THE MOTIVATION OF KOMAKO IN KEEPING
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SHIMAMURA
AS SEEN IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S
SNOW COUNTRY
ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree
in English Language Education
By
Matheus Riyadi Jati Nugroho Student Number: 061214039
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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THE MOTIVATION OF KOMAKO IN KEEPING
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SHIMAMURA
AS SEEN IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S
SNOW COUNTRY
ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree
in English Language Education
By
Matheus Riyadi Jati Nugroho Student Number: 061214039
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Matheus Riyadi Jati. (2012). The Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura as Seen in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses Yasunari Kawabata’s novel entitled Snow Country. The story begins with the second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country. In the first visit, Komako was not a geisha yet, but Shimamura thought that she was a geisha. Komako is the first beautiful geisha he has seen so he thinks that all of the geisha in Snow Country are beautiful. On the second visit, he finds that Komako has been a geisha. However, Komako still wants Shimamura to be beside her although she knows that their relationship cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationship with other men. Some of those relationships that bother her life become her burden. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting. Then Shimamura realized that Yoko who was Komako’s servant made him fall in love. It created conflicts between Shimamura and Komako. Although they had conflicts, Komako hoped that she would be with Shimamura but she knew that she could not. Komako lived her life and tried to keep the relationship with Shimamura.
There is one problem discussed in this thesis, namely what motivates Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationship with Shimamura, who is a married man.
In gathering the data for this thesis, the researcher used library research. There were two kinds of sources in this study. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source of this research was the novel Snow Countrywritten by Yasunari Kawabata. For the secondary sources the researcher used some sources related to the psychological approach and theory of literature.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Komako is perfectionist, tough and introvert person. Komako is also a beautiful geisha. There are some factors that motivate Komako as a geisha in keeping relationship with Shimamura as a married man. Komako’s intrinsic motivations include needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Komako experiences the condition of deficiency such as feeling unwanted and worthless, emptiness, loneliness and incompleteness. As long as Komako keeps relationship with Shimamura, she gets the love and belongingness from other people. She receives and gives love from other people and someone to love. The result is that she can get the sense of wholeness and warmth and also get the sense of growing together.
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to teach English, especially reading competence with Narrative Text as the topic for XII grade of Senior High School students.
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ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Matheus Riyadi Jati. (2012). The Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationshisp with Shimamura as Seen in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Yasunari Kawabata yang berjudulSnow Country. Cerita dalam novel tersebut dimulai dengan kunjungan kedua Shimamura ke Snow Country. Dalam kunjungan pertama, Komako belum menjadi seorang geisha, tetapi Shimamura sudah berpikir bahwa dia adalah seorang geisha. Komako adalah geisha cantik yang pertama kali dia lihat sehingga dia berpikir bahwa semua geisha di Snow Country itu cantik. Dalam kunjungan kedua itu, dia menemukan bahwa Komako telah menjadi seorang geisha. Komako masih ingat tentang pertama kali mereka bertemu. Bagaimanapun Komako masih menginginkan Shimamura untuk berada disampingnya meskipun dia tahu bahwa hubungan mereka hanyalah sebatas pertemanan. Pada kunjungan ini, Komako memberitahu Shimamura tentang kehidupannya dan dia merasa bahagia. Sebagai seorang geisha, dia telah menemui banyak lelaki. Dia juga memiliki hubungan dengan lelaki lain. Beberapa hubungan yang menganggu hidupnya menjadi beban hidupnya. Pada kunjungan ketiga, meskipun Komako ingin hubungan mereka lebih dari sekedar pertemanan, dia dapat menjaga janji yang sudah dibuat antara dia dan Shimamura di pertemuan pertama. Kemudian Shimamura menyadari bahwa Yoko yang merupakan pembantu Komako membuat dia jatuh cinta. Hal ini menimbulkan konflik diantara Shimamura dan Komako. Meskipun mereka mempunyai konflik, Komako berharap bahwa dia akan bersama dengan Shimamura tetapi dia tahu bahwa dia tidak dapat melakukan hal itu. Komako menjalani kehidupannya dan berusaha untuk menjaga hubungannya dengan Shimamura.
Ada satu masalah yang didiskusikan dalam skripsi ini, yaitu apa motivasi Komako sebagai seorang geisha menjaga hubungannya dengan Shimamura sebagai seorang lelaki yang sudah menikah dalam novelSnow Country.
Dalam mengumpulkan data di skripsi ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Sumber primer dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Snow Country karya Yasunari Kawabata. Sebagai sumber sekunder peneliti menggunakan sumber-sumber yang berhubungan dengan pendekatan psikologi dan teori sastra.
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seorang lelaki yang sudah menikah. Motivasi intrinsik Komako mencakupi kebutuhan berhubungan dengan orang lain dan kebutuhan intimacy. Komako mengalami keadaan kekurangan seperti perasaan tidak diinginkan dan tidak berharga, kekosongan, kesendirian dan ketidaklengkapan. Sejauh Komako menjaga hubungan dengan Shimamura, dia mendapatkan rasa sayang dan rasa memiliki dari orang lain. Dia menerima dan memberi rasa sayang dari orang lain dan mendapatkan seseorang yang dapat dia sayangi. Hasil dari hal itu adalah dia mendapatkan perasaan kelengkapan dan kehangatan dan juga mendapatkan perasaan untuk tumbuh bersama.
Akhirnya, peneliti memberi saran kepada peneliti mendatang. Peneliti mendatang dapat menggunakan pendekatan biografi dan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisa novel ini. Lebih lanjut, peneliti juga menyediakan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran untuk mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kemampuan membaca untuk kelas XII sekolah menengah atas.
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In the floating world
Where all things do change
Love does change
When promising it will never change
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to bestow my highest and deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ for His plentiful love and never ending blessing in my life. His guidance has strengthened me to finish my thesis, especially in every single time when struggle comes and life gets so hard.
I am deeply indebted to Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., as my major sponsor, who has guided me in writing this thesis. Her suggestions, corrections, guidance and encouragement are very meaningful in the completion of this thesis. I would also like to thank all my lecturers in the English Language Study Program of Sanata Dharma University for their help and service during my study. My thanks are extended to Mbak Dani and Mbak Tari for helping me with the administrative matters.
