THE IMPACT OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES TO THE READABILITY LEVEL IN HUSH, HUSH
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The requirements for The Degree of Strata One in English Letters Department
SITI ANNISA FITRIANI 109026000116
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA
i ABSTRACT
Siti Annisa Fitriani, The Impact of Translation Strategies to The Readability Level in Hush, hush Novel, A Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta 2014
The main concern of this research is translation strategies namely domestication and foreignization which is postulated by Lawrence Venuti. This research focuses on the impact of that translation strategies application to the readability level in a New York Times best-selling Novel, Hush, hush, and its Indonesian version. The objectives of this research are: (1) to know the most frequently translation strategy applied by the translator, (2) to know how the domestication and foreignization are applied in the translation of Hush, hush, (3) to know the readability level of those domesticated and foreignized items.
This research uses qualitative descriptive method to reach the objectives of the research. The researcher herself acts as the main research instrument by doing all the steps of technique of collecting and analyzing the data above. In addition, the judgments from the informants about the readability level will assist the researcher to analyze the data based on the relevant theories.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, October 27, 2014
Siti Annisa Fitriani
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful. “Thank you, Allah, Fulfiller of Hope and Hearer of Prayers”
All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of Universe, on the overflow of graces and mercies to mankind. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companion, and adherent, who changed the world from the darkness into the lightness.
On this occasion, the researcher would like to say the greatest and deepest gratitude to her beloved parents Yadi Supriadi and Andi Nurwati, who always give their best and pray for their daughters and son;“Dad, mom, I finally graduate from this university!”, Masami, Ka Lia, Dede Akmal, Tante, Om, Papi, Mami, and cousins; “I love you all”, thank you for your support.”
The researcher also wants to give her gratitude to Mr. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum as the advisor, for his time, guidance, patience, kindness and contribution in correcting and helping the researcher during conducting her thesis, and the researcher would like to express her appreciation to the following people:
1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;
2. Mr. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;
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4. All lecturers of English Letters Department, especially for Ms. Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd and Mr. Moh. Supardi as the examiner. 5. The researcher’s friends in English Letters Department 2009, the D
class “I miss you, guys.”; All Translation class friends (Umi, Stella, Nazlia, Mega, Jhe, Juni, etc.) especially to Agus Edi Sumitro for his help, support, and smile; and all friends of KKN BETA 2012. 6. The Big Family of UKM Bahasa FLAT, kakak-kakak senior,
Renovatio ’09 (Aisyah „my partner in crime’, Reisha „Mbeee’,
Umi, Midol, Winda, Kaka Mano, Mas Hadyan, Mahmud, Arif,
Sari, etc.), Flawless ’10, Dede-dede La Flamme ’11, Dede-dede
Capolista’12, Dede-dede Treize’13. “Bravo Bahasa! See you.”
7. QQ~FF : Putri, Maria, Nurul.
8. ASPI ’09 (Tika, Ulan, Elin, Uko, Nia, Tia, Madhu, Anggi, Meta,
etc.) and Batubara roommates and friends; Mbak Rizqi, Selvy, Kak
Laili, Tiwi, Kak Wina, Kak Nina, Kak Iin, Kak Betty, Fatimah, and etc.
9. All informants of this research and friends that are not mentioned. May Allah SWT always bestow all people above, a mercy and blessed life.
