ABSTRACT
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis tentang pemakaian code switching (alih kode). Adapun pemakaian code switching dapat mengakibatkan
banyak orang menerapkan bahasa asing dalam percakapan mereka atau dalam hasil karya mereka seperti dalam novel dan lirik lagu.
Code switching dapat terjadi saat seseorang mencampurbaurkan bahasa
ibu dengan bahasa daerah ataupun dengan bahasa asing dalam sebuah percakapan. Dalam novel As the Day Draws to an End dapat ditemukan banyak penggunaan code switching dalam bahasa Indonesia maka saya menjadikan novel ini sebagai
sumber dalam analisis saya. Yang membuat saya tertarik untuk menganalisis code switching adalah karena tidak banyak novel berbahasa asing yang mencampurkan
bahasanya dengan bahasa Indonesia. Penulis novel ini adalah seorang Belanda yang bernama Jacob Vredenbregt.
Dalam menganalisis novel ini, saya menggunakan pendekatan linguistik, yaitu Sosiolinguistik, khususnya menggunakan teori code switching. Code switching memiliki empat belas fungsi. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah
personalization, reiteration, designation, substitution, emphasis, clarification,
aggravating message, quotation, dan topic shift.
Namun fungsi-fungsi tersebut tidak seluruhnya muncul dalam novel ini. Saya hanya menemukan 8 fungsi code switching, yakni designation, emphasis, reiteration, untranslatability, interjection, substitution, clarification dan
quotation, Sedangkan fungsi yang tidak muncul adalah personalization,
objectivization, aggravating message, mitigating message, parenthesis serta topic
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ………. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. ii
ABSTRACT ...……… iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ………. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ……….. 4
1.3 Purpose of the Study ……….. 4
1.4 Method of Research ……….. 4
1.5 Organization of the Thesis ……….. 5
CHAPTER TWO:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Sociolinguistics ……….. 6
2.2 Code Switching ……….. 7
2.3 Functions of Code Switching ………….……… 7
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN JACOB VREDENBREGT’S AS THE DAY DRAWS TO AN END ……….. 17
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ……….. 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….. 37
APPENDIX
eet cakes, made from flour,
Untranslatability When we sat down again we were offered black
coffee with immensely sw coconut and gula jawa.
2. Mohammad brought coffee and pisang salai. Untranslatability 3. He haunted wild boar and made dendeng of the meat Untranslatability
that he sold to the Chinese in town.
4. You could hear the gamelan already from far away. Untranslatability It was a big celebration, that was clear.
5. He looked at the red scars on my neck. Untranslatability “kerok,” he reacted with a laugh.
6.
ho enters her
Untranslatability “She isn’t ill, she isn’t ill at all. She has just been
fasting for two weeks to gain supernatural power. As long as the sun was visible she wouldn’t eat. She burned incense for an old, very powerful keris, that guards the house. All the rooms of the house are prossessed by that keris. Anyone w
house will be struck by that keris…” 7.
han once they built a
Untranslatability For Samsuddin and his ancestors these objections
played absolutely no role. “So what,” he had shouted scornfully when the subject was broached one time, “all my ancestors were haji’s and they did it. It even made them famous. And more t
pesantren after a big victory!”
8.
ay,
Untranslatability “…Nobody, no dukun, is able to put a spell on her
house. As soon as something happens they retreat within their house. Then all guna-guna falls aw that’s why the Champhuys family is very strong.”
9. “…That’s why it hurts! We do it with oil and a Untranslatability
kepeng.”
11. “Minta kerja sama,” they said. “They want us to Reiteration cooperate! Just like that, mind you.”
12.
heard someone
Reiteration Everywhere I saw clusters of people, talking
excitedly. “Menang pasti menang,” I shouting. They would win for certain!
13. That was the custom, that was the adat of the Reiteration plantation.
14. And because I was new, a “baru”, I kept silent. Reiteration 15.
an agreement about the
Reiteration According to the tradition, or adat, this should be
refused at first and only after lengthy deliberations the parties should come to
opponents to be selected. 16.
ijit, someone who can give me a good (Appositives) “If there’s anything you need, please let me know!”
