Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
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Table of Contents
Articles
Jour nal Cover page PDF
Jour nal Edit or
I ncr easing t he Pr oduct ion of Soybean ( Gly cine Max L.) By Using Mu lch of Rice St r aw and Appliy ing Poc ( Liqu id Or gan ic Fer t ilizer ) Fr om Seaweed ( Gr acilar ia Sp.) and Cat t le’s
Ur ine
Wakifat ul Hisani, Kaim uddin . , Syam suddin Gar ant j an g 1- 7
Effect of I m m un izat ion against Aflat ox in B1 on t he Ex pr ession of COX- 2 in Liver , Kidney and spleen of Rabbit s t r eat ed w it h aflat ox in B1
Fadia Falah Hassan, Basim Moham m ed Khash m an 8- 15
Pr em ar it al Scr een ing of HI V, Haem oglobin Genot ype, ABO and Rhesus Blood Gr ou p am ong I nt endin g Cou ples in Yenagoa, Niger ia
Onuoha, E.C., Eledo, B.O., , Anyan wu, P.,, Agor o, E.S 16- 23
Effect of Monosodiu m Glut am at e Or ally Adm in ist er ed t o Male Wist er Rat s on Som e Biochem ical Par am et er s
Michael Okey Enem ali, Ebenezer U. Danielson, Tit ilayo O. Bam idele 24- 28
Fact or s Cont r ibut in g t o Teenage Pr egnancies in a Rur al Com m un it y of Z im babwe PDF Ngonidzashe Mut anana, Godfr ey Mut ar a 29- 34
Fact or s Associat ed w it h Fem ale Sexual Pr oblem s am on g Wom en at t endin g Cair o Un iver sit y Hospit al
Nagwa AbdEl Fadeel Afefy 35- 41
Fact or s Affect ing Fat igue in Chr on ic Renal Failur e Pat ient s under Hem odialysis Tr eat m ent at Qena Un iver sit y Hospit al in Upper Egypt
Hayah Abou El Azayiem Bayum i 42- 49
Scr eening of Siam Weed ( Chr om olaena Odor at a) and Afr ican Cust ar d Apple ( Annona Senegalensis) for Nem at icidal Act iv it y
Agaba, T.A, B. Fawole, A. O. Claudius- Cole 50- 56
Tut a Absolut a: A Global Loom in g Challenge in Tom at o Pr odu ct ion, Review Paper PDF
Gebr elibanos Gebr em ar iam d 57- 62
Epidem iology of Maj or Sm all Rum inant Ect opar asit es an d Effect iveness of t he Cont r ol Appr oaches Em ployed in Select ed Past or al Dist r ict s of Afar , Nor t heast er n Et hiopia
Fikr e Zer u 63- 72
Sur vey of I nsect s an d Diseases of Fr uit Cr ops in SNNPR: I n t he Case of Kafa Z one PDF
Minyahil Kebede 73- 81
Effect of clim at e change on Rice Pr oduct ion in Punj ab PDF
Syed Hassan Raza Sofia An wer 82- 87
Effect of Dr ip and Sur face I r r igat ion Met hods on Yield an d Wat er Use Efficiency of On ion ( Alliu m Cepa L.) under Sem i- Ar id Condit ion of Nor t her n Et hiopia
Tefer i Gebr em edhin 88- 94
Par t icipat or y Assessm ent of Tr ade Lim it ing Diseases of Sm all Ru m inant s in Afar ’s Sm all Rum inant s’ Expor t Mar ket Chain
Bir hanu Hailu Gezahegn Alem ayeh u, Nur u Sied 95- 102
Effect of bar ley ( Hor deum vu lgar e L) / faba bean ( Vicia fabae L) int er cr oppin g on pr oduct iv it y and land u se efficiency in h igh lands of Sout her n Et hiopia
Legesse Hidot o, Gobeze Loha, Ten aw Wor kayehu 103- 107
t he I nt im a Media Th ickness in t he Hum an Car ot id Ar t er y
Pam , S.D., Dak ok, K. K., Sir isena, U.A. I ., Gadon g, E.P., Chagok, N.M.D. 108- 115
Com par at ive St udy on Lu m inal Diam et er , Blood Flow Velocit y an d I nt im a Media Thickness of Car ot id Ar t er ies in Obese and Non - Obese Hum an s
Pam , S.D., Dak ok, K. K., Chagok , N.M. D., Gadong, E.P. , Sir isena, U. A.I . 116- 121
Pr evalence of Helm int h ic I nfect ion and it s associat ion w it h t he Nut r it ional St at us of Rur al Pr im ar y School Ch ildr en in Osun St at e, Niger ia
Adeleye Adeom i, Olu wat osin Adeoye, Adedayo Sabageh, Olait an Adeom i, Donat us Sabageh
122- 127
Com par ison of Pot ent ial Ant ih yper t ensive and Ant iox idant Bet ween Aqueous Ext r act of Pur ple Sweet Pot at o Tuber and Capt opr il in Hy per t ensive Pat ient s
I Made Jawi, I W P Sut ir t a Yasa, A A N Subawa, Dewa Ngur ah Supr apt a 128- 133
Ant ibact er ial Act iv it y and I dent ificat ion of Bioact ive Com pounds in Ext r act s of Gar lic cloves and Lem on j u ice by GC- MS Analy sis
JUMARE, F. M, YAKUBU, S. E, AMEH, J. B 134- 149
Flood Disast er s in Niger ia: Far m er s and Gover nm ent s’ Mit igat ion Effor t s PDF