Aamiin…
Jakarta, October 27, 2014
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii
LIST OF TABLES ... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Study ... 8
C. Research Question ... 9
D. Significance of the study ... 9
E. Research Methodology ... 9
1. Objective of the Research ... 9
2. Method of the Research ... 10
3. Technique of Data Collecting and Analysis ... 10
4. Instrument of the Research ... 11
5. Unit of Analysis ... 11
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 13
A. Definition of Translation ... 13
B. A Brief Overview about Translation and Culture ... 15
C. Translation Method ... 16
D. Translation Strategy ... 29
1. Domestication ... 29
2. Foreignization ... 31
E. Readability Level Measurement in the Object of the Study .... 33
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 36
A. Data Description... 36
B. Data Analysis ... 37
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 49
A. Conclusion ... 49
B. Suggestion ... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 53
ix
LIST OF TABLES
[image:10.595.161.448.304.533.2]x
LIST OF FIGURES
[image:11.595.150.444.311.536.2]Figure 1: Translation Methods by Peter Newmark ... 17 Figure 2: Simplification of Translation Methods by Benny Hoedoro Hoed ... 23 Figure 2: Description of relation between Newmark’s method and its
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study
Language is an element of communication. It enables us to share information, idea, knowledge, or anything with other people. Kramsch explains that language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives. When it is used in contexts of communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways.1
Furthermore, Kramsch divides the relations between language and culture into three aspects. First, language expresses cultural reality. Words that are used by people in communication reflect their authors’ attitudes and beliefs, their point of view, that are also those of others. Second, language represents cultural reality through its verbal and non-verbal aspects. The way in which people use the spoken, written, or visual medium creates meanings that are understandable to the group they belong to. The last, Kramsch says that language symbolizes cultural reality. It is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value.2
Since language is various with its own characteristics and uniqueness— grammatical system, kinds of letters, pronunciation, vocabularies, etc.—it creates a barrier among the users. People from different countries speak different languages. Moreover, difference in language might mean difference in culture or tradition.
1
Claire Kramsch, Language and Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 3
2
Ibid.
2
For example, asking “Where are you going?” to the foreigner can be considered as
interfering one’s business or might sounds offended while, in Indonesia it is
considered as friendliness to say the same, “Mau ke mana, Bu/Pak?”, to someone
walking in front of your house, though you do not know who they are.
In the terms of communication, gaining understanding while people communicate each other is the main purpose of the communication itself. To illustrate, when Indonesian people listen to a news program on radio broadcasted from Japan, in Japanese, they will not gain any information if they do not understand the language; or when some students have to find some references for their papers, they may find some difficulties if the books or articles found are in foreign languages. As a consequence, we need solution to reach the understanding.
Furthermore, as stated above, language obviously has relation with culture. It is not only about distinctions among the languages with their own characteristics and uniqueness, but also about its cultural sense. For instance,
when a letter written in English, a closing statement “sincerely yours” cannot
simply be understood as “dengan sesungguhnya” in Indonesian; it should be
“hormat saya” instead (social communication feature, ciri-ciri komunikasi
sosial).3
Despite the fact that the language diversity causes problem in understanding what is in the information or the message of the things people utter; it will be solved through translation. As Hatim and Mason in Machali state that
3
3
translation (translating) is an activity which clearly prove language role in social life.4 Translation can be said as stating or delivering something either written or oral (interpreting) in different language; from a Source Language (SL) to a Target Language (TL). Again, translation can be a bridge to connect people.
Furthermore, regarding the relation between language and culture in the terms of communication; it impacts, significantly, translation. Translation is not only about rendering one language into another, but also involving the cultural sense of the languages. As Nida states in Hoed, kendala dalam penerjemahan adalah perbedaan dalam empat hal, yaitu (1) bahasa, (2) kebudayaan sosial, (3) kebudayaan religi, dan (4) kebudayaan materiil 5
(There are four obstacles in translating; language, socio-culture, religious-(culture), material-culture). The last three items can be considered as culture. Thus, it can be said that translation involves language and culture. These cultural obstacles have a big impact in translation, for a word does not always have its equivalent in another culture.6 According to Eagleton in Nugroho and Prasetyo, the foundation of the world today is neither Godnor Nature, but culture. Then, he says:
The promotion of culture as a primary concept is indeed implied in translation studies itself in the „cultural turn’ the discipline took in the late 1970s and 1980s. Where the use of „culture’ becomes problematic is not so much in whether we intend the term in an anthropological (what humans do in their daily lives) or an aesthetic sense (what humans do in
4
Ibid, p. 26 5
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006), p. 24
6
Andy Bayu Nugroho and Jhonny Prasetyo, “Domestikasi dan Foreignisasi dan
Dampaknya terhadap Terjemahan”, a paper in International Conference on SFL and Its
4
the realm of creative expression) but in how cultures have to come
understand culture.”7
As a consequence, translators will be faced by, at least, two different languages and culture so that, they have to be bilingual-competent and biculturally competent8 as well. Again, this is intended to gain the understanding in communication, for translation is a communication act. 9
Translation development goes rapidly nowadays. It can be seen from the needs of translation product have been increased globally year by year, including in Indonesia. Various products either fictions or non-fictions such as books, novels, newspapers, magazines, website contents, journals, movies, songs and so forth; are published in multi-languages. Those come from diverse fields such as technology, law (legal documents), economy, science, arts, literature, entertainment, and so on.