“A tukang p massage!”
Substitution
17. mous guru silat, a teacher in
(A )
In addition he was a fa the art of self-defense. “Nothing is perpetual, mister Flacon. Everything
changes. Yesterday Sujitno was healthy, to-day he suddenly fell ill. Formerly Indonesia was a colony, now it is merdeka. In the old days you did what you wanted on the plantation, now the
Unions belong to a free Indonesia!”
19. “Malang, malang betul,” he muttered time and Emphasis again to himself.
20. “He’s ill because he’s old. Sakit tua!..” Clarification 21.
would cry out, frightened:
Interjection and “After Sophia I didn’t want to have another woman.
People here are superstitious and maybe they’re right. I don’t know. They don’t say it aloud, it’s true, but I know what people here think of me. I am the so-called “bapak maut”. It’s a game! Whoeve with such a person never lives a long life!…”
Designation Name Calling)
23.
the big fights that always broke out
(Appositives)
Un ty
His father, a reformed guru agama, was against
aduan sapi, because of the fantastic betting and also
because of In fact they waited every week - but I only heard that
much later - for the repetition of event which was the cause of Flacon’s nickn
25.
ulang” – Dutch go
Quotation and Reiteration I returned to the house which was no longer mine.
The walls of the planter’s homes that I passed. The walls of the planter’s homes that I passed were stained with slogans. “Belanda p
home – that was the main theme. 26.
lay their eggs on the padi, but U
and Reiteration And then the camat all of a sudden said very gravely:
“Just imagine ”ayam bertelur di atas padi, mati
kelaparan”, the hens Shark, Blim’s successor was soon nicknamed “toan
Itil”, alias “mister Clitoris”, because of a small
vermicular protuberance on his little finger, strangely enough he liked to show off proudly.
Reiteration,
28.
yam, which
means as much as Mister Chickenpoop.
and Quotation Blim was often accompanied on his hunting
explorations by a professional hunter from town. An Indo-European with a shrill voice, who often swore in the native language and then said “tahi ayam”. He was soon nicknamed Toan Tahi A
Reiteration, Designation,
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
I can see nowadays that many people use two languages (bilingual) or even more than two languages (multilingual) in communicating with others. This usually happens because they are influenced by other languages which they usually hear from the conversation in some social situations and by the development of their communication skill. In linguistics, the change between the first and the second languages is known as code switching.
says that “…a ‘second’ language has social functions within the community where it is learnt (e.g. …as the language of another social group). Whereas a ‘foreign’ language is learnt primarily for contact outside one’s own community.” (1984:2). In this research, the first language is English and Indonesian is considered the foreign language.
The many languages which are used among the Indonesian people enable them to use code switching. Code switching may occur between Indonesian and the regional languages such as Sundanese, Javanese, Madurese, and Balinese. Or else it is between Indonesian and the foreign languages such as English, Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish.
Indonesian is the national language of the Indonesian people. As we know, Indonesia is a multiethnic country. It means that Indonesia has a lot of regional languages and dialects. Therefore, they use the Indonesian language to interact with other people of different ethnics. Furthermore, the Indonesian language can be considered a foreign language by people in the world, such as Jacob Vredenbregt, who is a Dutchman that used to live in Indonesia. He wrote a book entitled Aan het einde van de middag; it has been translated into English (As the Day Draws to an End) by Maria Sudarmadji. As he is influenced by the Indonesian language, he often uses code switching in this novel. He uses Indonesian and Madurese as his foreign languages in the novel. The foreign languages in this novel are Indonesian and Madurese; yet, I only take the Indonesian as the foreign language in analyzing the use of code switching.
in the switching process. Bilinguals can use second language or switch the language from their first language to their second language in their conversations. Koziol says that according to Heller ‘people who do code switch, rarely use an equal amount of the two languages’ (1995:161). Someone who speaks two or more languages is likely to use code switching. Code switching is usually used by broadcasters, advertisers, authors, singers, and so on.