My gratitude and respect to my beloved parents, Bapak YB. Kirdjo and Ibu Dth. Dwi Kusmaryati, who have encouraged me in composing my thesis and
given me their endless affection and prayers. I thank them for always supporting me to finish this thesis. I also would like to thank my older brothers, older sisters and younger sister, Mas Agus, Mbak Zita, Mbak Septi, Mas Kombang, Mbak Novi, Mas Febri and Siskafor their support in many ways. I also thank my niece and nephew Terra and Advento, who makes my life colorful. Their love, encouragement, faith and prayer really mean to my life.
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given me suggestions in relation to this thesis. I would also like to thank many other PBI students for the support and for every moment that was spent in this lovely campus.
This page would not be enough to mention all my friends who have been helping me and supporting me. Their participation and contribution are very much appreciated. For those whose names are not mentioned on this page, I am grateful to know them all and may God give them endless blessing.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE...i
APPROVAL PAGES...ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY...iv
ABSTRACT...v
ABSTRAK...vii
DEDICATION PAGE...ix
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI...x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES...xvi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...1
1.1. Background of the Research...1
1.2. Research Question ...3
1.3. Objectives of the Research ...3
1.4. Benefits of the Research ...3
1.5. Definition of Terms ...4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...6
2.1. Review of Related Theories ...6
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2.1.1.1. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ...7
2.1.1.2. Murray’s Theory of Motivation ...7
2.1.1.3. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation ...9
2.1.1.4. Beck’s Theory of Motivation ...11
2.1.2. Character and Characterization ...12
2.2. Theoretical Framework...14
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY...15
3.1. Object of the Research...15
3.2. Approach of the Research...17
3.3. Method of the Research ...17
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS...19
4.1. The Characterization of Komako ...19
4.1.1. Beautiful ...20
4.1.2. Perfectionist ...20
4.1.3. Tough...21
4.1.4. Introvert ...23
4.2. Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura .25 4.2.1. Needs of Affiliation ...25
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...44
5.1. Conclusions ...44
5.2. Suggestions ...46
5.2.1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ...46
5.2.2. Suggestions for English Teachers...46
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A. Summary ofSnow Country...50
B. Biography of Yasunari Kawabata...52
C. Lesson Plan...54
D. Reading Material ...56
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the background of the research, research question, objectives of the research, benefits of the research, and definition of terms. Background of the research describes why writer chose the novel and the topic. The research question gives general descriptions in the form of questions about the problems that are analyzed and discussed in this research. The objectives of the research contain the expected answers to the questions formulated in the research question. The benefits of the research contain people who will get benefits from the research. The last part, the definition of terms, explains the definition of terms in order to help reader easily understand the research. It can help reader avoid misconception.
1.1 Background of the Research
Novel allows reader the leisure to convert a glimpse of surrounding world into a careful scrutiny. Novel tells about the fiction. Fiction means that the novel describes imaginary events and people. The event has been made up or invented and people are unreal. Although it is fiction and the characters are unreal, it represents the real world. When people read novel, people can feel the feelings which appear in the story. The feelings can be happiness, sadness, or motivations that can make people do something.
The writer was interested in the motivation of character in novel as the literary work. The novel that was analyzed is Snow Country by Yasunari Kawabata.Snow Countryis story about geisha and her life. Komako is a geisha in the story and Shimamura who is a wealthy man from Tokyo accompanies her. The writer chose the topic about the motivation of Komako as a geisha in keeping the relationships with Shimamura in Snow Country. It is interesting why Komako keeps that promise although she wants to be more than just a friend and it hurts her. She knows about the consequences. This story shows how Komako struggles to keep the relationships. Motivation is needed to do what she needs. There are many reasons and those reasons are her motivation.
1.2 Research Question
The writer formulates the research question as follows:
What motivates Komako, who is a Geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man, inSnow Country?
1.3 Objectives of the Research
1.4 Benefits of the Research
This research is expected to give some contributions to many people. Firstly, the readers can gain knowledge from this research especially about the human motivation. Readers can understand easily about the motivation and know what motivation is so that readers can make their own character building.
For the education, this research is expected to give contribution to the learning of literature. The teachers can use Japanese literature because it is also as great as the literature from other countries and can promote about the culture (cross cultural understanding). For the next research, this research can be the reference about the Japanese culture especially geisha and about the motivation in keeping relationships.
1.5 Definition of Terms
To understand this research easily, writer will define the terms that are used in this research.
1.5.1 Geisha
performs her arts as a geisha in giving pleasure and enjoyment for her customers. She tries not to make relationships with other people especially her customers. 1.5.2 Need
According to Hull, need is internal homeostatic imbalance that must be satisfied in order to keep the body performing at a consistent level. In this research, need is defined as something that demanded to be fulfilled. (as cited in Worchel and Shebilske, 1989, p. 375). It is defined that Komako’s needs of love and belongingness are demanded to be fulfilled.
1.5.3 Motivation
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sub headings. The first is the theoretical review and the second is the criticisms made on the novel by other writers and sources. The theoretical review consists of character and characterization and theory of motivation. The theoretical framework explains the theory that will be used in answering the research question.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
This part consists of theory of literature and theory of motivation. The theory of motivation consists of Murray’s Theory, Maslow’s Theory and Beck’s Theory. The theory of literature consists of the theories of character and characterization.
2.1.1 Psychological Approach
2.1.1.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000), there are two forms of motivation. Those forms are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action for one’s own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There is not real reward such as money, status, or certificate for their work because the reward is from their heart, feeling satisfaction in doing things well.
Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from reward that will be benefit for someone such as money, status or certificate. There is no enjoyment for this motivation because people only do something for the reward given not for their satisfaction.