Products of translation, especially literary translation, in Indonesia are dominated by creations distributed from foreign (especially western) countries. It is proven by literary works which are published in cinemas or bookstores in the form of movies, short stories, and of course novels which many of them are published in English.
In this research, the researcher particularly focuses on literary translation. It is because literary translation is bound up with culture. Moreover, literary
7
Ibid. 8
Roswita Silalahi, Dampak Teknik, Metode, dan Ideologi Penerjemahan pada Kualitas Terjemahan Teks Medical-Surgical Nursing dalam bahasa Indonesia, Dissertation, University of North Sumatera, 2009, p. 46
9
5
translation itself is the work of literary translators, whom are bilingual and bicultural.10 Further, the researcher will discuss it specifically in novel translation.
The Harry Potter series by J.K Rowling, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, and Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata are some of international best-selling novels; literary works which are sold million copies. Those novels are immensely popular and have been translated into various languages—The Harry Potter series are translated, at least, into 67 languages; the work by Paulo Coelho are translated into 56 different languages11; The Kite Runner has been published in 38 countries and translated into 42 languages12; and the last, Laskar Pelangi or The Rainbow Troops has been published in 20 countries—this is, again, a proof that translation plays an important role. Translation, indeed, becomes a bridge to connect people around the world. In this case, translation connects the writers to the readers.
Every translator, consciously or not, uses strategy, technique, method, or procedure in translating. Applying the appropriate strategy, technique, method, or procedure, may determine whether the translated texts are accurate or not. As a result, it also may determine the quality of the translation itself.
Regarding the object of the research, Hush, hush, a translated novel (Indonesian version); the researcher will particularly discuss about strategy of translation namely domestication and foreignization which are found in the object.
10
Douglas Robinson, “Literary Translation”, Routledge Encyclopedia of translation Studies (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 127
11
Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2007)
12 Boyd Tonkin, “Is the Arab world ready for a literary translation?”, The
6
These two strategies postulated by Lawrence Venuti in 1988.13 They provide both linguistic and cultural guidance.14 However, domestication and foreignization are two different concepts. As Yang explains:
Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers; while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.15
Related to the definition above, nowadays in Indonesia, people especially teenagers or young adults, often use Indonesian mixed with English while they communicate. They are even more familiar with the English words rather than the Indonesian. For example, they know CD or Compact Disk better than cakram padat or piringan, they prefer say make-up than riasan, handphone rather than
ponsel or telepon seluler, and T-shirt instead of kaus or kaos. This is also happened in the Hush, hush (Indonesian version); “Sejujurnya, perasaanku campur aduk soal makeup gratisan.”16, “Dan setelah itu yang terdengar hanya nada dial”.17 The examples that are mentioned show the application of foreignization strategy.
It is undeniable that the novel translation comes as one of the reasons why those novels mentioned above become that popular. In other words, it may not be
13
Esmail Zare-Behtash and Sepideh Firoozkoohi, “ A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of Culture-Specific Items: in English-Persian
Translation of Six of Hemingway’s Works”, World Applied Sciences Journal 7, XII (2009), p. 1576
14
Wenfen Yang, “Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation”,
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, I (January, 2010), p. 77
15
Ibid.
16
Becca Fitzpatrick, Hush, hush. trans. Leinovar Bahfein, (Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House, 2013), p. 125
17
7
happened if the novels are not translated. It is, of course, also related with the quality of the translation. When we read a translation product, we often questioning about whether it is “good” or “not good” and how we can measure the quality of the translation. Therefore, measurement of translation quality must be based on the objective norms. As Nida and Taber and Newmark in their books
postulate that a “good” translation is when it is oriented to the target reader or
hearer of the TL18. Above all, it is because gaining a good quality of translation is the main goal and the target reader should get the prime quality of the translation product.
