Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 1
LAND USE CHANGE ASSESSMENT AS AN EFFORT TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION
IN BELAWAN WATERSHED USING INTEGRATED APPROACH
RAHMAWATY1*, NAJMATUL KHAIRAT1 AND ABDUL RAUF2
1Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia, email: rahmawaty1974@gmail.com 2Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia, email: arauf17@yahoo.co.id
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Changes in the land cover are one of the important issues in North Sumatra, especially in Belawan Watershed. Belawan Watershed was located across in one district and one city, namely: Deli Serdang District and Medan City. In order to mitigate climate change, this study aimed to evaluate the changes of land cover during eleven years period (2000 to 2011) and to determine the main factor causing the change of land cover in Belawan Watershed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land cover changes and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with questionnaires and interviews were used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land cover (integrated approach). Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land cover. The results showed that during eleven years, extensive changes in land cover were the greatest in dry land farming mixed shrubs that became dry land agriculture. Economic factors were the main cause of changes, followed by social factors and ecological factors. Economic criteria selected by respondents as the most important priority for activities in Belawan Watershed could not be separated from economic activities that were aligned with spatial development. This certainly influenced the basis of economic or financial considerations to convert agricultural land into non-agricultural use either for residential, offices, and other facilities. In order to mitigate climate change in Belawan Watershed, it is expected that the role of all stakeholders, especially local governments should be improved so that changes in land cover can be minimized.
Keywords: AHP, Belawan Watershed, climate change, GIS, mitigation
INTRODUCTION
Interaction between people and the land that may caused the changes to land use change that have the potentially give for large
negative impact on the continuity of that resource. For that need their efforts To prevent the negative impact of land use change, it is
necessarry to monitor the changes in land that the negative impact of land use change can be tackled and efforts to by managing e these
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 2 land resources in the future with a good can be planned with reference to the and optimizing optimization of the benefits of sustainable
resource. Belawan Watershed is located mostly across the city of Medan and Deli Serdang district with an area of 40,235.36 ha. The
location of this study is in Belawan Watershed which is administered mostly in Deli Serdang and Medan. Geographically, Belawan
Watershed is located at 98° 29'47.868" E-98° 42' 35,496" E and 03° 50' 23 676'-03° 15' 24 036" LU (Fig.1).
Figure 1: Study site map
Belawan Watershed is located across at one district and one city, namely: Deli Serdang District (area of 38,029 ha (93.23%)) and MedanCity (area of 2,760 ha (6.77%)). Given the importance of land use for life, it is necessary to study land use, especially in watershed
areas with the designation which is supposed to prevent land degradation. , as well as withThe remote sensing technology and Geographic
Information System (GIS) will provide convenience in monitoring land cover change and to support management effort management of
these resources sustainabilitysustainably. Analysis of factors causing changes in land cover using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) can
provide several solutions that are in Belawan Watershed accompanied by an alternative provided, so as to improve the situation for the
Commented [d2]: what does sustainale resource refer to..i think you should mention it clearly what kind of sustainable resource here
Commented [d3]: I think it is beter to write it in materials and methods
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 3 better in this area Belawan Watershed. Therefore, research on Analysis of Land Cover Change in Belawan Watershed for 2000-2011
periods isnecessary.
Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Belawan Watershed was used data land use data between 2000 and 2011 (11 years period
old). The data was were obtained based on the results of the last year of previous year’s data available in the Central Forest Area
Consolidation (BPKH), i.e. in the data from year 2011 which can be used as a comparison ofto each interval dataoffrom the last five to
six years from the last year's data. Analysis of extensive changes in land cover in Belawan Watershed in year 2000-2011 can be obtained
by comparing the area and the changes that occurred in 2000 and 2011. Land use changes in Medan Cityland use in the city of Medanis
important to be studied because the land use change will affect the climate change in Medan City. need to know because it will also affect the field of climate change, especially in the city. In North Sumatra, research on land use hashad been carried out (Rahmawaty et al., 2011;
Onrizal, 2010). TheThis study aimed to analyze land cover changes in land cover in the Belawan Watershed infrom 2000 to 2011 and to
analyze the factors causing land cover changes of causation land in Belawan Watershed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted infrom March 2013 to August 2013. Data collection was conducted from March 2013 to April 2013, and
the data analysis was conducted infrom May 2013 to August 2013. Data processing was performed at the Laboratory of Integrated Forest
Management Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, North Sumatra University.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land use changes. The Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP) with questionnaires questioner and interview was used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the
changes in land use. Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land use. The Geographic
information system (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land use changes (2000- 2011). The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with questioner and interview was used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land use. Field observations also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land use.