2.1.1.2 Murray’s Theory of Motivation
Motivation is defined as internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as internal factor that moves human beings towards the goal that is to be achieved. Motivation makes human beings keep their efforts and keep them on their goal in order to prevent from losing the way to achieve the goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific behavior that support them in the process of achieving their goal.
need in people’s life. Murray defines needs as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain given circumstances. Murray also states that personality is the reflection of behavior controlled by needs. People are dissatisfied and they desire something. Murray classified human needs into two types:
a. Primary Needs
Primary needs are based on biological demands such as the need for oxygen, food, and water.
b. Secondary Needs
Secondary needs are based on psychological such as the needs of achievement, needs of power, needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy.
a. Needs of Achievement
Needs of achievement refers to the desire to do things well, overcome obstacles and to do things better.
b. Needs of Power
Needs of power refers to the desire to have dominance, impact on others, prestige, position, and influence over others.
c. Needs of Affiliation
d. Needs of Intimacy
Needs of intimacy refers to the desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person. It is the desire to merge self with another.
Murray believes that needs can be interrelated, can support other needs and can conflict with other needs. Murray also believes that stronger needs are expressed more often over time and lead to more intense behavior. Murray states that personality that is the reflection of the behavior is being driven by the secondary needs. The extent to which each of these needs shapes people’s personality and behavior.
2.1.1.3 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation
Maslow’s book Motivation: Theory and Research develops a theory of motivation that emphasizes on the human needs. Maslow says that human motivation is based on human needs (as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 302). He introduces the hierarchy of human needs. He believed that each level on the hierarchy does not have to be perfectly satisfied. It means that lower needs are partially met, higher needs partially emerge.
The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the lowest level or the first level is physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs (as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 302).
a. Physiological Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. If the physiological needs are not adequately met, the needs above them are pushed into the background in controlling behavior. When the physiological needs are adequately met, the needs above them emerge as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
b. Safety Needs
Everybody needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is in danger. Human beings need the security and protection from pain, fear, anxiety and disorder. The peaceful society makes its member feel safe. Safety needs control people’s behavior in the emergency situation. Maslow believed that the safety needs of most adults in our society are usually met.
c. Love and Belongingness Needs
The need of love is true in the absence of a friend, a wife or children. According to Maslow, love is different from sex. Love in this case is not restricted to romantic love but it includes the feeling of closeness between two good friends. The love requires both the receiving and giving of love, love from another and someone to love. This needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to feel part of a group, or a feeling that one’s belongs.
d. Esteem Needs
The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, adequacy, confidence, independence and freedom. The need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation by others of one’s abilities a feeling of importance. When this need is satisfied, people have feelings of self-confidence and self-worth and see one as having a purpose in the world.
e. Self – actualization Needs
The need of self-actualization emerges after the satisfaction of the physiological, safety, love and belongingness and esteem needs. At the self-actualization level, person’s behavior is motivated by different condition at the lower levels.
Self-actualization needs refer to the desire for self-fulfillment, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. It values such as truth, honesty, beauty, goodness and they provide the meaning to the life of self-actualized individual.
2.1.1.4 Beck’s Theory of Motivation
In the term of liking, Beck states that people may prefer to be with some particular people because they have personal characteristics that give them pleasure. People may be interesting, fulfill some of their needs, or they are just comfortable with them (p. 354). Rubin (1973) also says that there are many kinds of liking as there are reasons for choosing other people, but Rubin defines the term of liking into two dimensions. Those are affection and respect. Affection is based on interpersonal relations. Respect is based on admirable qualities such as skills or performance in difficult situations (p. 26).
The third term of interpersonal attraction is loving. Rubin (1973) defines love into three elements. Those elements are attachment, caring and intimacy. Attachment means the desire to be in another’s presence, to make physical contact. Caring means the concern for satisfaction and security of another. Intimacy means the capacity of two people to communicate easily and confidentially, verbally and nonverbally (p. 26)
2.1.2 Character and Characterization
Character and characterization cannot be separated from each other. Characterization is the way of an author to reveal the characteristics of imaginary persons in the story. It can make the imaginary persons in the story appear to be like a real person in life. An author can characterize the characters using many ways and means.
Murphy (1972) in his book Understanding Unseen gives explanation on how characters are presented by an author. There are nine ways of how an author reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the reader. The first way is using personal description (p. 161). In this way, the author explains directly to the readers the physical appearance of the characters. The second way is character as seen by another (ibid, p. 162). This way, the author mentions the characters though the eyes of other characters in the story so that the readers can catch a reflected image of them through the other characters’ eyes. The third way is by speech (ibid, p. 164). In the speech, the author gives the clues of the characters’ personalities to the readers through what the characters say. The fourth way is using past life (ibid, p. 166). This way means letting the readers know something about the characters’ past life so that the author can give the readers some clues to the characters’ personalities. The fifth way is using conversation of others (ibid, p. 167). In the conversation of others, the author makes dialogues about a character in the story which is spoken by some characters in it. The readers can refer to the conversations to know something about the character.
various events or situations. The seventh way is using direct comment (ibid, p. 170). The author uses a direct comment to describe the characters. The author seems to judge the characters directly whether the characters are good or bad, beautiful or ugly and the like. The eighth way is by the thoughts (ibid, p. 171). The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about so that the readers can get knowledge of the personality of the character when they read the description of what the character is thinking about. The last way is mannerisms (ibid, p. 173). In this way, the author describes a character’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may tell the readers something about the character.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there are three parts that are discussed. Those parts are object of the research, approach of the research and method of the research. Object of the research tells about the novel discussed in the research. The approach of the research tells about the approach that is used in analyzing the novel and why that approach is used. The method of research tells about the procedures in analyzing the novel.
3.1 Object of the Research
The object of this research is Snow Country(1957). This is a novel written by a Japanese author, Yasunari Kawabata. The first edition of this novel was published in Japanese in 1947 entitled Yukiguni. This research uses the version which was published by Tuttle Publishing in 1957 and translated from Japanese to English by Edward G. Seidensticker. The novel contains 2 parts and is 175 pages long.
he finds that Komako has been a geisha. At the first visit, Komako was not a geisha yet, but Shimamura thought that she was a geisha. Komako is the first beautiful geisha he has seen so he thinks that all of the geisha in Snow Country are beautiful. Shimamura wants Komako to help him find a geisha as beautiful as Komako because both Shimamura and Komako want their relationships to be just friends so it can last longer. Although Shimamura hopes that they are friends, Komako is falling in love with him at the first visit. Shimamura says that he will go to Snow Country once a year. Komako said that their relationships were just friends so it could last longer. As time goes by, Komako was also fall in love with Shimamura. While Komako was busy as geisha, she always tried to spend her time to be with Shimamura.