EREKPOKEME LUCI A NEMI NE 150- 154
WHAT WE HEAR AND WHAT WE DO: An analysis of t he per cept ual in fluence of ch ild spacing cam paigns on t he kn ow ledge, at t it ude and pr act ices of r ur al w om en in Sout h
-East Niger ia
Am ah, Chr ist opher Kin gsley, Ek we, Ok wudir i C,, Andr ew C Apeh, Ezeugwu, Mer cy I ,, Or ekyeh, Em eka, S.S
155- 170
Com par at ive St udy of Tr ace am ou nt of Hy dr ocar bon in Pollut ed soil on Bean ( Vigna unguiculaga) and Wat er leaf ( Talim um t r iangu lase)
Flor ence Anem Aisueni, Tar i Hudson Ekiy or , Bar isi Sam uel Felix 171- 179
Econom ic Efficiency of Pou lt r y Egg Pr odu ct ion in Kogi St at e, Niger ia PDF Agat ha I t ohan Odine, Fait h Debaniyu I br ahim , Ram at u Kut igi Usm an , Abigail John
Jir gi, Safiya Jibr in, Juliana Funm ilayo Audu
180- 186
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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.5, No.14, 2015
128
Comparison of Potential Antihypertensive and Antioxidant
Between Aqueous Extract of Purple Sweet Potato Tuber and
Captopril in Hypertensive Patients
I Made Jawi1, I W P Sutirta Yasa2 A A N Subawa2,Dewa Ngurah Suprapta3*
1. Department of Pharmacology, 2. Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 3.Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar Bali Indonesia.
*Corresponding author’s email : biop@dps.centrin.net.id Abstract
Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease that accompanied by oxidative stress. Treatment of hypertension with conventional drugs such as captopril could be expected to cope oxidative stress, but often cause side effects such as cough. It is necessary to find an alternative medicine instead of captopril, which has antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. Purple sweet potato tubers has been studied as an antioxidant in vivo, and has shown to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The purpose of this study was to compare the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato and captopril in relation with theire effects on blood pressure and oxidative stress in hypertensive patients. This research was limited clinical trials with randomized pre - test and post- test control group design, with a population of hypertensive patients. A total of 30 hypertensive patients were included in this study and they were divided into three groups of 10 patients each. The control group was given captopril only, treatment-1 group was given a purple sweet potato aqueous extract only, and treatment-2 were given a combination of captopril and purple sweet potato extract. This treatment was carried out for four weeks. The results showed that all treatments significantly (p<0.05) decreased the blood pressure and blood MDA levels. However a significant (p<0.05) increase in SOD was resulted from the group given aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tuber, while in the group given captopril, an increase in SOD was not significant ( p > 0.05 ). The conclusion from this study is that the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato obviously decreased the blood pressure and blood MDA levels that comparable to captopril, and a better ability to increase blood SOD levels in hypertensive patients.
Keywords: Purple sweet potato, captopril, antioxidant, hypertensive patients
1. Introduction
Chronic hypertension will cause oxidative stress that can lead to disruption of endothelial function that will aggravate hypertension and cause complications. Antihypertensive drugs like captopril can decrease blood pressure and cope the oxidative stress due to captopril function as antioxidants through inhibition of NAD (P) H oxidase (Bolterman et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2007). The weakness of captopril is often cause side effects such as cough that causing treatment failure. So that necessary to find affordable alternative drugs that has antihypertensive and antioxidant properties so can replace captopril. In today's society life there is an increasing utilization of herbal medicines as an affordable alternative medicine.
