Word Formation Processes in the Black Hawk Down Movie Script
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in Indonesia University of Education
By: Winda Ratnanila
(0906326)
English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Word Formation Processes in the
Black Hawk Down
Movie Script
Oleh Winda Ratnanila
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
ÂĐ Winda Ratnanila 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Oktober 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN THE BLACK HAWK DOWN MOVIE SCRIPT
By
Winda Ratnanila 0906326 Approved by
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dr. Dadang Sudana, M.A. Ripan Hermawan, S.S., M.A. NIP.196009191990031001 NIP.198010242005011001
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
ABSTRACT
The study entitled Word Formation Processes in the Black Hawk Down Movie Script is aimed to reveal the tokens of acronym, compounding and clipping, and identify the context of situation leading to the use of those tokens in the movie script of Black
Hawk Down. This study used Bauerâs (1983) theory of word formation processes and Hymesâs (1974) theory of the context of situation. The result of the analysis showed that the total number of the target words is 75 tokens. There are 19 acronyms (35 tokens), 19 compounding (26 tokens), and 8 clipping (24 tokens). Then, the use of those tokens is various depending on the context of situation. However the use of acronym, compounding, and clipping tokens are mostly used in the form of a command and a report. Furthermore, the use of each token is also used between soldiers or between superior-subordinate, within both formal and informal situations.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian berjudul Word Formation Processes in the Black Hawk Down Movie
Script bertujuan untuk mengungkap token acronym, token compounding dan token clipping, dan mengidentifikasi konteks situasi dari penggunaan token-token tersebut
dalam naskah film Black Hawk Down. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Bauer (1983) dalam word formation processes dan Hymes (1974) dalam konteks situasi. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa jumlah total dari sasaran kata adalah 75 token, terdiri dari 19 acronym (35 token), 19 compounding (26 token), dan 8 clipping (24 token). Penggunaan dari token-token tersebut bermacam-macam tergantung pada konteks situasi. Namun penggunaan dari token acronym, compounding dan clipping sering digunakan dalam bentuk perintah dan laporan. Selain itu, penggunaan setiap token juga digunakan antara tentara atau antara atasan-bawahan, dalam bentuk situasi formal dan informal.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.6 Clarification of the Terms ... 3
1.7 Paper Organization ... 4
CHAPTER IITHEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 6
2.1 Word Formation and Military Context ... 6
2.1.1 Word Formation ... 6
2.1.2 Word Formation in Military Context ... 10
2.2 Words Used and Context of Situation theory ... 11
2.3 Previous Studies ... 13
2.4 Closing Remarks ... 14
CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 16
3.2 Data Collection ... 16
3.2.1 Source of Data Collection ... 17
3.2.2 Procedures of Data Collection ... 17
3.3 Data Analysis ... 18
3.4 Closing Remarks ... 21
CHAPTER IVFINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 22
4.1 Word Formation in Black Hawk Down Movie Script ... 22
4.1.1 Acronym ... 22
4.1.2 Compounding... 25
4.1.3 Clipping ... 28
4.2 Context of Situation Leading to the Use of the Tokens in Black Hawk Down Movie Script ... 30
4.2.1 SPEAKING Analysis of Acronym Tokens ... 30
4.2.2 SPEAKING Analysis of Compounding Tokens ... 33
4.2.3 SPEAKING Analysis of Clipping Tokens... 35
4.3 Discussion ... 38
4.3.1 Acronym ... 38
4.3.2 Compounding... 42
4.3.3 Clipping ... 44
4.4 Closing Remarks ... 47
CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 49
5.1 Conclusions ... 49
5.2 Suggestions ... 49
REFERENCES ... 51
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Acronym of weapon ... 18
Table 3.2 Compounding of military ... 19
Table 3.3 Clipping ... 19
Table 3.4 SPEAKING analysis ... 20
Table 4.1 Acronym of weapon ... 23
Table 4.2 Acronym of communication ... 23
Table 4.3 Miscellaneous... 24
Table 4.4 Compounding of military ... 25
Table 4.5 Miscellaneous... 26
Table 4.6 Clipping ... 28
Table 4.7 SPEAKING analysis of KIA ... 31
Table 4.8 SPEAKING analysis of RPG ... 32
Table 4.9 SPEAKING analysis of airspace ... 34
Table 4.10 SPEAKING analysis of businessman ... 35
Table 4.11 SPEAKING analysis of ammo ... 36
Table 4.12 SPEAKING analysis of doc ... 37
Table 4.13 SPEAKING analysis of ETA ... 39
Table 4.14 SPEAKING analysis of JROTCâĶâĶâĶ...40
Table 4.15 SPEAKING analysis of CNN ... 41
Table 4.16 SPEAKING analysis of airstrikes ... 42
Table 4.17 SPEAKING analysis of stronghold ... 43
Table 4.18 SPEAKING analysis of frenchfriesâĶâĶâĶ... 44
Table 4.19 SPEAKING analysis of ammo ... 45
LIST OF APPENDICES
SPEAKING analysis of acronym ... 56
SPEAKING analysis of compounding ... 70
SPEAKING analysis of clipping ... 81
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides background of the study. It also draws attention to various aspects related to the study of English word formation processes in Black
Hawk Down movie script, such as its scope, research questions, and research method.
