14

3. Gender (G) 0

4. Age (A) 2

5. Family Relationship (FR) 5

6. Occupational Hierarchy (OH) 0

7. Transactional Status (TS) 0

8. Race (R) 0

9. Degree of Intimacy (DI) 16

Total 40

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(G), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional status (TS), and race (R) which is never used by the characters of the movie.

The social factor of address terms which mostly influences the use of address terms by the characters is degree of intimacy (DI). In this kind of settings, first name is usually used to address someone as it indicates equality and familiarity. By using this type of address terms, it is regarded as a sign of considerable intimacy. Degree of intimacy (DI) is dominantly performed by the characters since the settings of the conversations mostly take place in a house. In a house, the interactions between the members of the family are mostly depicted.

B. Discussion

This section presents the discussion of the research based on the research findings in the previous section and the problem formulations stated in Chapter I. This section identifies the types and the social factors of address terms employed by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie.

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

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a. First name (FN)

First name is simply how people address other people by their first name. The use of first name in daily conversation is affected by some factors. Sometimes, people use first name to show intimacy or to show superiority. The social factors that usually govern the choice of first name are social status (SS), age (A), and degree of intimacy (DI). As shown in Table 2, there are 23 occurrences of first name found in the movie. The first evidence of first name (FN) performed by the character in the movie can be seen in the conversation below.

It is clear that the example above shows that Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen Hawking using “Stephen” which belongs to first name (FN) type. Stephen arrives late to Dennis Sciama’s class. Then, Stephen sets two train timetables on the table. One of several physicists pushes the train timetables down the desk. Sciama picks them up and looks at the timetables. Unexpectedly, they are filled with tiny formulas and calculations. Sciama registers growing amazement and everyone staring at Stephen. In this dialogue, Dennis Sciama addresses his student, Stephen, by using first name

(4: 01)

(Stephen arrives late)

Dennis Sciama : Have you even bothered, Stephen? Stephen Hawking : Uh…sorry.

(Stephen sets two train timetables on the table. Others push the timetables down the desk to Sciama, who picks them up.)

Dennis Sciama : Right. Train timetables? Sp : Dennis Sciama

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(FN). He always addresses Stephen by using first name (FN) in their communication. It was used to show power differential rather than intimacy.

The next conversation written below also shows another first name (FN) performed by the character.

The second example is a conversation between Stephen Hawking and Dennis Sciama. Dennis Sciama is Stephen’s lecturer in Cambridge University. In this meeting, Sciama asks Stephen about his dissertation’s topic research. Stephen has been not thinking about the research topic. Then, Sciama invites him to a laboratory where JJ Thomson discovered the electron and where Rutherford split the atom. After that, Sciama leaves him alone in the laboratory. Stephen looks around at the empty lab. Then, he goes to the blackboard. He picks up a piece of chalk and then he begins to study. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses his student, Stephen, by using first name. First name is chosen by Dennis Sciama to show power difference. In the

(4: 02)

Dennis Sciama : Ah, Stephen, take a seat. I wanted to talk to you about your subject. We’re all rather concerned as to what it’s going to be.

Stephen Hawking : I can’t decide.

Dennis Sciama : Do you have any ideas? Stephen Hawking : Umm – no.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

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school system, teachers/lecturers always have higher power than the students because they are the ones who educate the students.

Another example of first name (FN) is provided below.

The last example is a conversation between Phillipa and Stephen. The above dialogue occurs in Hawking family’s dining room. Phillipa is Stephen’s younger sister. The topic of the conversation is about Stephen who did not believe in God. However, everything has changed since Stephen met Jane. Stephen often comes to the church to meet Jane. Jane is a religious woman. She comes to the church in every Sunday morning. In the conversation, it is seen that Phillipa addresses her brother by using first name (FN) to show an intimacy between them as brother and sister.

b. Title with last name (TLN)

Title with last name is often used by people in their daily conversation. Different types of address terms have different meaning which also indicates equality or inequality between people. For example, the use of title with last name indicates inequality power between the speaker and the addressee. It can also be used to show

(4: 03)

Phillipa Hawking : So Stephen, you’ve been to church with a good woman. Are you feeling holier than thou?

Stephen Hawking : Positively saintly, thank you. Sp : Phillipa Hawking

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respect toward the addressee. People who have high status usually receive title with last name when they are being addressed by people who have lower status. As shown in Table 2, there are 4 occurrences of title with last name found in the movie. The datum presented below is the example of title with last name uttered by the character.