Computing the decrease or increase in area was conducted by Microsoft Office Excel. Land use change maps were derived from
maps of different years of acquisition by using geoprocessing analysis withby overlaying two thematic layers overlay resulting from different
Commented [d5]: did you mean form 2000 to 2011?
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 4
year’s interpretation. XTool extension in ArcView was used to analyze changes. Microsoft Excel software supported the conversion of the
tabulated data into a dbf IV format. The ArcView was used in converting the tabulated data into shape files and the merging of the different themes through the geoprocessing wizard.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Belawan Watershed is located acrossincluded in the Deli Serdang District and Medan City. The total area of Deli Serdang is 83 %
of the watershed area Belawan and 10.04 % of the total area of Medan . Sub-districts included in the region of Deli Serdang District of Hamparan Perak, Kutalimbaru, Namorambe, Pancurbatu, Sibolangit, and sunggal. The area of Medan are Medan District of Helvetia, Medan Belawan , Medan Marelan , Medan Selayang , Sunggal Medan and Medan Tuntungan. The area of each district included in the watershed
areas Belawan. TheHuman
People’s need demand for land is marked by humanpeople’sneeddesire to beown a residence, place of business and transportation.
HumanPeople’s needs are always increasing aswith the development of a region. Almost in every zone in Watershed Belawan which does
not fit with the increasing of people’s need is threatened with extinction. in this land utilization resulted in watershed ecosystems threatened
with extinction due to human needs. Pattern spaceSpace utilization in Belawan Watershed needs to be regulated by government agencies
to maintain ecosystem sustainability Watershed Belawan.
Land cover in the area of Watershed Belawan can generally be classified into twelve types of land cover, among others;i.e. primary
dry forest, scrub, plantation, dry land agriculture, dry land agriculture mix, settlement, clearing, body of water, secondary mangrove forests,
ponds, shrub swamps and rice paddies. Based on Table 1, it can beseenTable 1 lists broad types of land cover and land cover in 2000,
and 2011. Changesof land cover classification data acquisition of land cover change from 2000 to 2011 iswas obtained classified by
comparing the land cover in 2000 and 2011 two periods of the land cover in order to obtain land cover of the predetermined interval.
Furthermore, the classification results observedprovided data of any changes in the area of land to obtain land cover change from 2000
and 2011, which was quite extensive (Table 1). The vast amount and percentage of any changes in land cover in 2000, and 2011.
Tabel 1. Land cover types changes in Belawan Watershed Periodein 2000-2011
Commented [d7]: Please write more discussion with more citation. It shows so many results but only a little discussion
Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 0.64" + 1.27" + 1.91" + 2.54" + 3.18" + 3.82" + 4.45" + 5.73" + 6.36" + 7" + 7.63" + 8.27" + 8.91" + 9.54" + 10.18"
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 5
Land cover types in 2000
(ha)
in 2011 (ha)
Changes occurred between 2000 and
2011 (Ha)
Dry land-primary forest 506.11 506.11 0
Shrubs 569.61 569.61 0
Plantation 3,847.96 3,902.45 +54,49
Dry land farming/ agriculture 9,183.42 23,512.78 +14.329,36
Settlement 4,466.12 4,466.12 0
Open land 668.86 411.18 -239,24
Water body 292.81 292.81 0
Secondary mangrove forest 757.77 690.55 -67,22
Fishpond 2,267.27 2,702.05 +434,78
Shrubs mixed bush 1,746.94 1,344.46 -402,46 Dry land farming mixed shrubs 14,857.79 0 -14.857,78
Rice field 1,070.68 1,837.19 +766,51
Total 40,235.36 40,235.36
Belawan Watershed lands cover change from year to year in the total area of land in Belawan Watershed is 40,235.36 ha. Land
cover in 2000 was dominated by dry land farming mixed shrubs of(14,857.79 ha) followed by dry land farming/agriculture amounted to
(9,183.42 ha), settlement amounted to(4,466.12), plantation (3,846.94 ha)of plantations, fishpond amounted to(2,267.27 ha), shrubs mixed
bush of(1,746.94 ha) hectares, rice field amounting to(1,070.68 ha) hectares of rice fields, secondary mangrove forests of (757.77 ha),
open land of(668.86 ha)hectares, shrubs (569.61 ha) hectares of shrubs, dry land-primary forest (506.11 ha), and water body that has the
smallest area is(292.81 ha) hectares of water bodies. As agree with Rahmawaty (2011) stated that extensive land cover types andin
Belawan Watershed and Besitang Watersheds illustrated the differences of watershed conditions in social, ecological and economic
aspects. This is because of The differences was caused by climatic conditions, relief and type of soil, hydrological cycle and vegetation
cover which affects the potential use of different land types. Moreover, the differences of culture, education and daily habits of everyday
society in every watershed iswere different in each watershed. according to the criteria each watershed that drive the difference in each
watershed.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 6
Extensive land cover in 2011 showed an increase for as plantationsof (3,902.46 ha), followed by dry land farming/agriculture
amounted to(2,3512.78 ha)hectares, fishpondsof (2,702.05 ha)hectares, rice field and is followed by the type of land cover(1,837.19 ha) of rice also increased.While it was also aDeclining land cover was in 2011 was observed in shrubs mixed bush against the land cover in 2011 which amounted to(1,344.46 ha)shrub swamp Ha and open land of(411.18 ha)hectares. The Matrix of extensive changes inof land
use in Belawan Watershed period from 2000 to 2011 is presented incan be seen in Table 2.