1.1 Background
script was cliticization.Based on the number of appearance, the use of word formation processes was mostly found in the Twilight novel. Meanwhile, Marzita, Syarif & Ardi (2013) investigated the word formation processes of English slang in teenager movie scripts. Their data wereCamp rock and Juno movie scripts. They found that the most commonly used of word formation procesess in Camp rock movie script was clipping and in Juno movie script was coinage. Based on the number of appearance, the mostly used of slang was mostly found in Juno movie script.The reason was that the characters in Juno were in their early teenage life where they used slang a lot. However a similar study in military context has not been conducted. This study investigated the word formation processes in military context in theBlack Hawk
Down movie script.
Black Hawk Downillustrated the civil war in Somalia. It included the activities
of the American soldiers who came to Somalia as part of a larger United Nations peacekeeping force. The analysis of word formation processes in military context is an interesting phenomenon because in the military context,the soldiers used code to keep confidential information from unauthorized eyes (Hipschman, 1995). That secure and rapid communications are essential to the effective operation on the battlefield. Pahl (2003) said that the soldiers have a bureaucracy to use abbreviations and acronyms in their code. Furthermore, this study used Bauerâs (1983) theory of word formation to investigate the word formation processes in the movie script. It also used Hymesâs (1974) theory of context of situation to investigate the context of situation leading to the use of the words.
1.2 Research Questions
Based on the background of the study, the problems are formulated below:
1. What tokens of acronym, compounding, and clipping are found in Black
2. What is the context of situation leading to the meaning used by those tokens?
1.3 Aims of the Study
This study is aimed at:
1. Investigating the tokens of acronym, compounding, and clipping in Black
Hawk Down movie script.
2. Discovering the context of situation leading to the meaning used by those tokens.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study focused on word formation processes in military context, which concerned on tokens of acronym, compounding, and clipping, and the context of situation leading to the use of such tokens in the Black Hawk Down movie script.
1.5 Research Method
This study used the qualitative descriptive method. Qualitative method seeks to embrace and understand the contextual influences on the research issues (Hennick et al., 2011). A descriptive method is used in order to give the systematic description about the study. The source of data was Black Hawk Down movie script.It is taken from the website (www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk). That movie script is analyzed by means of qualitative approach the data which is also presented in table of data contains the frequency of the tokens within that movie script.
1.6 Clarification of the Terms
1. Word Formation: the study of the ways in which new complex words are built on the basis of other words or morphemes. (Plag, 2013, p.12).
2. Movie Script: the blueprint for the visual telling of a story. It is a story told with pictures. (Worth, n.d.).
3. Acronym: formed from the initial letters of a set other word. (Yule, 1996, p.68).
4. Compounding: joining of two separate words to produce a single form. (Yule, 1996, 65).
5. Clipping: the process when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form. (Yule, 1996, p.66).
6. Context of situation: the environment in which meanings are being exchanged. There is a tool to analyze the context of the situation, that is SPEAKING which an abbreviation for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norm of Interaction and Interpretation; and Genre. (Chaer & Agustina, 2004, p. 49).
1.7 Paper Organization
This study was organized in five chapters as follows:
Chapter I (Introduction)
It explained the background detail of the study as well as drawn attention to various aspects related to the realization for the research.
Chapter II (Theoretical Foundation)
Chapter III (Research Methodology)
It explained the methodology used in performing the research. Research method, data sources, instruments and procedures of the study are included in this section as well.
Chapter IV (Findings and Discussions)
This chapter explained the result of the research which consisted of findings, data presentation and discussion of the findings.
Chapter V (Conclusions and Suggestions)
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The chapter presents an explanation of the procedures to find answers to the problems which concern with 1) tokens of acronym, compounding and clipping found in the Black Hawk Down movie script and 2) the context of situation leading to the use of such tokens. This chapter elaborates in detail about design of the study, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1 Design of the Study
The study is conducted mainly using qualitative method in which attempts have been done to reveal more than its appearance of several word formation processes, in particular acronym, compounding and clipping, by investigating their context of situation. According to Hennick et al (2001), qualitative method seeks to embrace and understand the contextual influences on the research issues. This method is used in order to show and describe the word formation processes in the Black
Hawk Down movie script. However, some description statistic meanings are used in
the form of percentage and frequencies of target word occurrence. Data collection elaborates the source of the data and the procedures of data. The data analysis is consisted of identifying, classifying, calculating, analyzing, and discussing, which elaborated in the following sections.