Furthermore, the translator, even the editor and the publisher, have to pay more attention to what strategy of translation will be applied in the translated text, who will be the target reader, what category of the novel that will be translated— is it for children, young-adult, adult, or etc. As the trend of mix-languages usage which is described above that related to the translation strategies, the translator has to consider and adjust the word preferences or the words choice that will be used. Moreover, the words should be familiar and easy to be understood, so that the translated text will be enjoyable to be read or in other words the text has good readability.
The novel that used in this research, entitled Hush, hush, is categorized as young-adults fantasy novel. It is about a romance between immortal human and fallen angel. This kind of story is a trending theme nowadays; just like the famous Twilight tetralogy (Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn) by Stephanie
18
8
Meyer or The Mortal Instrument series by Cassandra Clare (City of Bones, City of Ashes, City of Glass, City of Fallen Angels, City of Lost Souls). Becca Fitzpatrick, Hush, hush’s author, also makes her works into four series: Hush, hush, Cresendo, Silence, and Finalé. Those four books were all New York Times bestsellers.19
Above all, as what mentioned above that whether a translation is good or not is when it is oriented to the target reader or consumer of the TL. Further, the appropriate translation strategy and the words choice will determine the readability of the translation. It will indicate whether the target readers enjoy the product, familiar with the words in the text and understand it easily or not, because it is obvious that every writer (a novel writer) wants their works will be accepted, enjoyable to be read, widely sold, and become a best-selling product not only in their origin country but also in overseas market. Based on those reasons, the researcher will analyze the impact of the translation strategies application towards the readability of the novel, Hush, hush; whether the novel (translation) is easy to be understood or enjoyable enough to be read or not.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the research will focus on the impact of the translation strategies, domestication and foreignization, regarding the level of readability in the translation of Hush, hush.
19 “About the Author”,
9
C. Research Question
According to the background and focus of study above thus the researcher formulates the research questions as follows:
1. What is the most frequently translation strategy applied by the translator?
2. How are the domestication and foreignization applied in the translation of Hush, hush?
3. How is the impact of domestication and foreignization application to the readability level of domesticated and foreignized items in the translation of Hush,hush?
D. Significance of the Study
The study will be fruitful to the readers and those who intend to do same researches. Furthermore, this study will give contribution to the development of translation, particularly about the impact of the translation strategy (domestication and foreignization) regarding the readability level in novel translation, especially, from English into Indonesian. It may also become a guide to novel translators in producing high-quality translation products.
E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Research
Based on the research questions above, so the aims of this research are: a. To know the most frequently translation strategy applied by the
10
b. To know how the domestication and foreignization are applied in the translation of Hush, hush.
c. To know the impact of domestication and foreignization application to the readability level of the domesticated and foreignized items in the translation of Hush,hush.
2. Method of the research
The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative. Through this method, the researcher will identify domesticated and foreignized items and the impact of domesticating and foreignizing items regarding readability level of the translation.
3. Technique of Data Collecting and Analysis
These following steps are used by the researcher to collect and analyze the data:
a. Reading the novel and its translation at the same time.
b. Classifying all domesticated and foreignized items in the novel translation by analyzing the translation method used.
c. Tabulating the classified data. d. Making a readability questionnaire.
e. Distributing the readability questionnaire to seven informants. The informants are some readers that considered as market or target
readers of the novel. Since the novel’s category is young-adult, so
the informants will be 13 to 25 years old people.
11
g. Analyzing the selected data based on the theories used in this study. h. Making a report of the study.
4. Instrument of The Research
Since the method of this research is qualitative (descriptive), so the researcher herself acts as the main research instrument by doing all the steps of technique of collecting and analyzing the data above. In addition, the judgments from the informants about the readability level will assist the researcher to analyze the data.