Table 2 should have been moved here.
Figure 2. Rice field in Belawan Watershed
In Table 2 it can be seen thatTable 2 showed that 27.89 ha of plantation in 2000 changed into dry land farming/agriculture in 2011, changes in land cover types that cover types of plantation land into dry land farming of 27.89 hectares, 18.43 ha of open land in 2000
Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left: 0"
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 7 changed into plantationsin 2011, of 18.438 hectares, 67.22 ha of secondary mangrove forests in 2000 changed into fishpond in 2011, into farms amounted to 67.22 ha, 338.51 ha of shrub mixed bush in 2000 changed into fish pond in 2011 shrub swamp into a pond of 338, 51 Ha, 63.95 ha of shrub mixed bush in 2000 changed into plantation in year 2011, shrub swamps to plantations of 63.95 Ha, 29.05 ha of dry land farming mixed shrubs in 2000 changed into fishpond in 2011, dry land agriculture mixture into ponds at 29.05, Ha and 50.45 ha of dry land farming mixed shrubs in 2000 changed into open land in 2011. land cover types into a mixture of dry land agriculture amounted to 50.45 hectares of open land, landMap of land cover changes can be seen atin Figure 3.
Figure 3. Map of Land Use Changes in Belawan Watershed in 2000-2011
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 8
Table 2. Matrix of extensive changes in land use in Belawan Watershed period from 2000 to 2011
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 9
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 10 The dominant changes of in the dominant land area from the year 2000 to 2011 are occurred on dry land farming/agriculture, which This is consistent with the statement of by Irawan (2005) and Rahmawaty (2011). Dry-land farming/agriculture land types are mostly located in the upstream and downstream parts of the watershed i.e. located in the village Belawan Kelambir Lima village of Medan Marelan Subdistrict and Kelumpang village of Pancur Batu Subdistrict. which belong to the sub-district and subdistrict of Medan Marelan Pancur Batu. The society in the upstream part of Belawan Watershed mostly practiced dryland farming, especially Custom pattern in the upper reaches of society that makes farming land in the watershed areas Belawan made in place for dryland farming more dominating as sugar cane, corn crops, and vegetables (Fig. 3).
Watershed conditions were still well maintained and clean which attracted the surrounding community to conduct bathing and washing activities on the bank of the river making the community both in the downstream and upstream watershed activity bathing and washing clothes on the banks of the river (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. The condition of the upstream part of Belawan Watershed in the upstream
Among the 83% of the total watershed Belawan included in Deli Serdang district, whereas the largest districts in the district of Deli Serdang is in Belawan Watershed is the District Kutalimbaru almost 27% extent of 83% of the total watershed Belawan Deli Serdang. Meanwhile districts included in Belawan Watershed smallest is the District Namorambe 0.02% (5 ha). According to Wijaya (2004) among factors causing changes in land cover, among others, are population growth, livelihood, accessibility and life support facilities, and government policy. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Sumatra Province, Deli Serdang District in 2007 had the number of men in Deli Serdang is 822,341,811.774 male inhabitants and the number of female soul total number of 1,634,115 female inhabitants, with a population growth rate of 2.25% per year. the Population density in Deli Serdang is 679.00 inhabitants per km2, which support the theory that the increase of land use is caused by this makes the use of land is increasing due to the large population increase.
The dominant factor in causing the watershed land cover change in Belawan Watershed is was determined from the criteria comparison results of the comparison criteria and alternatives are taken from interviews related to the on ten respondents. Weighting values using the Software expert choice in 2000 will generated weighted value weighting of each criterion and alternatives. In Table 3 can be seen presents the comparisons of weighted value of the level of the social, ecology and economy criteria considered in terms of economic, ecological, and social that to contribute directly to land cover changes in land cover in Belawan Watershed for each respondent These values were derived only from
Commented [d12]: Rahmawati et.al., 2011?