On the second visit, Komako still remembers about the first time they meet. Komako still wants that Shimamura to be beside her although she knows that their relationships cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. Komako has become a real geisha on the second visit. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationships with other man. Some of those relationshipss that bother her life become her burden. Shimamura went back to Tokyo to get his ordinary life. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting.
would be with Shimamura but she knew that she could not. Komako lived her life and tried to keep the relationships with Shimamura.
3.2 Approach of the Research
The focus of this research was the motivation of Kamako to be a Geisha in Snow Country. This research needed an approach which could be used in analyzing the problem. There are five kinds of approaches in analyzing literary work. Those approaches are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach. This research used psychological approach because it could help in analyzing human motivation, personality, and behavior which related to psychology. This research could obtain deeper understanding of the motivation of Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man using psychological approach. Human motivation is psychology’s concern. Therefore, this research needed psychological approach to answer the problems formulated.
3.3 Method of the Research
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CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS
This chapter is aimed to answer the question which is stated in the research question. In this chapter, the writer tries to analyze the motivation of Komako, who is a Geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a married man. The writer divides the analysis into two parts. The first part discusses the characterization of Komako and the second part discusses the motivation of Komako as a Geisha in keeping the relationships with Shimamura as a married man.
4.1 The Characterization of Komako
4.1.1 Beautiful
Komako is a good-looking woman. By looking at her face, people know that she was given a natural beauty. Her face looks beautiful although she does not pay too much attention to it. Shimamura says that Komako is the most beautiful one in Snow Country. The author gives the direct comment about Komako and it can be seen through Shimamura’s thought in the quotation below.
The high, thin nose was a little lonely, a little sad, but the bud of her lips opened and closed smoothly, like a beautiful little circle of leeches. Even when she was silent her lips seemed always to be moving. … the line of her eyelids neither rose nor fell … the short, thick hair of her eyebrows sloped gently down to enfold the line discreetly … with her skin like white porcelain coated over faint pink … the impression she gave was above all one of cleanness, not quite one of real beauty. (p. 32)
4.1.2 Perfectionist
Komako’s good manner can be observed in the way she cares about her life and her environment. She is totally concerned about anything around her. This behavior represents that she has purpose of her life and she makes plan of her life. She is aware of the situation in which she does not enjoy. People can be affected by the environment but people also can affect the environment through their behavior. It can be known from the quotation below through Komako’s mannerisms and habits.
“If you had a husband, you’d spend all your time scolding him”. “I would not. But I’d be laughed at for folding up even my dirty clothes. I can’t help it. That’s the way I am. (p. 65)
From the quotation above, it can be seen that Shimamura teases Komako by referring her as a good wife. It is the evidence for Komako’s behavior in keeping places clean and tidy.
When I come home late at night, everything is laid out for me, but the mattresses aren’t square one on the other, and the sheet is wrong. I hate it. After they’ve been so kind, though, I feel guilty making the bed over. (p.102)
Although she knows that her efforts may be in vain, she still does what she wants to do. She just let herself to be a person whom the place needs. It can be seen through Komako’s reaction. It is about how Komako react to event and situation that implies how perfectionist she is. The quotation below can describe it well.
“So everyone says. There are four little children, and the place is terrible clutter. I spend the whole day picking things up. I know everything will be thrown down again as soon as my back is turned, but somehow I can’t help myself. I want to be as clean and neat as the place will let me.” (p.102)
Komako was waiting for him, clean and prim as before, when he came back from the bath.
“It would be good to work on my sewing in a quiet place like this,” she said. The room had evidently been cleaned, and the sun poured in on the deepest corners of the slightly worn matting. (p. 115)
4.1.3 Tough
because it represents the way Komako lives. It gives representation that Komako’s life is beautiful and full of sympathy for other people. It must also be noted that Komako is not a person who is easily to give up the efforts she has made.
To Shimamura it was wasted effort, this way of living. He sensed in it, too, a longing that called out of him for sympathy. But the life and way of living no doubt flowed thus grandly from the samisen with a new worth for Komako herself. (p.72)
Komako feels that her life is not easy. She has to crawl from the bottom condition for a better one. Komako struggles with all of her efforts and she does it with pleasure. The condition that she is nothing for other people encourages her to give the best of her so that she can respect life.
Based on what Komako is thinking about, it can give the description of Komako’s personality. Because she has to work hard, she respects what she gets. She deserves to get what she has tried hard before. Understanding that people have to work harder to achieve the goal of life, Komako thinks that life is not simple and does not like people who do not care about the process of struggling. To get much money to keep her life is the important thing that she has to do. Komako thinks that people who have a lot of money without struggling will not understand about life.
You have plenty of money, and you’re not much of a person. You don’t understand at all. (p.102)
“You sew, do you?”
What Komako thinks first is all about money. People cannot live their life without money although many people said that money is not everything. Back to reality of life, Komako has to get more and more money. After retouching her face in the mirror, she would stand up to leave. “Back to work, I’m all business. Business, business.” (p.128). What Komako is thinking about reveals that she is a tough person.
4.1.4 Introvert
Komako’s past life can represent her personality. Komako is a woman who always keeps her memories of life so that she can reflect on what she has done. She spends much of her time by doing everything alone. She does not have someone to talk to. In this life, people may need to express themselves by communicating with others. On the other hand, people may use another thing to express themselves. In this situation, Komako uses diary as the media to write about her journey of life. She writes anything about what happens in her life. Komako starts to write diary since she was 16 years old. It has been a long time by the time she meets Shimamura who makes the best entries for her diary.
“All I have to do is look in my diary.” “You keep a diary?”