5. Unit of Analysis
[image:22.595.142.528.308.733.2]The analysis units of the research are Hush, hush, a novel by Becca Fitzpatrick, its Indonesian translation by Leinovar Bahfein, and also readability measurement data (see Appendix 2A). The details of the novel and its translation can be seen in the table below:
Table 1: Details of the Hush, hush Novel
Language English Indonesian
Title Hush, hush Hush, hush
Writer/Translator Becca Fitzpatrick Leinovar Bahfein
Year of Publication
September 2010 (paperback edition)
January 2013 (third edition)
Publisher Simon & Schuster PT. Ufuk Publishing House
12
6. Time and Place of the Research
13
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Translation
Various statements have been made by the experts to define what translation is. It can be seen in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary that translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.20 Besides, Catford states translation as replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.21 In brief, translation means that stating something, either in written text or spoken material, from one language into another by considering the equivalence of the languages.
Another translation expert, Newmark, postulates that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.22 In line with Newmark, Larson emphasizes on the meaning, as stated here that translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language.23 Meanwhile, according to Nida and Taber “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of
20 A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 752.
21
J.C. Catford, A Lingustic Theory on Translation (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 20.
22
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (New York: Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 5.
23
Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1984), p. 3
14
style”.24
Summarizing the definitions, it can be said that Newmark, Larson, and Nida and Taber agree that translation is about meaning; it is rendering the meaning, transferring the meaning, or reproducing the closest natural of the SL message in terms of meaning and also the style. When the readers of the TT understand what the author of the SL intends in the ST, it means the translation is readable. This is an essential thing in translation.
According to Jakobson, definitions about translation above correspond to „interlingual translation’, for it involves different languages „some other language’; the source and target language. As he distinguishes three categories of
translation below:25
1. intralingual translation, or „rewording’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language’;
2. interlingual translation, or „translation proper’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language’;
3. intersemiotic translation, or „transmutation’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system.
Furthermore, Munday mentions in his book that there are two forms in translation, written and oral. The first is called translation, and the second known as
interpretation,26 and then he explains the term translation has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as
translating).27
From those definitions on the first two paragraphs, it can be concluded that translation, indeed, involves two different languages, the SL and TL. Producing
24
Andy Bayu Nugroho and Johnny Prasetyo, op. cit., p. 4.
25
Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translations Studies (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 4
26
Ibid., p. 5
27
15
equivalence and delivering the meaning correctly are the main issue. Bassnet describes:
what is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted.28
In other words, translation is rewriting, restating, changing, or transferring the text, the message, or the meaning from the SL to TL by attending what the SL writer intends. Moreover, as stated on the first chapter that translation is a communication act, therefore it must produce understanding. The Target Text (TT) readers must understand what the writer means; the message on the Source Text (ST) must be delivered correctly by using the equivalent or the closest words represent the SL in the TL, so the readable translation will be successfully created. B. A Brief Overview about Translation and Culture
When translators do their job, they will be faced not only by two different languages, but also by two different cultural senses within. It is because, as stated in the previous chapter that translation has a relation with culture. They are strongly intertwined. Newmark in Hoed declares that
sebuah teks sumber (TSu) dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor, antara lain, faktor penulis (pemroduksi TSu), norma yang berlaku dalam bahasa sumber (BSu), kebudayaan yang melatari TSu, budaya tulis dan cetak TSu, dan hal yang dibicarakan dalam TSu29(a SL is influenced by some factors as follows: the author (the Source Text (ST) producer), norms in the SL, background culture in the ST, writing and printing format of ST, and the topic/theme discussed in the ST).
28
Susan Bassnet, Translation Studies (New York: Routledge, 2002), p. 12
29
16
There are also some factors influenced the TL text: calon pembaca yang diperkirakan, norma yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran (BSa), kebudayaan yang melatari teks sasaran (Tsa), budaya tulis dan cetak TSa, dan penerjemah30
(the target reader of the Target Text (TT), norms in the TL, background culture in the TT, writing and printing format of the TT, and the translator).
Nida even points out that, “For truly successful translation, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms
of the cultures in which they function.”31
Therefore, the relation between translation and culture should become consideration for the translators to render what is in the ST to the TT carefully; particularly to the cultural text such as literary works; poems, films, plays, prose, novels, lyrics, etc. The message which the target readers of the TT get or feel from it, should be the same way with the reader of the original work acquired. Thus, the translated text readers will understand what the author intended, then the text itself is readable or understandable.