3.2 Data Collection
3.2.1 Source of Data Collection
The subject used in this study was Black Hawk Down movie script which was taken from the site (http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk). This site provides plenty of movie screenplays for free. However, all movie scripts in this site are intended for educational purposes only. Illegal use of the scripts, such as piracy, is prohibited.
The movie is an adaptation of the book by Mark Bowden with the same title. It was released on 28th December 2001. The movie told about the civil war in Somalia, which happened in 1993. An elite team of more than 100 Delta Force soldiers and Army Rangers, part of a larger United Nations peacekeeping force, are dropped into civil war Mogadishu, Somalia, in an effort to kidnap two of local crime lord Mohamed Farah Aidid's top lieutenants. When two of the mission's Black Hawk helicopters are shot down by enemy forces, the Americans are committed to recover every man, dead or alive. The ensuing firefight is a merciless 15-hour ordeal and the longest ground battle involving American soldiers since the Vietnam War. Ebert (2002) said that Black Hawk Down was voted one of the top ten films of the year by the National Board of Review prior to Oscar qualification.
3.2.2 Procedures of Data Collection
Before analyzing the data, first, the data identification, classification, calculation, analysis, and discussion were conducted. Second, watching some movies related to Army forces. The choice was decided by the consideration of word formation content in the movie. After watching some movies, the Black Hawk Down movie was chosen to be the source of this study.
3.3 Data Analysis
The data analysis was conducted through the following procedures: 1. Identifying
Through the movie script, the acronym, compounding and clipping tokens were identified in the data.
2. Classifying
After identifying all data from the movie script, the data were classified into a table of each category of acronym, compounding and clipping. This method was applied in order to make the data easier to be analyzed. The examples of the tables are shown below.
No Words Acronyms of weapon Frequency Percentage
1. 2. 3. Total
Table 3.1 Acronym of weapon
No Word Word Components Frequency Percent N+N and Adj+N; the function is to divide the type of compounding token, 4) frequency, to know how often the classified word that used in the data, 5) percentage, to make it easier to know the percentage of the data, and 6) total, to know the total of the frequency and the percentage of compounding tokens.
No. Word Full Words Frequency Percentage
1. 2. 3. Total
Table 3.3 Clipping
4) frequency, to know how often the classified word that used in the data, 5) percentage, to make it easier to know the percentage of the data, and 6) total, to know the total of the frequency and the percentage of clipping tokens 3. Calculating
After classifying all data, then the data are calculated into a table of frequency to know the word formation process which is the most frequently used, then the table was combined with the table in classifying data. To count the frequency of each word formation process, the formula that used is:
N = Px 100 % â
Q
N = the percentage of word formation process which used in the data P = the total tokens of word formation process used in the data Q = the total frequency of word formation process used in the data
4. Analyzing
After calculating the data, then the dataare analyzed in order to get an answer of the research questions. To answer the second question, it is put into a table. The example is shown below.
Instrumentalities
Norm of Interaction and Interpretation Genre
Table 3.4 SPEAKING analysis of compounding
The SPEAKING analysis consisted of item and description. The item column consisted of 1) Scene and setting, to know the scene and setting of the use token, 2) Participants, to know the participant that included in the use token, 3) End, to know the purpose of the use token, 4) Act sequence, to know the form of the use token, 5) Key, to know the tone that delivered in the use token, 6) Instrumentalities, to know the instrument that used in the use token, 7) Norm of interaction, to know the norm of the use token, and 8) Genre, to find out the genre that used in the use token. While, the description column is to make a clear description for the items that had been explained above. 5. Discussing
This is the final process. In this section, it has a clear description about the result. After that, the data are elaborated in each result, thoroughly on the basis of the analysis, supported by some reference books.
3.4 Closing Remarks
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions and suggestions of the study. The conclusions are drawn based on findings and discussions, while suggestions are specified for further research and also intended for those who are interested in this study.
5.1 Conclusions
The aim of this research is to observe the tokens of word formation types uttered in Black Hawk Down movie script as well as to discover the context of situation leading to the use of those tokens.
Based on the findings and its discussions, there are some conclusions that can be drawn. First, the finding showed that the total number of the target words is 75 tokens. There are 19 acronyms (35 tokens), 19 compounding (26 tokens), and 8 clipping (24 tokens). Moreover, it can be concluded that the most popular word formation process in the movie script is acronym.
Second, the use of those tokens is also various depending on the context of situations, but, the use of acronym, compounding and clipping tokens are mostly used in the form of command and a report.
Third, acronym, compounding and clipping tokens are also used between soldiers or among superior-subordinate, within both formal and informal situations.
5.2 Suggestions
further research on those other fields or other situations and conditions, there are some suggestions that can be considered. First, in order to get good results of the research, it would be better for the researcher to have more literature reviews on the topic. Second, other fields such as economics, law or politics are interesting subjects to be investigated. Third, the internet chat room, newspaper, magazine, song lyrics or blog are also remarkable resource to be observed. The last, some other types of word formation besides acronym, compounding and clipping are also available to be explored.
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