I choose to analyze code switching in Jacob Vredenbregt’s novel entitled As the Day Draws to an End owing to the fact that the author is a Dutchman, who is interested in the Indonesian society and that the content shows the use of code switching. Gumperz says “members of bilingual communities have background knowledge that allows them to use code switching …” <http://www.ncela. gwu.edu/pubs/jeilms/vol14/duran.htm>. I believe that Jacob Vredenbregt, the author of the novel, is able to use code switching because he has background knowledge of the Indonesian society and culture, which is obvious in his use of code switching between English and Indonesian in the novel. The setting of the novel is Indonesia and the novel portrays the cultural elements in the Indonesian society. The author writes about an isolated plantation in Indonesia and the workers, such as the rubber tappers and the coffee pickers. I would like to analyze the functions of the code switching in the novel.
switching used in this novel.
To support the topic that I would like to discuss, I use the theory of Sociolinguistics. Janet Holmes that “Sociolinguistics study the relationship between language and society.” (2001: 1) This novel portrays the Indonesian society after the independence of Indonesia in 1945. I focus on the use of code switching and its functions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
There are two problems that I analyze in my thesis. They are:
1. Which utterances and narrations in As the Day Draws to an End contain code switching?
2. What are the functions of the code switching?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Following the statement of the problem, the purposes of the study are: 1. to show which utterances and narrations in As the Day Draws to an End
contain code switching.
2. to explain the functions of the code switching.
1.4 Method of the Research
contain code switching. After I have collected the data, I classify them based on the functions of the code switching used in the data. Lastly, I analyze the data using some theories from some textbooks and the Internet.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis
CHAPTER THREE
ANAL
G IN
AS THE DAY DRAWS TO AN END
YSIS OF CODE SWITCHIN
JACOB VREDENBREGT’S
In this chapter, I would like to analyze the use of code switching in the novel As the Day Draws to an End by Jacob Vredenbregt. The discussion is to find out the use of the code switching and the functions of the code switching used in the novel through the characters and the narrator of this novel.
Untranslatability
1. mensely
sweet cakes, made from flour, coconut and gula jawa. (1990: 17)
When Jacob and Samsuddin are waiting for the performance, someone offers them coffee and sweet cakes that are made from flour, coconut and gula jawa. In Indonesia, there is a kind of sugar named gula jawa. Gula jawa means
sugar which comes from Java. The phrase gula jawa cannot be translated into another language because it is the one that originally comes from Java and it is
different from palm sugar or another kind of sugar in terms of shape and ingredients. The shape of gula jawa is usually cylinder whereas palm sugar is powder. Palm sugar is made of Palmyra or sugar palm and gula jawa from coconut palm. So, the appropriate function is untranslatability.
2. Mohammad brought coffee and pisang salai. (1990: 48)
One day Mohammad comes to Jacob’s house carrying coffee and pisang salai. In Indonesia there is a special kind of snack that is made from banana which
is sliced and dried. The Indonesian people call it pisang salai. The function of code switching used is untranslatability, because these words cannot be translated into another language. The preserved banana is a traditional snack in Indonesia and it is unique in the way the local people preserve the banana. The
way is, dried in the sun.
.
Chinese in town. (1990: 13)
This utterance is spoken by Samsuddin. He has a conversation with Jacob and they talk about Holas, who is the hunter of wild boars. In Indonesia, there is a kind of food named dendeng. Dendeng is jerk meat, which is cut into slices and dried. It is usually dried with red peppers. In this case, the dendeng is made from wild boar. The use of the word dendeng has a special function namely
untranslatability. It is because the word dendeng has no relevant translation.