Epidemiological studies proved that eating fruits and vegetables that contain flavonoids regularly can reduce cardiovascular diseases, through antioxidant effects (Knekt, 2002). Flavonoids from various plants can improve vascular endothelial function (Engler, 2004), through an increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), so it
can decrease blood pressure (Erdman, 2007; Han, 2007; Morris, 2007). Anthocyanin pigments is one of
flavonoids and has been shown to decrease blood pressure (Middleton, 2000; Lila, 2004; Shindo, 2007). Purple
sweet potato tubers contain anthocyanins that are proven to cope oxidative stress in vitro (Padda, 2006;
Lachman et al., 2009; Jiao et al., 2012) and in vivo (Kano et al., 2005; Jawi et al., 2008; Garcia-Alonso et al., 2009).
Purple sweet potato aqueous extract that found in Bali was contain high enough of anthocyanins (Suprapta, 2004) and have been studied to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive rats (Jawi et al., 2012), and in the elderly hypertensive patients (Jawi et al., 2014). This study wants to prove whether the antihypertensive and antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of purple sweet potato comparable to captopril in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.
2. Materials and Methods
socio-Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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economic class, do not suffer from certain diseases and are willing to be sampled for the study) were selected as samples of this study. The total samples were 30 patients. All of those patients were divided into three groups of treatments. Group one as a control group, were given captopril with the dose of 25 mg, two time a day for 4 weeks. Group two as treatment one, were given aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tuber at the dose of 3 x 60 ml every day for 4 weeks. Group three as treatment two, were given combination of aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tuber at the dose of 3 x 60 ml every day and captopril at the dose of 25 mg two time a day for 4 weeks.
All of these patients in all group were diagnosed, treated and followed-up in the outpatient clinic of a private doctor. Criteria for exclusion from these patient included a history of severe renal or liver dysfunction, malignancy, diabetes, smoking and the use of antioxidant or multivitamins supplements. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Research Institute of Medical Faculty, Udayana University with the number of 1131/UN.14.2/litbang/2014, and informed written consent was obtained from each patient, before enrollment. The blood pressure of all patients were evaluated every week during the study.
Biochemical Assays
Blood samples from all patients were taken at the beginning and one month after treatment to measure lipid peroxidation (MDA). Quantification was done based on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method and calculated as malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. To conform the oxidative stress, the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the blood was also examined by commercially available kit (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI, USA).
Statistical Analysis
All data were presented as mean + SD. Paired t-test was used to assess the effect of therapies used at baseline and one months after treatment. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. ANOVAs was used to assess the differences between group of study. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software (version 10).
3. Results
Blood Pressure
The results showed significant (p<0.05) decline in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients treated with captopril group (control) and in aqueous extract of purple sweet tuber group. The group treated with a combination of captopril and aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers showed significant (p<0.05) decline in systolic blood pressure. In the captopril group the average of initial systolic blood pressure was 160 ± 13.33 mmHg, decreased to 140 ± 7.81 mmHg. While the initial diastolic blood pressure was 94 ± 5.16 and decreased to 82 ± 3.49 mmHg. In the group of extract of purple sweet potato tuber, the average initial systolic blood pressure 158 ± 11.35 mmHg, decreased to 137 ± 12.74 mmHg. While the initial diastolic blood pressure was 93 ± 9.54 and decreased to 83 ± 7.88 mmHg.
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.5, No.14, 2015
[image:7.595.104.492.86.340.2]130 Figure 1
The comparison of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between groups
MDA and SOD in Blood
The blood MDA and SOD levels of hypertensive patients significantly (p<0.05) changed in all three groups of patients. The levels of the decrease in MDA and the increase in SOD at either control or treatment group. Statistically significant decrease in MDA occurred in all groups (p <0.05), but the increase in SOD in a group treated with captopril was not significant (p> 0.05). In the control group (treated with captopril) average blood MDA levels at the beginning of treatment was 6.84 ± 0.68 nmol / ml, decreased to 5.80 ± 0.79 nmol / ml (p<0,05). While the blood SOD levels at the beginning of treatment was 456.52 ± 32.94 U / gHb increased to 515.96 ± 82.75 U / gHb, at the end or after one month of treatment. Statistically, the number of SOD was not significant (p>0,05).
In the treatment group 1 (a group treated with aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tuber) average blood MDA levels at the beginning of treatment was 6.95 ± 1.13 nmol / l, decreased to 5.38. ± 0.99 nmol / ml (p<0,05). While the blood SOD levels at the beginning of treatment was 396.13 ± 36.81 U / gHb increased to 530.78 ± 83.32 U / gHb, at the end or after one month of treatment (p<0,05). In the treatment group 2 (treated with captopril in combination with aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers) average blood MDA levels at the beginning of treatment was 7.09 ± 0.68 nmolm / l, decreased to 5.82 ± 0.60 nmol / l (p<0,05). While the blood SOD levels at the beginning of treatment was 445.40 ± 21.79 U / gHb be 566.40 ± 80.00 U / gHb, at the end or after one month of treatment (p<0,05). Comparison of the average blood levels of MDA and SOD at the beginning of treatment and at the end of treatment is presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
0
50
100
150
200
Pre-test
Post-test
Blood
pressure
(mmHg)
systolic of captopril
group
diastolic of captopril
group
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diastolic of extract
group
systolic of
combination
diastolic of
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.5, No.14, 2015
[image:8.595.79.474.109.273.2] [image:8.595.121.487.347.513.2]131 Figure 2
Blood MDA level of patients at begining (pre-test) and after one month (post-test)
Figure 2
Blood SOD level of patients at begining (pre-test) and after one month of treatment (post-test)
4.