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 11 assessments by respondents and not necessarily determine the factors causing land cover change in Belawan Watershed. Comparison weighting value based on these criteria are still in the form of an assessment of each of the respondents who have combined and unknown priority and cannot be concluded in all factors of land cover change in Belawan Watershed. Weighting Weighted values were based on the criteria of each respondent and should have the consistency of less than 10% or 0.10 and it can be said to be considered weighting value is correct or accurate.
Having obtained the data weighting values based on the criteria at each stage of the respondents, it can be done The weighted value was then recapitulated and ranked recapitulation combination and ranking to obtain overall conclusions on the level of criteria against on factors that cause causing land cover changes in land cover in the watershed Belawan Watershed. , weighting the data values can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3. Criteria for Considered to Cause Land Cover Change
Criteria Geometric Average Priority Rank
Social 0.20 0.28 2
Ecology 0.37 0.25 3
Economy 0.23 0.46 1
Total 0.81 1
The most dominant factor that leads leading to land cover changes in land cover in the Belawan Watershed Belawan is was the economic criteria. According to Rustiadi (2001) that in order to support higher economic growth, management of land resources
management was often tactless and did not consider sustainability aspects (for short term). while This study showed that if there is no efforts conducted to manage the
land cover change, the Belawan Watershed sustainability will be threatened and the resources of high-quality land will experience reduction and humans people will continue to depend on land resources in Belawan Watershed resulting to low quality of land. to be low. Education is among factors influencing people on how to sustainably utilize the existing land in Belawan Watershed. Factors education of the population on which to base benchmarks for them to utilize existing land and not pay attention to ecological factors in the watershed areas Belawan. Most residents in the area of Belawan Watershed is are in the elementary and secondary levels education, based on research data (Syahrial 2009). In addition to educational factors, socio-cultural factors are also important to be considered in real people have contributed in consideration of land management. and by Komarsa (2001) stated that socio-cultural factors is are concerned with the educational background, occupation, age, motivation and perception, views or attitude to life and customs which greatly affects the changes occurred in Belawan Watershed. Economic factors are the dominant factor causing the change in land cover and can be anticipated by providing an alternatives to reduce the occurrence of damage in Belawan Watershed. Criteria and alternatives offered is are the result of interviews related to the on ten respondents in order to obtain the respondents’ assessments on the six alternatives on offered in to each of the respondents (Table 4).
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 12
Alternative Geometrik Average Priority Ranking
Zoning 0.112 0.126 5
Weighting Values were weighted based on alternative levels of each respondent, then the results of these data were combined to can be done phase combination to obtain a scale of priorities and ranking of each alternative on to be offered (Table 4). From the results of the Data summary will be used to determine concluded that an alternatives to manage the factors that cause causing land cover changes in land cover in the Belawan Watershed.
Alternatives offered on in solving problems of in the watershed land cover change in Belawan Watershed is were the zoning, spatial planning, land acquisition, manufacture of infiltration wells, socialization, and law enforcement. Zoning is a barrier zone that essentially stipulated in the laws. Zoning is associated with the land use itself as a protected zone in conservation zone rules in the law firm. Spatial planning is more directed to local regulations that have been made and are planned based on region for each region. This Land acquisition alternative was offered because of the supposed watershed areas must have a 30% forest area of 30% of the total area to be holding a as green open space in the areas of Belawan watershed.
The condition of The upstream part of Belawan Watershed contained sand mining along the riverbanks, therefore, alternative was offered to make of making infiltration wells to prevent erosion and flooding. Socialization leads to the liveliness of the public and to maintain public awareness of watershed areas. Law enforcement alternative was offered to guard the strictness of the rules is the source or the strict rules that bind the community when breaking the existing policies. and that have been made.
Hall of Watershed Management (BP DAS) has already make publicly announced approaches directly to the public as held dissemination to the public that in the watershed areas must have a 30% vegetation cover of 30% of the watershed area so that it can to be run regenerated as a watershed where the function. One of socialization that directly involves community participation. The Among socialization activities carried out was as planting one billion trees carried through collaboration with the Indonesian Heritage Foundation preceeded by socializing greening plan to all communities in the Belawan Watershed is covering 8 villages.