Moreover, he intends to highlight that the process of making dendeng is related to the Indonesian traditional process. It can make the readers know that there is a
the banana is sliced and then
3 He haunted wild boar and made dendeng of the meat that he sold to the
4. You could hear the gamelan already from far away. It was a big celebration, that was clear. (1990: 16)
Jacob goes with Mohammad to Samsuddin’s village (kampong). When he hears the instruments, he knows that the instruments are well-known in Java. It is called gamelan. The word gamelan comes from a Javanese word gamel, the meaning of which is to strike, and the Malay-Indonesian suffix -an. “Gamelan is a term for various types of orchestra played in Indonesia. It is the main element of the Indonesian traditional music … The most popular gamelan can be found in Java, and Bali.” <http://www.seasite. niu.edu/indonesian/budaya_bangsa/Gamelan /Main_Page /main_page.htm.> It is used so as to inform the readers that gamelan is typical Indonesian music instruments; accordingly, the author does not translate the word into English or another language. The use of the word gamelan has a special function namely untranslatability. Gamelan cannot be translated into English because it is rather difficult to find the equivalent word. That is why the
es to fill linguistic gap or else he annot express it in one word so he switches into another language to convey it. 5. He looked at the red scars on my neck.
author switches into Indonesian. The author us c
“kerok,” he reacted with a laugh. (1990: 93)
wants to make the readers realize that kerok is usually practiced in Indonesia; therefore, the author does not change the word into another language. The author uses it
switche
6. “She isn’t ill, she isn’t ill at all. She has just been fasting for two weeks to She burned incense for an old, very powerful keris, that guards the house.
her house will be struck by that keris…” (1990: 157)
Mohammad talks with Jacob about a woman named Champhuys, who has a keris. The function of code switching in this utterance is untranslatability. Keris is a kind of wavy double-bladed dagger. It is usually used in a particular
ritual especially in Java, Indonesia. In this utterance, we know that keris is a special kind of dagger. A dagger may have various shapes but keris is unique, because the design is wavy and keris is usually related to a traditional belief of the local people, in this case, of Indonesians; or else it is related to a certain concept that is typical of traditional belief of the Indonesian people. Actually, keris has special functions such as to protect a house in order to prevent people from entering the room and also to prevent black magic. The author uses the word keris to fill the conceptual gap or else he may not find a specific term or expression in
compen
. For Samsuddin and his ancestors these objections played absolutely no one time, “all my ancestors were haji’s and they did it. It even made them
(1990: 119)
to fill the conceptual gap or else he cannot express it in one word so he s into another language to convey it.
gain supernatural power. As long as the sun was visible she wouldn’t eat.
All the rooms of the house are prossessed by that keris. Anyone who enters
the language he is using so he needs to switch to the other language to sate.
7
role. “So what,” he had shouted scornfully when the subject was broached
Here, the author tells about Samsuddin and his ancestors. Samsuddin says that all his ancestors are haji and they build a pesantren. Haji is a designation for a person, specifically male, who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca. If it is a female, she will be called Hajah. The use of code switching shows that the author is familiar with the term of address to Moslem; since the word haji cannot be translated to another language, the function is untranslatability. The second code switching can be seen in the word pesantren. Pesantren is “an educational institute with a Moslem background where the students stay together in boarding houses” (Salim, 1997:907). The author uses the word pesantren, because this
school
something happens they retreat within their house. Then all guna-guna
pensate the conceptual gap of dukun. word has no exact equivalent which entails a concept of the particular boarding for Moslem. The word pesantren has no relevant translation; accordingly the suitable function of code switching is untranslatability.
8. “…Nobody, no dukun, is able to put a spell on her house. As soon as falls away, that’s why the Champhuys family is very strong.” (1990: 157)
In the sentence above, Jacob talks with Mohammad. They are talking about Amin, who can do black magic on someone. On the other hand, nobody can put a spell on Champhuys family. The first code switching is shown by the use of the word dukun. There are many kinds of dukun, for example, dukun pelet, dukun santet, and dukun beranak. The word dukun is specifically related to the
The second code switching in this utterance is the word guna-guna and the function is untranslatability. Guna-guna is a kind of black magic or magical formulas, which is practiced by the dukun.