C. Translation Method
Before translating a text, it is important for translators to determine the target readers and the purpose of the text itself, what it is made for. Consequently, the translator will (consciously or not) use the method of translation which appropriate for the target reader and the purpose. In this context, Hoed defines method as prinsip yang mendasari cara kita menerjemahkan yang sudah barang
30
Ibid.
31
17
tentu bermuara pada bentuk (jenis) terjemahannya32(the principle which forming the way we translate, which absolutely ends up in a form (kind) of the translation). According to Newmark’s concept, there are eight methods of translation.
They are divided into two groups; each group consists of four methods. The first four are SL oriented (SL emphasis) and the rest are TL oriented (TL emphasis). Again, he describes those methods in a diagram (namely „V Diagram’) below:
SL Emphasis TL Emphasis
Word-for-word Adaptation
Literal translation Free translation
[image:28.595.120.514.307.482.2]Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation
Figure 1: Translation Methods by Peter Newmark33
The SL emphasis translation methods are represented by word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation. Dalam metode jenis ini, penerjemah berupaya mewujudkan kembali dengan setepat-tepatnya makna kontestual TSu, meskipun dijumpai hambatan sintaksis dan semantis pada TSa (yakni hambatan bentuk dan makna) (In those methods, translators try to recreate the contextual meaning in the SL precisely, though they will be faced by syntactic and semantic obstacles in the TL (the obstacles of form and meaning).34 Those methods above will be explained as follow:
32
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 55
33
Peter Newmark, op. cit., p. 45 34
18
1. Word-for-word Translation
This method is used as a pre-translation process. The purpose is to know the structure of a SL or the meaning of the words in the SL
itself. According to Newmark, “The main use of word-for-word
translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process”.35 For example, when we translate a text from Japanese into Indonesian, it is recommended to use this method, for sentence structure of the Japanese is quite different with Indonesian.
Even though this method is SL emphasis and used in the pre-translation process, if we want to make the pre-translation good; we must rearrange and adjust the sentence structure of the SL to the TL’s, since
we retain the structure of the SL in the translation and just render the meaning of the words. The sentence structure here, for example, is about the order of the subject, verb, or object in the sentence. In some languages the verb or the object comes first before the subject, while such order is not acceptable in the other languages.
2. Literal Translation
Like the previous method above, literal translation can be used in the pre-translation process. When we translate a long and difficult sentence, using this method can be helpful. However, we still need revision for perfection in the translation.
35
19
The difference between word-for-word and literal translation is on the structure of the SL which is already adjusted with the TL’s, but
the words and language style of the SL is remained in the TL. Newmark explains, “The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again
translated singly, out of context”. 36
Again, as word-for-word translation, this is also cannot produce a good translation.
3. Faithful Translation
Faithful translation, in Indonesian is well-known as
Penerjemahan Setia. A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structure.37 Furthermore, Machali states, “Di sini kata-kata yang bermuatan budaya dialihbahasakan, tetapi penyimpangan
dari segi tata bahasa dan pilihan kata masih tetap dibiarkan.” (It
transfers cultural words, but preserves the abnormality of the grammar and the words choice.)38
It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.39 Hence, sometimes the translation is rigid and foreign („strange’). Though the meaning in the translation is
so close (faithful) with the meaning of the original, it still needs adaptation process and modification to fit with the norms of TL.
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid.