Efforts in the Business approach to the community has been done, but the people who live in the watershed areas are still conducting land conversion. There should be a decisive participation on the part of from government officials such as district head of each region, so that they can monitor the state of the watershed according to the function. There should also be firm enforced rules in the society as a tool to remind the community on how important it is to sustainably utilize the Belawan Watershed. and there should be rule of law in any society who violate the rules in force and government officials such as district head has the authority to the people to remind and give a firm policy to local communities for people who are still doing conversion of land on the banks of the river of Belawan watershed.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 13 During eleven years period (the period 2000- 2011), the extensive land use changes occurred on dry land farming/agriculture, changes in land use were greatest in dry land farming mixed shrubs become dry land farming followed by changes in secondary mangrove forest to becomes fishpond. The dominant factors causing that cause land use changes in land use in the Belawan Watershed based on AHP analysis is was economy, while the law enforcement was the first rank as alternative offered to solve the land use change issue in Belawan Watershed. in terms of the economy.
REFERENCES
Irawan. 2005. Conversion of rice field: Potential Impact, Utilization Patterns and Determinant Factors (Konversi Lahan Sawah: Potensi Dampak, Pola Pemanfaatannya, dan Faktor Determinan). Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi Volume 23, Nomor, Juni 2005. Bogor: Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian.
Komarsa. G. 2001. Analisa Penggunaan Lahan sawah dan Tegalan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Cimanuk Hulu Jawa Bara. Disertasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. IPB.
Onrizal. 2010. Mangrove Forest Change on the Pantai Timur of North Sumatra Period 1977-2006 (Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Mangrove di Pantai Timur Sumatera Utara Periode 1977-2006). Jurnal Biologi Indonesia. Bogor: DIPA Puslit Biologi-LIPI Bogor.
Rahmawaty, TR Villanueva, and MG Carandang. 2011. Participatory Land Use Allocation. LAP Lambert. Saarbrucken, Germany.
Rahmawaty, Y Afiffudin and H Kurniawan. 2012. Application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) In Reviewing Deployment Palm Oil In Forest Area (Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) Dalam Mengkaji Penyebaran Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Pada Kawasan Hutan). ProdsidingSeminar llmiah dalam rangka DiesNatalis USU ke-59 (SI-DIES 2011).
Rustiadi. 2001. Dinamika Spasial Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Faktor - Faktor Penyebabnya di Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten. Tesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Syahrial, R. 2009. Analisis Peruntukan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Belawan Kaitannya dengan Tata Ruang. USU Press. Universitas. Medan.
Wijaya CI. 2004. Analisis Perubahan Penutupan Lahan Kabupaten Cianjur Jawa Barat Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. IPB.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 1
LAND USE CHANGE ASSESSMENT AS AN EFFORT TO
MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE IN BELAWAN WATERSHED
USING INTEGRATED APPROACH
RAHMAWATY1*, NAJMATUL KHAIRAT1 AND ABDUL RAUF2
1Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia, email: rahma2107usu@gmail.com
2Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia, email: arauf17@yahoo.co.id
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Changes in the land cover are one of important issues in North Sumatra, especially in Belawan Watershed. Belawan Watershed was located across Deli Serdang District and Medan City. In order to mitigate climate change, this study aimed to evaluate the changes of land cover during eleven years period (2000 to 2011) and to determine the main factor causing the change of land cover in Belawan Watershed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land cover changes and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with questionnaires and interviews were used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land cover (integrated approach). Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land cover. The results showed that during eleven years, extensive changes in land cover were the greatest in dry land farming mixed shrubs that became dry land agriculture. Economic factors were the main cause of changes, followed by social factors and ecological factors. Economic criteria selected by respondents as the most important priority for activities in Belawan Watershed could not be separated from economic activities that were aligned with spatial development. This certainly influenced the basis of economic or financial considerations to convert agricultural land into non-agricultural use either for residential, offices, and other facilities. In order to mitigate climate change in Belawan Watershed, it is expected that the role of all stakeholders, especially local governments should be improved so that changes in land cover can be minimized.
Keywords: AHP, Belawan Watershed, climate change, GIS, mitigation
INTRODUCTION
Interaction between people and land may cause land use change that potentially give large negative impact on the continuity of that resource. To prevent the negative impact of land use change, it is necessarry to monitor the changes in land by managing these land resources in the future with a good plan and optimizing the benefits of sustainable land resource.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 2 83% of the total watershed Belawan is included located in Deli Serdang district.,whereas the largest districts in the district of Deli Serdang is in This Belawan Watershed in Deli Serdang has the largest is the in Ddistrict in Kutalimbaru with total area almost 27%
extent out of 83% of the total watershed Belawan Deli Serdang. Meanwhile,districts included in Belawan Watershed the smallest area is the in District Namorambe District with only 0.02% (5 ha)of the total area.
Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Belawan Watershed used land use data from 2000 and 2011 (11 years period). The data were obtained based on the results of previous year’s data available in the Central Forest Area Consolidation (BPKH), Ministry of Forestry, i.e. data from2011 can be used as a comparison to each interval data from the last five to six years. Analysis of extensive changes in land cover in Belawan Watershed in2000-2011 can be obtained by comparing the area and the changes that occurred in 2000 and 2011. Land use changes in Medan City are important to be studied because the land use change will affect the climate change in Medan City. In North Sumatra, research on land use had been carried out (Rahmawaty et al., 2011; Onrizal, 2010). This study aimed to analyze land cover changes in Belawan Watershed from 2000 to 2011 and to analyze the factors causing land cover changes in Belawan Watershed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted from March to August 2013 in Belawan Watershed (Fig.1). Data collection was conducted from March to April 2013, and the data analysis was conducted from May to August 2013. Data processing was performed at the Laboratory of Integrated Forest Management Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, North Sumatra University.
Belawan Watershed is located across Deli Serdang District and Medan City. The total area of Deli Serdang is 83 % of the watershed area Belawan and 10.04 % of the total area of Medan. Sub-districts included in the region of Deli Serdang District of Hamparan Perak, Kutalimbaru, Namorambe, Pancurbatu, Sibolangit, and sunggal. The area of Medan are Medan District of Helvetia, Medan Belawan , Medan Marelan , Medan Selayang , Sunggal Medan and Medan Tuntungan. The area of each district included in the watershed areas Belawan. Belawan Watershed is located mostly across the city of Medan and Deli Serdang district with an area of 40,235.36 ha. The location of this study is in Belawan Watershed which is administered mostly in Deli Serdang and Medan. Geographically, Belawan Watershed is located at 98° 29'47.868" E-98° 42' 35,496" E and 03° 50' 23 676'-03° 15' 24 036" LU (Fig.1).
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 3 Figure 1: Study site map
The Geographic Information System (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land use changes. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with questionnaires and interview was used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land use. Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land use. Computing the decrease or increase of land use change in area was conducted by Microsoft Office Excel. Land use change maps were derived from maps of different years of acquisition by using geoprocessing analysis by overlaying two thematic layers resulting from year’s interpretation. XTool extension in ArcView was used to analyze changes. Microsoft Excel software supported the conversion of the tabulated data into a dbf IV format. The ArcView was used in converting the tabulated data into shape files and the merging of the different themes through the geoprocessing wizard.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
People’s demand for land is marked by people’s need to own a residence, place of business and transportation. People’s needs are always increasing with the development of a region. Almost every zone in Watershed Belawan which does not fit with the increasing of people’s need is threatened with extinction Space utilization in Belawan Watershed
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 4 Belawan Watershed needs to be regulated by government agencies to maintain ecosystem sustainability.
Land cover in Watershed Belawan can generally be classified into twelve types i.e. primary dry forest, scrub, plantation, dry land agriculture, dry land agriculture mix, settlement, clearing, body of water, secondary mangrove forests, ponds, shrub swamps and rice paddies. Table 1 lists broad types of land cover in 2000, and 2011. Changes of land cover classification data from 2000 to 2011 was obtained by comparing the land cover in 2000 and 2011 to obtain land cover of the predetermined interval. Furthermore, the classification results provided data of any changes in the area to obtain land cover change from 2000 and 2011, which was quite extensive (Table 1).
Tabel 1. Land cover types changes in Belawan Watershed in 2000-2011
Land cover types in 2000
Dry land-primary forest 506.11 506.11 0 Shrubs 569.61 569.61 0 Plantation 3,847.96 3,902.45 +54,49 Dry land farming/ agriculture 9,183.42 23,512.78 +14.329,36 Settlement 4,466.12 4,466.12 0
Open land 668.86 411.18 -239,24 Water body 292.81 292.81 0 Secondary mangrove forest 757.77 690.55 -67,22 Fishpond 2,267.27 2,702.05 +434,78 Shrubs mixed bush 1,746.94 1,344.46 -402,46 Dry land farming mixed shrubs 14,857.79 0 -14.857,78 Rice field 1,070.68 1,837.19 +766,51 Total 40,235.36 40,235.36