DiscussionIn this study, the blood pressure decreased significantly after administration of captopril, purple sweet potato tuber aqueous extract or a combination of captopril with aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers, except for diastolic blood pressure in the group treated with combination of captopril and purple sweet potato aqueous extracts. Decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the captopril group and group of purple sweet potato tuber aqueous extracts were not statistically different. These results proved that the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers can decrease blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension, with similar potential with captopril. Antihypertensive potential (especially on systolic blood pressure) combination of captopril with aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers was similar to a single drug, so it does not need to be combined. The decrease in blood pressure due to the provision of aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers caused by high content of anthocyanin which is a flavonoid (Suprapta et al., 2004).
The results are consistent with research by Cassidy et al. (2011) who proved that eating foods containing
flavonoids regularly for 14 years, especially anthocyanins, flavan-3 flavone and-ol can prevent the occurrence of hypertension up to 8%, which allegedly caused by vasodilatation effects of flavonoids.
Besides the vasodilator effects of anthocyanins, it is also expected to decrease blood pressure through an antioxidant effect and through various signaling mechanisms that are protective against cardiovascular system
0
2
4
6
8
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Post-test
Blood MDA
level (nmol/ml)
MDA of captopril group
MDA of extract group
MDA of combination group
0
200
400
600
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level (U/gHb)
SOD of captopril group
SOD of extract group
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(Wallace 2011). Anthocyanins are also shown to increase the expression of eNOS, such as anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside can boost the expression of eNOS in the endothelium in vitro, which allegedly eNOS plays a role in maintaining blood pressure and maintain the integrity of the blood vessels, so as to protect the body from cardiovascular disorders (Xu et al., 2014)), because anthocyanins have cardio protective effects (Zafra-Stone et al., 2007).
The results of MDA and SOD levels in the blood also showed significant changes between pre-test and post- test examination. These results proved that the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato can decrease blood MDA level and increase SOD level in hypertensive patients significantly (p <0.05). Thus the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers can prevent oxidative stress in patients with hypertension. Oxidative stress in patients with hypertension caused by the increase of activity of the enzyme NAD (P) H oxidase, resulting in the increase of the production of superoxide ions. The increase superoxide ions will decrease the bioavailability of NO that would aggravate oxidative stress in hypertension (Touyz, 2004).
High anthocyanin content in the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers can reduce oxidative stress that can decrease blood MDA in hypertensive patients. The mechanism of anthocyanin or flavonoids to cope with oxidative stress is vary. Flavonoids (quercetin) has been shown can prevent oxidative stress through the increase of transcription factor Nrf2, thereby increasing the expression of indigenous antioxidant (Maher and Hanneken, 2005). The role of flavonoids to increase endogenous antioxidant depending on the type of flavonoid. Some flavonoids or anthocyanins can stimulate extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, which in turn will increase the Nrf2 into the nucleus and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) resulting in the increase of antioxidant gene expression including SOD gene resulting in the increase of SOD (Han, 2007).
In blood vessels, especially in endothelial, the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) will cause
disruption of the function of NO in regulating the relaxation of blood vessel (Xu, 2004; Mann, 2007). The
decrease of oxidative stress due to the provision of flavonoids, can maintain the NO that is a potent vasodilator, which can prevent the increase in blood pressure.
As a conclusion, the aqueous extract of purple sweet potato tubers can decrease blood pressure and prevent the oxidative stress by decreasing MDA and increasing SOD level in the blood of patients with hypertension. The effectiveness of this treatment was comparable with captopril. Effect of captopril in combination with purple sweet potato tuber extract on blood pressure and levels of MDA and SOD in patients with hypertension was equal to a single drug.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the Institute for Research and Community Service Udayana University for providing research grant for this study with contract number : 238-1 / UN14.2 / PNL.01.03.00 / 2014.
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There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following
page:
http://www.iiste.org/journals/
All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also
available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information:
http://www.iiste.org/book/
Academic conference:
http://www.iiste.org/conference/upcoming-conferences-call-for-paper/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