“It’s always fun to read an old diary. But I don’t hide anything when I write in my diary, and sometimes I’m ashamed to look at it myself.” (p.40)
“And you’ve kept the diary all this time? Yes. The year I was sixteen and this year have been the best.” (p.41)
something that can help her enjoy life. In writing the diary, she does not only write about what happened in her life but also writes about her opinion about literary works. It shows that she is smart and open-minded. Although she lives in a country area, she still spends a little bit of her time by reading magazine or literary works. After reading those literary works, she tries to give her opinion or comment on what she thinks happened in the story. She can understand the story and comprehend it by relating the characters.
“You write down your criticisms, do you? I could never do anything like that. I just write down the author and the characters and how they are related to each other. That is about all.”
Shimamura asks her about her purpose of writing about the criticisms of literary works. Shimamura asks whether it is useful for her or not because he thinks that what she has done is useless. Komako knows about it and agrees with Shimamura’s opinion that it is a waste effort. Although she says that it is no use, it shows that she can think well than the other people around her. It implies that she understand about life. “But what good does it do? … A complete waste effort,” she answered brightly, as though the admission meant little to her. (p.41)
She talked happily too of movies and plays she had never seen. She had no doubt been starved all these months for someone who would listen to her. Had she forgotten that a hundred and ninety-nine days earlier exactly this sort conversation had set off the impulse to throw herself to Shimamura? Again she lost herself in the talk, and again her words seemed to be warming her whole body. (p.42)
It can be concluded that she is an introvert. She cannot tell anything with someone whom she does not believe in because of her past life. She keeps it to herself and she will tell it only when she finds the right person. Those mannerisms also prove that she is introvert.
4.2 Motivation of Komako in Keeping Relationships with Shimamura
The motivation of people to do something is based on human needs. Writer discusses the motivation uses Murray’s theory. It will be supported by Maslow’s theory and Beck’s theory. Murrays says that people’s personality, as the reflection of their behavior, is driven by secondary needs. Secondary needs are based on psychological needs such as needs of achievement, needs of power, needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Writer uses the theory of affiliation needs and intimacy needs. Affiliation needs and intimacy needs is about interpersonal attraction.
4.2.1 Needs of Affiliation
with him. At that visit, Shimamura wants to have a geisha and he needs help from Komako but she refuses it.
She had barely taken a seat when he asked her to call him a geisha. “Call you a geisha?”
“You know what I mean.”
“I didn’t come to be asked that.” She stood up abruptly and went over to the window, her face reddening as she looked out at the mountains. “There are no women like that here.” (p.20)
The quotation above implies that Komako refuses to do what Shimamura asks. She does not want to call any geisha and gives any reason because she wants to spend her time with Shimamura. She is rather angry because he does not ask her to accompany him as a geisha.
Shimamura has reasons why he does not ask Komako to accompany him. He has concluded that their relationships are just as friends because if it is an affair, it could not last longer.
“An affair of the moment, no more. Nothing beautiful about it. You know that-it couldn’t last.”
“That’s true. It’s that way with everyone who comes here. This is a hot spring and people are here for a day or two and gone.” Her manner was remarkably open – the transition had been almost too abrupt. “The guest who doesn’t say he’s fond of you, and yet you somehow know is – he’s the one you have pleasant memories of. You don’t forget him, even long after he’s left you, they say. And he’s the one you get letters from. (p.22)
their relationships is just as friend. If the relationships are just as friend, it can last longer and it can give many advantages for Shimamura.
In Komako’s thought, this kind of relationships is not what she wants. She knows that it lasts longer if they are just friends. Komako needs the love and belongingness from the other people that she does not have before. It motivates her to get closer to Shimamura. She is lack of affectionate relationships. She also wants the positive simulation and attention from Shimamura. She wants to belong to someone. In her mind, someone who enjoys the best activities or memories will be the part of her life that she will not forget.
He felt a little guilty, as though he had deceived her, when he saw how the frivolous words of the traveler who would gone tomorrow seemed to have struck something deep and serious in the woman’s life.
But he went on: “I can bring my family here, and we can all be friends.
“I understand that well enough.” She smiled, her voice falling, and a touch of the geisha’s playfulness came out. “I’d like that much better. It lasts longer if you’re just friends.” (p.26)
The quotation above represents the way Shimamura tries to keep the relationships. That way will give advantage for Shimamura but it will give nothing for Komako. It only hurts her. He sees the seriousness in Komako’s decision to get closer to him but he tries to avoid by giving a choice that will make the relationships much better. Shimamura’s saying affects Komako. It makes her heart fragile and she gets collapsed. It can be seen through the quotation below.
everything that happened to be on it, she poured herself a glass of water and drank in great pulps. (p.33)
An hour or so later, he heard uneven steps coming down the long hall. She was weaving from side to side, he could tell, running into a wall, stumbling to the floor. “Shimamura, Shimamura,” she called in a high voice. “I can’t see. Shimamura!”
It was, with no attempt at covering itself, the naked heart of a woman calling out to her man. Shimamura was startled. (p.34)
That is a woman calling out to her man. Komako cannot lie to her heart. She is an introvert, but she can tell what she feels to whom she relies on. That man is Shimamura. He has changed Komako’s world. She feels that Shimamura is the one she wants to belong to. The previous Shimamura’s decision breaks her and makes her down.
She no longer resisted, however. Giving herself up to his hands, she began writing something with the tip of her finger. She would tell him the people she liked, she said. After she had written the names of some twenty or thirty actors, she wrote “Shimamura, Shimamura,” over and over again. (p.35) Her face was turned half away, hidden from him, but after a time she thrust her lips violently toward him.
Then, as if in a delirium she were trying to tell of her pain, she repeated over and over, he did not know how many times: ”No, no. Didn’t you say you wanted to be friends?” (p.37)
The quotation above is the hardest part when Komako has to convince Shimamura about her feeling. Although she responses him unconsciously, that statement is her real response to him. She wants to heal her pain because she cannot accept the reality about the relationships. She loses control and being unconfident.
But then she said: “I won’t have any regrets. I’ll never have any regrets. But I’m not that sort of woman. It can’t last. Didn’t you say so yourself?”