9. “…That’s why it hurts! We do it with oil and a kepeng.” (1990: 92)
The speaker of the above utterance is Mohammad. He looks at red bruises on Jacob’s neck because he has been rubbed by a coin. The suitable function of ode switching is untranslatability. The word kepeng cannot be translated into another language. Kepeng is a coin with square hole in the center. Formerly
during rub
down t c
the colonial era it is worth 1/8 of a cent and sometimes it is used to he body for a cold treatment.
Reiteration
10. He sang a love song in a high coloratura voice: Cintaku hanya untuk
seorang saja, I understood -“my love will be for one only!” (1990: 17)
In the sentence above, Jacob describes a big celebration and he hears Samsuddin sing a love song: Cintaku hanya untuk seorang saja. Code switching occurs in this utterance. By using the phrase Cintaku hanya untuk seorang saja, the speaker wants to show that he understands the lyrics that mean my love will be for one only. Jacob wants to repeat the same idea but in repeating the same idea he
uses different language. Therefore, the appropriate function for this utterance is
reitera peats exactly what Samsuddin has said, but in another
tion because Jacob re
mind you.” (19
the same idea using the first language my love will be for one only.
11. “Minta kerja sama,” they said. “They want us to cooperate! Just like that, 90: 74)
The speakers use the phrase minta kerja sama and it is repeated in another languag
reiteration. In this case, the use of code switching is to reemphasize Samsuddin’s message or to convince himself that Jacob and the readers understand his point.
menang,” I heard someone shouting. They would win for certain! (1990:
wds as they are talking with excitement. In their . This utteran
ion. (1990: 20)
s talking to the head m
e in the phrase they want us to cooperate. The function of code switching is
12. Everywhere I saw clusters of people, talking excitedly. “Menang pasti 65)
Jacob looks at the cro
conversation, he hears someone shout and say “Menang pasti menang”
ce has a function of code switching. The function is reiteration. The narrator repeats menang, pasti menang in English as he writes they would win for certain. He uses different language in repeating the same idea because he wants to
be sure that his point is made.
13. That was the custom, that was the adat of the plantat
The narrator tells about the custom when Flacon, a Dutch, i
andur, an Indonesian, he will use the local dialect. The function of code
switching is reiteration, because the narrator repeats the word custom into adat, which has the same meaning. The use of the code switching can help the readers to know that the word custom is the same as the word adat.
Here, Jacob talks with Samsuddin and Flacon. They talk about labors; however, Jacob realizes that he is a new comer and he does not know enough about the problem, so he just keeps silent. Code switching occurs when the word baru is
ew is made. The speaker repeats in another language exactly what he has said to
reemphasize his point; besides, the speaker wants to be sure that his point is made, but instead of repeating the same idea using different words, he uses different language. Thus, its function is Reiteration.
15. According to the tradition, or adat, this should be refused at first and only ent about the opponents to be selected. (1990: 126)
The narrator tells about a tradition in aduan sapi that exists in Madura, Indonesia. The code switching occurs in the word adat. The word adat is similar
to n;
accordi
used. By using the word baru, the speaker wants to be sure that his point n
after lengthy deliberations the parties should come to an agreem
the word tradition. The word adat is repeated after the word traditio ngly, the appropriate function is Reiteration. The narrator uses the type of reiteration because he wants to convince himself that his point is made.
Substitution (Appositive)
16. “If there’s anything you need, please let me know!”
for the subject tukang pijit with a definition someone who can give me a good massage or else to give information and to further identify the noun tukang pijit.
The use of code switching can help the readers to know that someone who can give a good massage is usually called tukang pijit.