The above example takes place in the seminar room of Cambridge University. Dennis Sciama, as a speaker in tutorial, gives an exercise to his several young physicists. Meanwhile, Stephen reads a chess book that lies on his lap out of his sight under the table. Dennis Sciama, with a wicked smirk on his face, passes out a set of mathematical problems to Stephen. Then, Stephen looks up and crumples the paper in his pocket. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen by title with last name, Mr. Hawking. Although the form of title with last name is used correctly by the addresser, the context of title with last name in the conversation is inappropriate. The use of inappropriate title with last name here is likely caused by Dennis Sciama

(4: 04)

Dennis Sciama : Well, then, here we are. A little challenge for you all, as you embark on your separate doctoral journeys – whatever they may be, Mr. Hawking.

Something to separate the men from the boys—the wheat from the chaff—the mesons from the pi mesons—the quarks from the quacks.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

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is attempting to snap at Stephen. Stephen is busy reading a chess book instead of paying attention on him.

Another dialogue containing title with last name (TLN) is presented below.

The above conversation takes place in a seminar room of Cambridge University. This conversation occurs between Professor Sciama and Professor Thorne. They are Stephen’s dissertation examiners. Before they give Stephen a time to prove his research, they have rights to give any questions and suggestions according to Stephen’s dissertation. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses Kip Throne by using title with last name (TLN), Professor Throne, since they are in a formal occasion and institution. Moreover, title with last name (TLN) also used to show respect toward Kip Throne as a lecturer.

c. Title only (T)

If a speaker addresses someone by title only, it means that he/she uses the most formal address term. The use of title only in addressing someone is a sign that

(4: 05)

Dennis Sciama : So, in summary. As we know, chapter one—full of holes and lacks mathematical support.

(to Kip Throne) Professor Thorne?

Kip Throne : Chapter two—not really original—uses a lot of Roger’s ideas.

Penrose : Chapter three? Too many unanswered questions. Sp : Dennis Sciama

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the speaker and the addressee do not have a close relationship or intimacy. Title only is usually used to show social distance among the speaker and the addressee. Datum presented below is the example of title only (T) performed by the character.

The above conversation happens in a pub. This conversation occurs between a bartender and Stephen Hawking. Stephen goes to a pub with his friends to play pinball. While his friends are playing pinball, Stephen suddenly remembers that Jane gives a napkin to him. Jane writes her phone number on the napkin. Then, Stephen decides to make a call with Jane. Stephen asks to the bartender to give his money change in a coin. Stephen wants to call Jane via payphone.

In this conversation, the bartender addresses Stephen by title only (T). Title only is the type which bartender is supposed to use. The lower status ones should respect the ones with higher status as well as to show a social distance. Here, Stephen as a buyer has higher social status than the bartender.

(4: 06)

Stephen Hawking : Can I get two or more please? Bartender : Yeah, sir.

Stephen Hawking : And some change for the payphone. Bartender : Yeah, sir.

Sp : Bartender

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Another dialogue containing title only (T) is presented below. It is the dialogue between Stephen and Sciama.

The above dialogue happens in Sciama’s office. Stephen explains his invention about black holes. Stephen draws a dot at the blackboard. First, Sciama does not believe with Stephen’s invention. Then, Sciama starts to believe when slowly Stephen describes his invention. Sciama is very enthusiastic about it. It made him very amazed.

Stephen answers Sciama’s command by using title only (T) in order to respect him as a lecturer. The use of title only also shows social distance among the student and the lecturer. As a student, Stephen has a lower social status than Sciama. Furthermore, Stephen uses title only since the context of the conversation is in a formal occasion and institution.

(4: 07)

Stephen Hawking : The universe born from a black hole exploding. Dennis Sciama : Keep going.

Stephen Hawking : Keep going? You mean go further back, Professor? Before the universe began?

Dennis Sciama : Keep going. Develop the mathematics. Sp : Stephen Hawking

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Another dialogue that contains the phenomena of title only (T) is written in the dialogue below.

The next conversation takes place in Stephen’s house. This conversation occurs between Stephen and his new nurse, Elaine. Elaine comes to Stephen's house on the orders of Jane. In this situation, Stephen has to use a wheelchair. His vocal cords are damaged, so that he cannot speak. Stephen can only write on a paper when he wants something. Then, Jane asks Elaine to maintain and to care for Stephen. Jane needs a help from a nurse because she is busy finishing her thesis. Elaine uses title only (T) in addressing Stephen because there is a different social status between them. Elaine, as a nurse, has lower status than Stephen as her boss. Title only used in the above conversation is already an appropriate form. Title only is used to show respect towards someone with higher power or social status.