“It’s not my fault. It’s yours. You lost. You’re the weak one. Not I.” She ran on almost in a trance, and she bit at her sleeve as if to fight back the happiness. (p.37)
“I’m thinking of you as a friend. That’s why I’ve behaved so well.” (p.20) (Shimamura)
The quotation above means that Komako wants to spend her time with Shimamura. She says that it is not only a day or two and then it gone. After Shimamura goes away from Snow Country, Komako only has memories that she will not forget, even long after he left her. It concludes that Komako wants Shimamura to be always beside her every time.
Spending time with other people as a need is also one of human needs according to Maslow’s theory of motivation. There are five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy needs. Those are physiological need, safety need, love and belongingness need, esteem need and self-actualization. The basic level of that hierarchy is physiological need. People have to fulfill this need first before move to the higher level. Komako has fulfilled this physiological need so that she can move to the higher level that she wants.
Since there were no young apprentice geisha in the town, and since most of the local geisha were at an age when they preferred not to have dance, the services of the girl were much valued. She almost never came alone to entertain a guest at the inn, and yet she could not exactly be called an amateur… (p.17)
That is the situation when she was not a geisha yet. She has become the one that people always asked to give services. She also has another skill that the other geisha does not have. It gives more advantages to her. The situation changes when she becomes a geisha, she has to give services more than 3 parties in one night. She can move from one to another teahouse in one night.
She walked two miles and more between parties at the old spring and the new, and here in the mountains there were few parties that kept her up late. (p.105) Such were the things she talked of. Or she told him of the inn she had gone to first, and the next, and the parties she had been to at each.
“I’ll come again later.” She had a glass of water before she left. “Or maybe I won’t. Thirty guests and only three of us. I’ll be much too busy.” (p.129)
Komako is famous geisha in Snow Country. When she hears bad talk about her, she does not care about it. She believes that what she does will make no difference for her because she can find other happiness in another place. Komako has great confidence with her skills and competences.
“The floor always creaks when I come down to the hall. I walk very softly, but they hear me just the same. ‘Off to the Camelia Room again, Komako?’ they say as I go by the kitchen. I never thought I’d have to worry so about my reputation.” (p. 129)
“You begin to have a bad name, and you’re ruined in a little place like this.” But she looked up and smile. “It makes no difference. My kind can find work anywhere.”
That straightforward manner, so replete with direct, immediate feeling, was quite foreign to Shimamura, the idler why had inherited his money.
Komako has fulfilled the basic needs of physiological to move higher level. According Maslow, people can move to higher level after they fulfill their basic needs first. To move to higher level, people do not have to move step by step. People can jump into the level they want to fulfill. In the Komako’s condition, the higher level she needs to achieve after basic needs is love and belongingness needs. Love and belongingness needs means that people need receiving and giving love from the others. According to Maslow, love is different from sex. Love in this case is not restricted to romantic love but it includes the feeling of closeness between two good friends.
According to Robert C. Beck, there are three different principles of interpersonal attraction. Those principles are affiliation, liking and loving. In the term of affiliation, people may want to be with someone for many different reasons, which do not necessarily involve a particular liking for them (Beck, 1978: 354).
Ruben defines the term of liking into two dimensions: affection and respect. Affection is based on interpersonal relations, and respect is based on admirable qualities, such as skills or performance in difficult situations (Ruben, 1973: 26). The determinants of liking are proximity, familiarity and similarity (Beck, 1978: 358). In this the term of liking, Komako defines herself into the dimension of affection. Her first determinant is proximity. In the proximity, people are more likely to be attracted to and be friends with people who are physically close to them. Komako has close relationships with Shimamura because she is accustomed to spend time with Shimamura. She keeps all the memories she had in the diary, especially after Shimamura leaves Snow Country. It is used to remember what she has experienced so far. Komako lives alone. She does not have family or relations around her. As a geisha, she lives with a family who employees and gives her a place to rest. The routine activity she has is writing diary. It can reduce the pain she feels. According to Maslow, people are motivated to do something to heal the pain and get the happiness of life. People do not want their life to be painful. In writing diary, Komako can discover who she is. She can reflect what happened to her.
“All I have to do is look in my diary.” … “It’s always fun to read an old diary. But I don’t hide anything when I write in my diary, and sometimes I’m ashamed to look at it myself.” (p.40)
remember Shimamura. The second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country is almost seven months after the first visit. Spending those months is very hard for Komako. She does not have someone to have conversation with. She feels empty when Shimamura is not around. She thinks that she loses something that is important in her life.
She talked happily too of movies and plays she had never seen. She had no doubt been starved all these months for someone who would listen to her. Had she forgotten that a hundred and ninety days earlier exactly this conversation had set off the impulse to throw herself at Shimamura? Again she lost herself in the talk, and again her words seemed to be warning of her whole body. (p.42-43)
In conclusion, Komako has needs of affiliation in keeping relationships with Shimamura as a married man. First, it is her desire to get closer to someone especially the needs of the love and belongingness from other people. Besides that, it is her motivation to avoid the pain and find the happiness and she can only use diary to remember her happy time with Shimamura for so long. Komako is also determined to be with Shimamura because he has personal characteristics that provide her some pleasure.
4.2.1.1 Needs of Intimacy
another. Intimacy defines the capacity of two people to communicate easily and confidentially, verbally and nonverbally. Komako has a strong desire to be in Shimamura’s presence. When people feel that they trust another person, they can tell about their past life. People live not only for this day; they also have the life the day before. It is about their past life. Komako also has the past life before she meets Shimamura. Her past life is about her relationships with man. When doing her job as geisha, she meets many customers. The characteristic of geisha is that she is not allowed to have relationships with her customer. The customer cannot force what they want when they are in the party with geisha. A geisha also has rights to do what she wants to do or does not. In her past experience, she meets a man who wants to marry her. Komako is a woman who always makes detail plan of her life. She is not the woman who acts hastily when it comes to her future. The man had been after her to marry him, but she couldn’t like him. She had had great trouble deciding what to do. (p,64) (Hamamatsu)
When the man asks her to marry him, Komako already has opinion about marriage. Marriage is not as simple as people think. It is more than just loving each other. People have to prepare everything well for the marriage. The important thing is people have to prepare themselves first before they have relationships with other people and getting married. Komako says, “Marriage has so much charm?” “Don’t be nasty. It’s more that I want to have everything around me tidy and in order.” (p.64)
her. She cannot find the freedom of her life. Komako is like living in jail. She cannot express her feeling to another man because she is bound to share it with one man only. When someone is in bound, they cannot think clearly. Komako also feels this way though the fact may not actually be so.