17. In addition he was a famous guru silat, a teacher in the art of self-defense.
his narration has a special function namely substitution (appositives) ecause the speaker wants to offer an equivalent identification for a subject guru t he adds more information and further identification about the subject ely
silat. T
that in ere is a teacher in the art of self-defense and he or she is called guru si
(1990: 73)
The narrator talks about a head guard of Kali Musang. The head guard is a guru silat. T
b
silat so tha
nam a teacher in the art of self-defense which appears after the subject guru he narrator uses code switching because he wants to show to the readers Indonesia, th
lat.
Emphasis
18. “Nothing is perpetual, mister Flacon. Everything changes. Yesterday colony, now it is merdeka. In the old days you did what you wanted on the
(1990: 81)
Here the writer tells about the head of a district, camat. He talks to Flacon, who is a Dutchman. The head of the district talks about Indonesia, which has been colonized by the Dutch. In this utterance I notice the use of an Indonesian word merdeka. It does not mean that merdeka cannot be replaced by an English word Sujitno was healthy, to-day he suddenly fell ill. Formerly Indonesia was a
independent, but the use of the word merdeka has a special function, namely
empha he writer uses code switching because he wants to emphasize his
now belong to free Indonesia.
9. “Malang, malang betul,” he muttered time and again to himself. (1990: 124)
The narrator tells about Syahrul who has a bull. One day, his bull is killed in a fight. He knows that his bull is dead, and then he suddenly says malang, malang betul, which shows that he is very unfortunate. In this case, the suitable
function is emphasis. It is because the narrator wants to emphasize that Syahrul is very unlucky because his bull is dead.
Clarification
sis. T
point. He wants to get readers’ attention. Besides, he wants to show the readers that Indonesia is now free and this word only refers to the Indonesian community. He intends to emphasize the fact that Indonesia has already got its independence so the Indonesian people have to be more aware of the current situation. Besides, the unions have changed and the unions
1
20. “He’s ill because he’s old. Sakit tua!..” (1990: 49)
ppens between Samsuddin and Jacob but the speaker
his utterance shows the use of code switching. It can be shown by the phrase sakit tua which occurs in an English conversation. Samsuddin clarifies the phrase
sakit tua by saying the sentence he’s ill because he’s old. So the appropriate
function for this utterance is clarification. The conversation ha
Interjections and Emphasis
21. Every time I passed a bend I had a view of a steep ravine and Mohammad
sentence above, the narrator tells about his experience when he is limbing the mountain with Mohammad. Mohammad is afraid of the ravine,
ays aduh, dalam sekali!. The word aduh has a special
express
recogn tion aduh, and the function of the phrase
alam sekali is emphasis, because the narrator wants to emphasize that the ravine
is very steep.
Designation and Quotation
would cry out, frightened: “Aduh, dalam sekali!” (1990: 141)
In the c
which is very steep and he s
function, namely interjection. The function is interjection because it is spoken to his emotion and he wants to get Jacob’s attention. This function can be ized from the use of the exclama
d
22. “After Sophia I didn’t want to have another woman. People here are aloud, it’s true, but I know what people here think of me. I am the
so-lives a long life!…” (1990: 196)
He talks about his xperience with Jacob. Here, the speaker is called bapak maut. He has had four
had tuberculosis, the second has
one mo who lives with him never lives a long life;
therefo
superstitious and maybe they’re right. I don’t know. They don’t say it
called “bapak maut”. It’s a game! Whoever lives with such a person never
The speaker of this utterance is Van Wuftelen. e
wives, but all his wives are dead. The first has
got cancer, the third has had a heart-attack and the last one, Sofia, is found dead rning in bed. So, everyone
the speaker quotes what people say when they address him.
Substitution (Appositives) and Untranslatability
23. His father, a reformed guru agama, was against aduan sapi, because of out afterwards. (1990: 119)
The narrator tells about Syahrul’s father. His father is a religion teacher. The first function that occurs is substitution (appositives), because the phrase guru agama occurs after another pronoun his father. There is another type of code
switching in the phrase aduan sapi. In this case, the narrator wants to make the aders realize that aduan sapi or karapan sapi in Indonesia is a kind of race between cows or buffaloes, which is found in Madura (Salim, 1997:555). This sentenc
ecause the narrator cannot translate the phrase exactly as the concept is different from other animal races. The narrator wants to show to the readers that aduan sapi exists in Indonesia and that it is unique because it is typical of a local tradition in Madura, Indonesia.