(4: 08)

Jane Wilde : She’s here. Okay. Promise not to eat her alive…

Elaine : Lovely to meet you, Professor. How are you? My name is Elaine. I’m going to be your nurse, would you like that? Stephen Hawking : (smiling)

Sp : Elaine

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d. Last name (LN)

The use of last name in a daily conversation indicates inequality power between speaker and addressee. People who have more power will be addressed by title with last name. However, for those people who have less power will be addressed by their last name. The use of first name and last name may be overlapping since both of them indicate inequality power between the speaker and the addressee. The difference between them is that the use of first name may indicate inequality power and intimacy between the speaker and addressee where last name does not. However, the use of last name indicates inequality of power between the speaker and the addressee without containing intimacy. As clearly seen in Table 2, last name (LN) is not found in this research. Last name never appears in this research because the settings of the movie mostly took place in a house and in a college area. Although a college is a place where last name (LN) should exist due to the politeness and respect, it does not appear in The Theory of Everything movie.

e. Special name (SN)

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Datum presented below is the example of special name (SN) performed by the character.

The example above occurs in Stephen’s dormitory. Stephen has just come out from the hospital. Brian comes to the Stephen’s room to see what happens with his best friend. Brian is shocked when Stephen tells what happens with him. Stephen gets angry when Brian asking too many questions about his disease. Then, he asks Brian to leave the room. Brian addresses Stephen by using special name (SN), “Steve”. It indicates that they have a close relationship as close friends. Moreover, the conversation takes place in an informal situation that did not required formality.

(4: 09)

Stephen Hawking : I have two years to live.

Brian : Sorry? You were fine a couple of days ago. Steve? You’re fine. What did they say?

Stephen Hawking : Will you leave me Brian? Sp : Brian

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The next conversation written below also shows another phenomena of special name (SN) performed by the character.

The above example occurs in a car when Stephen and family are on the way going back to home. Jane feels angry and disappointed. She tells Stephen that their family is not good. She needs a help to take care of their children and her husband. She has difficulty in working on her thesis. However, Stephen is always trying to convince that their family is fine and does not need some helps.

In the conversation, it is seen that Stephen addresses his son by using special name (SN), “Robbie”, to show an intimacy. It indicates that they have a close relationship as father and son. Moreover, the conversation took place in an informal situation that did not required formality.

f. Pet name (PN)

The use of pet name in a daily conversation indicates a very close relationship. People usually use this type to address someone who has a close relationship with them. It is originally used as intimacies within the family circle.

(4: 10)

Jane Wilde : I need help.

Stephen Hawking : Everything is fine. We’re just a normal family. Jane Wilde : We’re not a normal family!

Stephen Hawking : Robbie—your mother’s very angry at me. Sp : Stephen Hawking

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This type is sometimes used by a couple who have their own nickname to the one they love, like sweetie or sweetheart. Pet name is a type of address terms that is rarely used in formal situations like in a college. As clearly seen in Table 2, this type does not appear. The use of pet name is usually appearing in the conversation in which the participants are family member or a couple. Even if there are several conversations taking place in a house, this type is not applied in the movie.

g. Kinship term (KT)

Commonly, people use kinship terms to address their family. For example, father, mother, grandma, grandpa, etc. Since the settings of the conversations are mostly taken in a family home, there are several kinship terms found in the analysis. Datum presented below is the example of kinship term (KT) performed by the character.

The above example is a conversation between Robert, Jane, and Stephen. This conversation takes place in Stephen Hawking’s house. Robert and Jane give a small surprise to Stephen. Jane buys a new electric wheelchair to her husband. Jane also

(4: 11)

Robert : Surprise! Look Daddy! Look!

Jane Wilde : That is an electric wheelchair. We can take it back, if you don’t like it.

Stephen Hawking : (smiling) Sp : Robert

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offers to restore the wheelchair if Stephen does not like it. Stephen looks so happy with the surprise. Although Stephen is not able to speak, he can express his delight with a smile.

Robert addresses his father by using kinship term, “Daddy”. Kinship term is a symbol to show respect as well as intimacy to the family member. Kinship term is also used here as a result of family relation factor which influences the son to use such type in addressing his father.

The next conversation written below also shows another phenomena of kinship term (KT) performed by the character.

The above example is a conversation between Jane and her mother, Beryl Wilde. Jane tells her mother that she feels tired because of too many problems in her family. Jane needs something to refresh her mind. Then, Beryl gives her a suggestion to join a

(4: 12)

Beryl Wilde : I’d like to make a suggestion. Might sound a bit unusual, but I have seen it work wonders. I think, you should consider joining the church choir.

Jane Wilde : Mum—I think that is possibly the most English thing anyone has ever said.

Beryl Wilde : Maybe so.

Jane Wilde : I used to love singing. Beryl Wilde : Just go.

Sp : Jane Wilde

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church choir. She knows that one of Jane’s hobbies is singing. She loves singing since she was a child.

Here, kinship term is used to show intimacy between a daughter and her mother. The intimacy between them can be seen from the way Jane gives an agreement when her mother gives a suggestion to join the church choir. The use of kinship term “mum” here is also a result of a family relation that exists between Jane and her mother. Kinship term in the conversation is already used in an appropriate way. It is in line with the concept of address terms which states that a family relation factor can be indicated through the use of kinship term.