“Was there something between you and the man from Hamamatsu?
She flung out her answer: “If there had been, do you think I would have hesitated? But he said that as long as I stayed here, he wouldn’t let me marry anyone else. He said he would do everything possible to stand in the way.” (p. 64)
“But what could he do from as far away as Hamamatsu? You worried about that?
Komako stretched out for a time, enjoying the warmth of her body. When she spoke again, her tone was quite casual. “I thought I was pregnant. … it seems ridiculous when I look back on it now.” (p. 64)
People have motivation to get something or to achieve the goal of life. It is also used by Komako to achieve her goal. The reason why she chooses to be a geisha is that because she has to pay the debt to the music teacher. The music teacher has taught her to be a woman who can lead a life by herself.
“I couldn’t quite believe all of it, as a matter of fact. But they said you went to work as a geisha to help pay doctor’s bills.”
“It sounds like something out of a cheap magazine. But that’s not true. I was never engaged to him. People seem to think I was, though. It wasn’t to help anyone in particular that I became a geisha. But I owe a great deal to his mother, and I had to do what I could.” (p. 67)
When Komako does not feel comfortable with what people say about her, she will give a strong reason. Komako can be angry when Shimamura always asks about her relationships with the son of music teacher. Her relationships are not like what people think. Komako passes the hard life by herself but on the other hand the son of music teacher is a sick man. In living the life, Komako never needs help from other people including the music teacher’s son. He could not help anything with her life.
“It’s not right for you to ask. How can a dying man keep me from doing as I like?” (p. 68)
“In Tokyo I was expected to dance, and they gave me dancing lessons. But I got only the faintest idea of how to play the samisen. If I were to lose that there would be no one here to teach me again. So I use scores.” (p.70)
Every time she sees Shimamura, it hurts her feeling due to the kind of the relationships she has with him.
“But it’s not easy for me. Go on back to Tokyo. It’s no easy for me. … was it sorrow at finding herself about to sink into too deep relationships with a traveler? Or at having to keep herself under control at so dear a moment? She has come that far … “ (p. 78)
The third concept of love is intimacy. Komako tries to communicate easily and confidentially with Shimamura. She keeps the relationships with Shimamura but she does not want to break up the family. She respects Shimamura’s wife and she does not want to tell the lies. Her decision is really hard for her but she has to do it. She cannot lie her heart and the other people who will be hurt because of her.
“Is that what happens when you lose your head over a man? I wonder.” (p. 97) “I couldn’t. I really couldn’t. I couldn’t possibly write the sort of letter your wife would see. I couldn’t bring myself to. I don’t tell lies just because people might be listening.” (p. 100)
She always keeps herself and does not change the way she lives. It also shows that she is not a person who can easily change her mind and heart. The life that is always same year after year sometimes makes her bored and gives her hallucination of being married.
“People say I haven’t changed since I came here. I was sixteen then. But life goes on the same, year after year.” (p, 101)
“I wonder if I can have children.” And she wondered too if being generally faithful to one man was not the same thing as being married.
A patron is a man who protects a geisha’s life. This man is the first man whom Shimamura thinks that Komako falls in love with at the first time. It is about the past life of Komako’s relationships with man.
“That was the first time Shimamura had heard of the “one man” in Komako’s life. She had known him since she was sixteen, she said. … she had never liked the man, Komako continued, and had never felt near him, perhaps because the affair had begun she was down on the coast just after the death of the man who had paid her debts.” (p. 106)
Although Komako falls in love with this man, she tries to break up the relationships because she does not get the feeling of the relationships. There are two reasons why she chooses to leave him. The first reason is his age is over her age and the second reason is the man is never beside her. Komako actually needs someone who always beside her and can be the friend whom she can talk with. She tries to leave him for two chances but it is hard for her. Finally, she can break up her relationships with him.
“I’ve had two chances to leave him. When I went to work as a geisha here, and when I moved after the music teacher died. But I’ve never had the power to do it. I don’t have much will power.” (p.106)
“I sometimes think it would be easiest to break away from him if I were to be really bad. I honestly think so sometimes.” (p.107)
response from Shimamura, she still keeps the relationships with Shimamura. She knows that their relationships are just friends. Komako says, “You have no idea how I feel …. If I have time later, I’ll stop by to wash my hair. I may be late, but I’ll stop by.” (p.122)
As long as Komako keeps the relationships with Shimamura, she gets the love and belongingness from other people. She receives and gives love from another people and someone to love. She finds the man whom she loves so much. These relationships are much better than her relationships with another man before. It is the relationships that she wants.
According to Maslow, needs of intimacy is also described in the hierarchy of needs. After acquiring the love from other people, she needs high evaluation for herself. It is called self-esteem needs. There are two kinds of self-esteem needs. Those are a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. The needs for self-esteem motivate the individual to strive for achievement, independence, freedom, confidence and strength. It motivates Komako to get strength for her life and freedom of life by keeping the relationships with Shimamura. It can be shown from the quotation below that implies the Komako’s struggling to come for Shimamura based on her needs. She says, “I said I would come and I’ve come. Haven’t I? I said I’d come and I’ve come, haven’t I?” Her chest, even her abdomen, rose and fell violently. (p. 123)
beginning, Komako has known that their relationships can last longer if they are just friends. Komako realizes about this condition but at least she hopes that Shimamura will understand about her struggling. She said that only woman who is really able to love someone. Man sometimes does not think about it. This condition is true and it will always be like that. It can be shown from the quotation below. It implies that Komako needs recognition and attention from Shimamura.