Reiteration and Designation
the fantastic betting and also because of the big fights that always broke
re
e has a special function of code switching namely untranslatability. It is b
24. In fact they waited every week - but I only heard that much later - for the population: bola madu – honeyball. (1990: 22)
This utterance refers to someone named Flacon. He is nicknamed bola madu by the neighbors. Code switching that occurs in this utterance is the phrase
function occurs in the word honeyball, as the speaker wants to be sure that his point, bola madu, is made. The speaker wants to repeat the same idea by using differen
utteran repeats in another language exactly
what he
t words and he switches to another language. So the function of this ce is reiteration because the speaker
has said to reemphasize his point. And the second function is designation
(name calling). It is because the speaker wants to designate the way he is wearing
short trousers with wide legs that attracts other people around him.
Quotation and Reiteration
25. I returned to the house which was no longer mine. The walls of the passed were stained with slogans.
planter’s homes that I passed. The walls of the planter’s homes that I “Belanda pulang” – Dutch go home – that was the main theme. (1990: 251)
Here, the narrator says that he comes back to the house which no longer belongs to him. Then he looks at the walls that are stained with slogans, “Belanda pulang
another person’s statement that is written on the wall. The quotation is shown by the use of the quotation marks. The other function that occurs is reiteration, because the speaker repeats his utterance in another language exactly as what he has mentioned as he says Dutch go home.
Untranslatability and Reiteration
”. It shows the function of quotation, because the speaker directly quotes
26. And then the camat all of a sudden said very gravely: “Just imagine the padi, but they die of hunger!” (1990: 65)
Here, Samsuddin talks to Flacon. They are talking about a camat and what camat has said. Three codes occur in this utterance. The word camat has a special
nction namely untranslatability. Camat is head of a sub-district or an assistant y used in Indonesia so the word camat
translat lassified
s untr
Reiteration, Designation, and Quotation fu
district officer. The word camat is onl
cannot be translated into another language. The word padi has no relevant ion in another language; accordingly, the word padi also can be c
a anslatability. Padi is a rice plant or unhusked rice. The second function is reiteration. It is because the camat repeats the exact sentence in another
language. It can help the readers to understand what it means by ayam bertelur di atas padi, mati kelaparan.
27. Shark, Blim’s successor was soon nicknamed “toan Itil”, alias “mister which strangely enough he liked to show off proudly. (1990: 130)
In the sentence above, the narrator tells about Shark. He is nicknamed toan Itil because in his little finger, there is a small protuberance like a worm. In this
sentence occur three functions of code switching. The first is reiteration, because e narrator repeats exactly what he is written (toan Itil) into English (mister Clitoris) in order to reemphasize his point. He repeats the same idea he uses
differen
design
on his little finger so people nicknamed him toan Itil. The third function is Clitoris”, because of a small vermicular protuberance on his little finger,
th
t language so as to be sure that his point is made. The second function is
quotation, because Shark is nicknamed by other people so the narrator quotes
what people say about Shark. He also uses the quotation mark in order to indicate the nickname.