Belawan Watershed lands cover change from year to year in the total area of 40,235.36 ha. Land cover in 2000 was dominated by dry land farming mixed shrubs (14,857.79 ha) followed by dry land farming/agriculture (9,183.42 ha), settlement (4,466.12), plantation (3,846.94 ha), fishpond (2,267.27 ha), shrubs mixed bush (1,746.94 ha), rice field (1,070.68 ha), secondary mangrove forests (757.77 ha), open land (668.86 ha), shrubs (569.61 ha), dry land-primary forest (506.11 ha), and water body (292.81 ha). Rahmawaty et al., (2011) statedreported that extensive land cover types in Belawan and Besitang Watersheds illustrated the differences of watershed conditions in social, ecological and economic aspects. The differences was caused by climatic conditions, relief and type of soil, hydrological cycle and vegetation cover which affects the potential use of different land types. Moreover, the differences of culture, education and daily habits of society were different in each watershed.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 5
Table 2. Matrix of extensive changes in land use in Belawan Watershed from 2000 to 2011
Land cover in 2011 (ha)
Plantation 3,820.06 27.89 3,847.95
Dry land farming/
agriculture 8,706.59 476.81 9,183.41
Settlement 4,466.12 4,466.12
Rice field 1,070.68 1,070.68
Total in 2011 506.11 569.61 3,902.44 23,512.78 4,466.12 411.18 292.81 690.55 2,702.04 1,344.46 0 1,837.19 42,502.62
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 6 Figure 2. Map of Land Use Changes in Belawan Watershed in 2000-2011
Map of Land Use Changes in Belawan Watershed
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 7 Table 2 showed that 27.89 ha of plantation in 2000 changed into dry land farming/agriculture in 2011, 18.43 ha of open land in 2000 changed into plantation in 2011, 67.22 ha of secondary mangrove forests in 2000 changed into fishpond in 2011, 338.51 ha of shrub mixed bush in 2000 changed into fish pond in 2011, 63.95 ha of shrub mixed bush in 2000 changed into plantation in year 2011, 29.05 ha of dry land farming mixed shrubs in 2000 changed into fishpond in 2011, and 50.45 ha of dry land farming mixed shrubs in 2000 changed into open land in 2011. Map of land cover changes can be seen in Figure 2.
The dominant changes of land area from 2000 to 2011 occurred on dry land farming/agriculture, which is consistent with the statement by Irawan (2005) and Rahmawaty et al., (2011). Dry-land farming/agriculture land types are mostly located in the upstream and downstream parts of the watershed i.e. in Belawan Kelambir Lima village of Medan Marelan Subdistrict and Kelumpang village of Pancur Batu Subdistrict. The society in the upstream part of Belawan Watershed mostly practiced dryland farming, especially sugar cane, corn crops, and vegetables (Fig. 2).
Watershed conditions were still well maintained and clean which attracted the surrounding community to conduct bathing and washing activities on the bank of the river (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. The condition of the upstream part of Belawan Watershed
According to Wijaya (2004) among factors causing changes in land cover are population growth, livelihood, accessibility and life support facilities, and government policy. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Sumatra Province, Deli Serdang District in 2007 had 822,341,811.774 male inhabitants and 1,634,115 female inhabitants, with population growth rate of 2.25% per year. Population density in Deli Serdang is 679.00 inhabitants per km2, which support the theory that the increase of land use is caused by population increase.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 8 The weighted value was then recapitulated and ranked to obtain overall conclusions on factors causing land cover changes in Belawan Watershed.
Table 3. Criteria Considered to Cause Land Cover Change
Criteria Geometric Average Priority Rank
Social 0.20 0.28 2
Ecology 0.37 0.25 3
Economy 0.23 0.46 1
Total 0.81 1
The most dominant factor leading to land cover changes in Belawan Watershed was the economic criteria. According to Rustiadi (2001) in order to support higher economic growth, land resources management was often tactless and did not consider sustainability aspects (for short term). This study showed that if there is no efforts conducted to manage the land cover change, Belawan Watershed sustainability will be threatened and the resources of high-quality land will experience reduction and people will continue to depend on land resources in Belawan Watershed resulting to low quality of land. Education is among factors influencing people on how to sustainably utilize the existing land in Belawan Watershed. Most residents in the area of Belawan Watershed are in the elementary and secondary levels (Syahrial, 2009). In addition to educational factors, socio-cultural factors are also important to be considered in land management. Komarsa (2001) stated reported that socio-cultural factors are concerned with the educational background, occupation, age, motivation and perception, views or attitude to life and customs which greatly affects the changes occurred in Belawan Watershed. Economic factors are the dominant factor causing the change in land cover and can be anticipated by providing alternatives to reduce the damage in Belawan Watershed. Criteria and alternatives offered are the result of interviews on ten respondents in order to obtain the respondents’ assessments on the six alternatives offered to each respondents (Table 4).