38
Rochayah Machali, op. cit., p. 79
39
20
A translator can make some „creativity’ by making new words,
though those words have not completely acceptable yet for the reader or the user of the translation. It is called translationese.40 As Hoed explains,
Dalam penerjemahan setia juga bisa terjadi metafora (dalam penerjemahan teks sastra) atau ungkapan (dalam penerjemahan teks hukum) atau istilah (dalam penerjemahan teks hukum atau teks informatika) diterjemahkan ke dalam BSa meskipun tidak lazim dikenal sehingga menjadi apa yang disebut
“translationese”41
(In faithful translation there might be some metaphors (in literary translation), phrases (in legal translation) or technical terms (in legal document or informatics translation) which are translated into a TL, though they have not being common or well-known yet. This is called as translationese.). Some of translationese that have been accepted become the part of TL vocabularies, e.g. broker/ pialang, bonded zone/ kawasan berikat
(terms of stock exchange in Indonesian).42 4. Semantic Translation
Based on Newmark’s concept, semantic translation is more
flexible than faithful translation. However, it must consider the esthetic value of the SL by compromising the meaning as long as it is still proper. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by neutral words or functional terms, but not by cultural equivalent. For instance, He is a book-worm can be translated into Dia adalah seorang yang suka sekali membaca. The translation can be easily understood,
40
Eugene A. Nida and Charles A. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation
(Leiden: Brill, 1974), p. 124
41
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 57
42
21
even though there is an equivalent idiom of the TL (Dia adalah seorang kutu buku).43
By using this method a translator strongly emphasize in using technical term, keyword, or phrase that must be used in the translation. This is generally used in translating scientific work or legal document, because there are some technical terms which is already defined in the TL and must be translated semantically accurate to avoid misunderstanding.
Based on the V Diagram by Newmark, the TL emphasis methods are represented by adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. Dalam metode kedua (TL emphasis), penerjemah berupaya menghasilkan dampak yang relatif sama dengan yang diharapkan penulis asli terhadap pembaca versi BSu44 (In these methods, the translator tries to produce relatively same influence as the SL writer expects to the ST reader.). They will be explained below.
1. Adaptation
This is the „freest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for
plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved. In contrast, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.45 Adaptation (saduran) translation is more
emphasized in rendering “the content” of the ST message, but the form
43
Rochayah Machali, op. cit., p. 80
44
Ibid., p. 76
45
22
is adjusted to the needs of the TT readers.46 Generally when a plays or drama is adapted into another language, as happened in a fable from French adapted into Indonesian, some elements has been changed such as the animals, the food, which originate from Europe changed into Indonesian; the fox (Rubah) into Mouse deer (Kancil), cheese into
dendeng.47 2. Free Translation
While in the adaptation translation we have to adjust the culture
in the ST to the TL’s, in free translation we do not need to do that.
Newmark describes, “Free translation reproduces the matter without
the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it
is paraphrase much longer than the original….”48
In addition, it is commonly used by the translator just to fulfill the client’s need who just want to know the message in the ST.49
3. Idiomatic Translation
This method reproduce the „message’ of the original but tends
to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where sometimes these do not exist in the original. In other words, as Machali describes, this is intended to create intimacy or familiarity by using idiomatic phrase which does not exist in the original, e.g.
ST: “Mari minum bir sama-sama; saya yang bayar.” (Indonesian)
TT: “I’llshout you a beer.” (Australian English) idiomatic
46
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 56
47
Ibid.
48
Peter Newmark, op. cit., p. 46
49
23
TT: “Let me buy you a beer.” (Alternative version) semantic50
4. Communicative Translation
We can use this method if we emphasize on the message, but without trying to translate it freely. This is commonly used in translating brochures, announcements, and popular written texts.51 Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.52 Moreover, this method concerns in the principles of communication; the readership and the purpose of the translation itself.53
Hoed has simplification of translation methods by Newmark. Hoed explains this simplification is for giving a way to a translator to choose the appropriate method related to the target reader and purposes of the translation.54 He describes it in a line as follows:
[Kebudayaan]Bsu----M1----M2----M3----M4----M5----M6----Bsa[Kebudayaan] ([Culture] SL----M1----M2----M3----M4----M5----M6----TL [Cuture])
Keterangan (Explanation):
M1: metode “eksotis”. (“Exotic” method)
M2: metode pinjaman kutural. (Cultural borrowing method) M3: metodecalque. (Calque method)
M4: metode [penerjemahan] komunikatif. (Communicative method) M5: metode [penerjemahan] idiomatis. (Idiomatic method)
[image:34.595.115.516.312.489.2]M6: metode adaptasi. (Adaptation method)
Figure 2: Simplification of Translation Methods by Benny Hoedoro Hoed55
50
Rochayah Machali, op. cit., p. 82
51
Ibid., p. 58
52
Peter Newmark, op. cit., p. 47
53
Rochayah Machali, op. cit., p. 83
54
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 59
55
24
Based on the distance between the methods and the language orientation, the first method, M1, is the nearest to SL culture and the last, M6, is the closest to the TL culture. This figure below is the description between translation method by Newmark and its simplification by Hoed (illustrated by the researcher):
[image:35.595.115.534.231.476.2]Newmark’s Hoed’s
Figure 3: Description of relation between Newmark’s method and its simplification by Hoed
(illustrated by the researcher)
According to Hoed, metode “eksotis” above is equal to, or in line with, faithful translation by Newmark. Metode pinjaman kultural can be included to the semantic translation and equal to faithful translation. Metode calque is in line with the faithful translation.