Reiteration, Designation, Substitution (Appositives), and Quotation
28. Blim was often accompanied on his hunting explorations by a professional in the native language and then said “tahi ayam”. He was soon
Chickenpoop. (1990: 54)
The author writes about Blim, who often swears in the native language and he often says tahi ayam so he soon gets a nickname Toan Tahi Ayam. In the second sentence, the code switching occurs in the phrase tahi ayam and the function is quotation. It is because the narrator quotes what Blim often says when he is hunting. The third sentence consists of three functions of code switching. The speaker repeats exactly what he has said (Toan Tahi Ayam) in another language (Mister Chickenpoop) to reemphasize his point. The speaker wants to be sure that his point is made, but instead of repeating the same idea using different words, he uses different language. It can be classified as reiteration. And another function is designation because the speaker designates someone based on the swear words that he always says. The function of Designate has a specific function and it is named name calling. Appositive is the function that also occurs in this utterance. This function is used because after the words toan tahi ayam, there is an explanation for those words and it usually occurs directly after another hunter from town. An Indo-European with a shrill voice, who often swore
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
In chapter four, I would like to conclude my discussion based on the data and the analysis in chapter three. I figure out that Jacob Vredenbregt as the writer is using code switching both in the narrations and in the utterances of the characters. The use of code switching shows that he has background knowledge of the Indonesian society and culture. Since Indonesia is the setting of place for this novel, he is able to portray the culture elements in the Indonesian society. In his use of code switching, he shows his mastery of Indonesian vocabulary, which is related to the people’s belief or their tradition; moreover, it is related to the Indonesian food and designation.
substitution, clarification and interjection. The author mostly uses the code switching in a word or a phrase. I notice that a word or a phrase can have more than one function. There are six functions of code switching that do not occur in this novel. The functions that do not occur are personalization, aggravating message, mitigating message, objectivization, parentheses, and topic shift. The author does not use the functions of personalization, objectivization, aggravating message, and mitigating message because these functions commonly occur in a conversation between the characters who are using the first and the foreign language for code switching so that the degree of intimacy and formality is clearly understood. The author does not use the function of topic shift because the author does not use the code switching when he wants to change the topic. Parentheses does not occur because I cannot find the use of parentheses in this novel. As a result, not all the categories occur in this novel.
Untranslatability is often used in the novel As the Day Draws to an End. Untranslatability occurs when there is no equivalent word to describe an ideal concept which is rather abstract, or a typical concept of a habit or a tradition in Indonesia.
Reiteration is usually used when the character repeats his or her utterance in another language exactly as what he or she has mentioned. It is used in order to convince himself or herself that other people understand his or her points. It usually occurs when designating someone or when a person talks about something which has to be reemphasized.
stands for the same thing. In the novel As the Day Draws to an End, this function is also used to explain the noun; therefore, the participants or the readers will understand what or who the character refers to.
Designation is also used in the novel As the Day Draws to an End. Designation is used when a person wants to designate someone. I find the use of name calling in this novel. Designation is used because the author wants to inform the readers of various examples of name calling in Indonesia. However, based on the data, there is no example of endearment.
I also find the use of Emphasis in the novel As the Day Draws to an End. This function is used when the character is trying to make other characters notice his message and make them aware of the underlying meaning behind the message, or else to emphasize the message that he or she intends to convey to a certain degree.
Quotation is used when a character quotes directly what a person says or quotes a phrase that he or she has read. The quotation is shown by the use of quotation marks. Quotation is used because the author wants to make the readers aware that the phrase is quoted from other people’s utterances or written statements.
Clarification usually occurs when the character wants to specify what he or she talks about. It is also used to avoid misunderstanding. Interjection is used to get the people’s attention. This function is rarely used in this novel.
their foreign language which usually occurs in a social situation that leads them to use another language. In this novel, not all functions of code switching occur because the code switching is not as varied as the one used in a conversation. In this case, the code switching occurs more frequently in the narration than in the utterances. The author uses code switching so as to show his competence in foreign language and because he wants to promote the Indonesian culture and social life, as well as the relationship between the Dutch people and the Indonesian community. The use of code switching indicates that the author wants to show his familiarity with the Indonesian custom and culture. In that way, the author can preserve the linguistic identity of the Indonesian community and highlight the common everyday language used among them. I believe that Jacob Vredenbregt as the author of this novel has skillfully used Indonesian vocabulary in code switching so that the readers can capture the use of certain Indonesian words as portrayed in the Indonesian daily social life.