Tabel 4. Priority scale for alternatives offered using AHP
Alternative Geometrik Average Priority Ranking
Zoning 0.112 0.126 5
Spatial planning 0.148 0.174 4
Land acquisition 0.151 0.177 3
Manufacture of infiltration wells 0.096 0.111 6
Socialization 0.154 0.179 2
Law enforcement 0.201 0.232 1
Total 0.862 1
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 9 Alternatives offered in solving problems of land cover change in Belawan Watershed were zoning, spatial planning, land acquisition, manufacture of infiltration wells, socialization, and law enforcement. Zoning is a barrier zone that essentially stipulated in the laws. Zoning is associated with the land use itself as a protected zone in conservation zone rules in the law firm. Spatial planning is more directed to local regulations that have been made and are planned based on region for each region. Land acquisition alternative was offered because watershed area must have 30% forest area of the total area as green open space in Belawan watershed.
The upstream part of Belawan Watershed contained sand mining along the riverbanks, therefore, alternative was offered to make infiltration wells to prevent erosion and flooding. Socialization leads to the liveliness of the public and to maintain public awareness of watershed areas. Law enforcement alternative was offered to guard the strictness of the rules that bind the community when breaking the existing policies. Hall of Watershed Management (BP DAS) has already publicly announced that the watershed areas must have 30% vegetation cover to be regenerated as a watershed.
Among socialization activities carried out was planting one billion trees through collaboration with the Indonesian Heritage Foundation preceded by socializing greening plan to all communities in the Belawan Watershed covering 8 villages.
Business approach to the community has been done, but the people who live in the watershed areas are still conducting land conversion. There should be a decisive participation from government officials such as district head of each region, so that they can monitor the state of the watershed according to the function. There should also be firm enforced rules in the society as a tool to remind the community on how important it is to sustainably utilize the Belawan Watershed.
CONCLUSIONS
During eleven years period (2000- 2011), the extensive land use changes occurred on dry land farming/agriculture, followed by changes in secondary mangrove forest to become fishpond. The dominant factors causing land use changes in the Belawan Watershed based on AHP analysis was economy, while the law enforcement was the first rank as alternative offered to solve the land use change issue in Belawan Watershed.
REFERENCES
Irawan. 2005. Conversion of rice field: Potential Impact, Utilization Patterns and Determinant Factors (Konversi Lahan Sawah: Potensi Dampak, Pola Pemanfaatannya, dan Faktor Determinan). Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi Volume 23, Nomor, Juni 2005. Bogor: Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian.
Komarsa. G. 2001. Analisa Penggunaan Lahan sawah dan Tegalan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Cimanuk Hulu Jawa Bara. Disertasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. IPB.
Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 10 Rahmawaty, TR Villanueva, and MG Carandang. 2011. Participatory Land Use
Allocation. LAP Lambert. Saarbrucken, Germany.
Rustiadi. 2001. Dinamika Spasial Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Faktor - Faktor Penyebabnya di Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten. Tesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Syahrial, R. 2009. Analisis Peruntukan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Belawan Kaitannya dengan Tata Ruang. USU Press. Universitas. Medan.
Wijaya CI. 2004. Analisis Perubahan Penutupan Lahan Kabupaten Cianjur Jawa Barat Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. IPB.
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Subject: Abstract Decision Letter 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology
Dear Dr. Rahmawaty,
Thank you for your abstract submission to the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology: “Ecological
Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”.
I am pleased to inform you that the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology Scientific Committee
has accepted your abstract (2ICTB-OR-0011) entitled “Land use change assessment as an effort to climate
change mitigation in Belawan Watershed using integrated approach” for Oral presentation in the technical
session of 4a. Planning and decision-making frameworks on ecological restoration.
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Subject:
Abstract Decision Letter 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology
Reference: 059/ICTB/VI/2015 July 2, 2015
Subject: Abstract Decision Letter 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology
Dear Dr. Rahmawaty,
Thank you for your abstract submission to the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology: “Ecological
Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”.
I am pleased to inform you that the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Biology Scientific Committee
has accepted your abstract (2ICTB-OR-0011) entitled “Land use change assessment as an effort to climate
change mitigation in Belawan Watershed using integrated approach” for Oral presentation in the technical
session of 4a. Planning and decision-making frameworks on ecological restoration.
Please prepare your full paper based on the guidelines for full paper preparation and submission, which you
will find at
http://ictb.biotrop.org/index.php?mode=guideforauthor
and use the attached full paper template.
Please refer to the attached Review Result Sheet for the comments from reviewers for the improvement of
your full paper and submit the Confirmation as requested. In order to submit your full paper, you will need to
login to your account, using your username and password. The full paper must be submitted no later than
August 8, 2015 at 23:59 GMT+7.
If you submitted multiple abstracts, you will receive review result announcement for each abstract and you
need to submit the full papers too. Your submission is considered valid when registration fee is paid no later
than August 8, 2015 at 23:59 GMT+7. One registration fee is only valid for two full papers with the same
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Once again, congratulation on the acceptance of your abstract for the Conference and I am looking forward
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