“And I can’t complain. After all, only women are able really to love. … In the world as it is.” (p. 130)
As it always has been. She raised her head and added absent-mindedly: “You didn’t know that?” (p. 131)
The need of esteem from other people also involves the appreciation of others for one’s abilities to provide her/him a feeling of importance. When interacting with other people, someone wants to become a part of other’s life. Komako needs something from Shimamura. She gives her love and she hopes she will get love too. It is actually a wasted effort for her if she still hopes something from Shimamura. But the important thing is that Komako still wants to be appreciated by Shimamura and become an important part of Shimamura’s life. When they are having conversation, Shimamura tells Komako that he appreciates her. He says that Komako has been a good girl for him. It implies that Komako is being the feeling of importance of Shimamura’s life. On the other hand, Shimamura does not tell the reason why he says that.
“You’re a good girl.”
want to put on a new kimono, and now I have none left. This one is borrowed. So you see I’m not really good at all.” (p. 146)
“And what do you find good in me?” Her voice was a little husky. “The first day I met you I thought I had never seen anyone I disliked more. People just don’t say the sort things of you. I hated you.” (p. 147)
After he says that Komako has been a good girl and gives her no reason, he says other words that Komako is a good woman. It makes confuses Komako. At first he says that she is a good girl, and then he says that she is a good woman. It is really contradictory. It saddens Komako and makes her hates Shimamura for not giving her a clear reason.
“You’re a good woman.”
“How am I good?” … “A good woman-what do you mean by that? What do you mean?” (p. 148)
“I hate you. How I hate you.” … “It makes me very sad,” she murmured to herself. (p. 148)
Those statements really make Komako shocked. She never thinks like this before. The most astonishing fact is that Shimamura does not tell the reason and the differences between a good girl and good woman. Finally, Komako feels that she is not someone that is important in Shimamura’s life.
Her skin was as clean as if it had just been laundered. He had not dreamed that she was a woman would find it necessary to take offense at such a trivial remark, and that very fact lent her an irresistible sadness.
In conclusion, Komako has needs of intimacy in keeping the relationships with Shimamura as a married man. She has problems with other man who wants to marry her. It makes her feels insecure. That condition makes Komako to have the element of attachment (strong desire to be in another’s presence), caring (concerning for satisfaction and security of other). Komako also tries to communicate easily and confidentially with Shimamura to keep their relationshipss.
The human needs can be divided into Homeostatis and Hedonism. Homeostatis means the tendency toward the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. Hedonism means that pleasure happiness are the chief goals in life (Weiner, 1980: 11). That people need something motivates them to behave and reach the goal of life. This disequilibrium drives people to behave and make their personality. According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, there are two types of motivation. Those are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions. The first part is the conclusions of the whole analysis. The second part covers the suggestions which consist of two sections; suggestions for the future researchers and suggestions for the English teachers.
5.1 Conclusions
This part discusses the conclusion of the analysis in chapter 4. The first analysis is how Komako is described in Snow Country and the second analysis is the motivation of Komako in keeping the relationships with Shimamura. Based on the analysis using the theories of characters, Komako is classified into a major and dynamic character. Based on the theories of characterization, Komako can be described as a beautiful, perfectionist, tough and introvert person. It can be seen through Komako’s and Shimamura’s thought, as seen by Shimamura, speech, Komako’s reaction and mannerisms in facing life and also through Komako’s past life.
5.2 Suggestions
This section consists of two parts; the first suggestion is for the future researchers and the second suggestion is for English teachers.
5.2.1 Suggestion for Future Researchers
Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country is an interesting novel to read. There are a lot of aspects can be analyzed from this novel. This research only analyzes the main character of Snow Country and her motivation in keeping relationships with Shimamura. The future researchers can analyze other aspects beside it. The future researchers may explore more about the plot, setting of place and theme of the novel because this novel is rich to be analyzed. Many new theories can be used by future researchers in order to analyze the problems they want to analyze to make the novel understandable.
5.2.2 Suggestion for English Teachers
Literature is the expression of life through language. Literature talks about real life, people, thought and the feeling about life. Literature is based on the reality of life, what happened in this life. Reading literary works can give pleasure for the reader and it can also deepen and broaden reader’s knowledge. It means that reading novel can give many advantages.
Senior High School Syllable, reading aspect has the most time allocation. To make students enjoy reading is by giving various materials. One of the various materials can be taken from the part of novel. The writer chooses the narrative topic. Students are familiar with narrative text by reading fairy tales, folk tales, legend, etc. Writer takes the selected material from the novel because it can represent the generic structure of narrative text. The other reason is it will give another experience for students in learning narrative text through fiction story.
The explanation below is the procedure in teaching reading for XII grade of Senior High School using the novelSnow Country:
1. The teacher greets the students and let students to make brainstorm about narrative text by giving some questions.
2. The teacher asks students’ experience about reading fairy tales, folk tales, myth and legend.
3. The teacher and students discuss together what narrative text is. 4. Students read the text loudly randomly.
5. Students mention the generic structure of the text. 6. Students and teacher discuss the difficult words. 7. Students answer the question based on the text.
8. The teacher and students discuss together the answer of the questions. 9. The teacher emphasizes the lesson and gives summary.
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APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OFSNOW COUNTRY
Komako was also fall in love with Shimamura. While Komako was busy as geisha, she always tried to spend her time to be with Shimamura.
On the second visit, Komako still remembers about the first time they meet. Komako still wants that Shimamura to be beside her although she knows that their relationship cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. Komako has become a real geisha on the second visit. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationship with other man. Some of those relationships that bother her life become her burden. Shimamura went back to Tokyo to get his ordinary life. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting.
APPENDIX B
BIOGRAPHY OF YASUNARI KAWABATA
congresses, Kawabata was the delegate for this club. The Lake (1955), The Sleeping Beauty (1962) and The Old Capital (1962) belong to his later works, and of the novels, The Old Capital is the one that made the deepest impression in the author’s native country and abroad. In 1959, Kawabata received the Goethe-medal in Frankfurt. Yasunari Kawabata died in 1972 (suicide). Yasunari Kawabata died on April 16, 1972.