2. Social Factors Affecting the Choice of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie in Using Certain Types of Address Terms

There are many social factors that influence the speaker to choose certain types of address terms toward the addressee. However, in this research, the researcher classified them into nine social factors. They are particular occasion (PO), social status or rank of the other (SS), gender (G), age (A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional status (TS), race (R), and degree of intimacy (DI).

a. Particular occasion (PO)

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but she should address him as her school principal. A girl should address her father by using title with last name (TLN) or title only (T) inside the school. In school, they are involved in an institutional setting that requires formality and respect to the other. Meanwhile, in a family, they are there as a daughter and a father who can address each other by using kinship term (KT). The example of the use of address terms that influenced by particular occasion (PO) is as follows:

The example above takes place in the seminar room of Cambridge University. Dennis Sciama, as a speaker in tutorial, gives an exercise to his several young physicists. Meanwhile, Stephen reads a chess book that lies on his lap out of his sight under the table. Dennis Sciama, with a wicked smirk on his face, passes out a set of mathematical problems to Stephen. Then, Stephen looks up and crumples the paper in his pocket.

(4: 13)

Dennis Sciama : Well, then, here we are. A little challenge for you all, as you embark on your separate doctoral journeys – whatever they may be, Mr. Hawking. (Stephen looks up, winces, knowing he’s way behind schedule)

Something to separate the men from the boys—the wheat from the chaff—the mesons from the pi mesons—the quarks from the quacks.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

(70)

In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen by title with last name (TLN), Mr. Hawking, since they are in a formal occasion and institution. Moreover, the reason why Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen using title with last name is because he only wants to snap at Stephen. Stephen is busy reading a chess book instead of paying attention on him.

Another dialogue that contains the phenomena of particular occasion (PO) is written in the conversation below.

The conversation above takes place in a seminar room of Cambridge University. After the dissertation examination done, Dennis Sciama asks Stephen’s plans after doing the research. Stephen answers that he wants to prove his research. Stephen addresses Dennis Sciama by using title only (T) since they are in a formal occasion and institution. Besides, Stephen wants to respect Dennis Sciama as his lecturer. The use of title only (T) also shows a social distance among the student and the lecturer. As a student, Stephen has a lower social status than Dennis Sciama.

(4: 14)

Dennis Sciama : So, what now?

Stephen Hawking : Prove it. To prove with a single equation that time has beginning. Wouldn’t that be nice, Professor? One single elegant equation to explain everything?

Dennis Sciama : Yes. It would. It would indeed.

Sp : Stephen Hawking

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The next conversation written below also shows another phenomena of particular occasion (PO) performed by the character.

The conversation above occurs in auditorium of Cambridge University. In the end of the movie, Stephen becomes a new rock star. He successfully proved his time invention and wrote it into a book entitled “Brief History”. Stephen makes a mini seminar about his book. The seminar has opened by Dennis Sciama, his lecturer. Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen by title with last name (TLN), Professor Hawking, since they are in a formal occasion. Moreover, Dennis Sciama wants to show their close relationship as friend although they are a lecturer and a student.

b. Social status or rank of the other (SS)

Social status is one kind of the social factors that can influence people to choose certain types of address terms. This factor indicates inequality in power between the speaker and the addressee. For example, the use of first name (FN) in addressing someone indicates intimacy between the speaker and the addressee.

(4: 15)

Dennis Sciama : I first met the professor in 1963. Now there you are. Time!

Where does it go? It has been one of the great joys of my life to watch this man defy every expectation, both scientific and personal.

Please welcome onto the stage my esteemed colleague, my friend, Professor Hawking.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

(72)

However, such type of address terms also indicates inequality power between them. The superior will receive title with last name (TLN) when they are addressed, while the inferior will received first name (FN). The example of the use of address terms that influenced by social status (SS) is as follows:

The above conversation happens in the seminar room of Cambridge University. Stephen comes back after a long time he is hospitalized. This conversation occurs when Stephen has a dissertation exam. The dissertation is about his theory of black holes. Stephen has three dissertation examiners. They are Dennis Sciama, Kip Thorne, and Penrose. Dennis Sciama always addresses Stephen Hawking, his student, by using first name (FN) in their communication. It is not to show intimacy, but to show power differential. There is a different social status between them. In the school system, teachers/lecturers always have higher power than the students because they are the ones who educate the students. As Sciama’s student, Stephen has a lower status compared to him.

(4: 16)

Dennis Sciama : Come in, Stephen. How are you? Stephen Hawking : Fine.

Dennis Sciama : Would you like to take a seat? Stephen Hawking : No, thank you.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

Gambar

Figure 1. Cover of The Theory of Everything Movie
Figure 2. Analytical Construct
table. Dennis Sciama, with a wicked smirk
Table 2. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie
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