1. M1, Metode “eksotis”
On the figure 2, M1 is the nearest to the SL culture. It is intended to give “exotic” sense in the TT. In addition, it retains the SL culture in the TT. As we can see on the example:
Word for word translation
Literal translation
Faithful translation
Semantic translation
Communicative translation
Idiomatic translation
Free translation
Adaptation
M1: Metode “eksotis”
M2: Metode pinjaman kultural
M3: Metode calque
M6: Metode adaptasi
M5: Metode [penerjemahan] idiomatis
25
a. “May be some bacon and eggs?” Mrs. Henry Rice said
coaxingly.56 (ST)
b. “Mau bacon dan telur?” Kata Nyonya Henry Rice lemah lembut.57(TT)
Retaining bacon and Nyonya (which is not common in Indonesian) in the TT is the result of Metode “eksotis” that is intended to represent culture and foreignness sense in the TT. Moreover, bacon is a dish for breakfast in England, so this is what we can call “exoticism”. This is also happened in translating these words into Indonesian; Camembert
[French], café [French], cappuccino [Italian], and pub [English].58 If those words are retained in the TT or translated by using contextual explanation, for example keju Camembert, this is also Metode
“eksotis” application.
2. M2, Metode pinjaman kultural
This method is used in translating particular terms such as in psychology, philosophy, scientific text, technology, culture, and politics. For example some words in Indonesia: demokrasi (which is originated from Dutch, democratie), bank, jender, or manajemen.59 Those words are adopted from the SL but not just the words. The concept from the SL culture is also included, which is not exist in the TL—Indonesian, before.
56
Ibid., p. 60
57
Ibid.
58
Ibid., p. 61
59
26
3. M3, Metode calque
Metode calque is translating idiomatic phrase from the ST to the TT, though the result still sounds “foreign”. This method is not only about word, but also phrase or sentence which differ it from
metode pinjaman kultural, though they resemble. Therefore, its existence in the TT is more prominent, so the structure or grammatical can be seen distinctly. To describe, some application of this method are appropriate, succeed, while some others are not; which means not acceptable for the TT readers. One of those appropriate (although it is considered as reprehensible for some linguists) can be seen in the language of the news such as, Ditanya mengenai hal itu [Asked about the issue], and Menjawab pertanyaan, Menteri mengatakan…
[Answering the question, the Minister said…], such languages are
often used by journalists.60 That kind of structure or grammar, actually, not belongs to Indonesian.
Metode [penerjemahan] komunikatif emphasizes on the message conveyance and the translation itself is pointed to the acceptable and natural form in the TL.
Metode [penerjemahan] idiomatis and metode adaptasi have the same concepts as Newmark’s. The former is used to translate idiom in the SL into idiom in the TL,
meanwhile the latter is more emphasized in rendering “the content” of the ST message, but the form is adjusted to the needs of the TT readers.
60
27
1. M4, Metode [penerjemahan] komunikatif
The important thing in applying this method is message on the ST is delivered in TT. Moreover, the translation should be acceptable and natural in the TL. In translating phrase like it’s raining cats and dogs into Indonesian, by using this method, will produce Hujan lebat sekali.61 In the same way, when we translate Camembert [one of hundred kinds of French cheese] into keju in Indonesian without explain it further, what kind of cheese it is, for the message is already delivered in the TT that Camembert is cheese.
2. M5, Metode [penerjemahan] idiomatis
Metode [penerjemahan] idiomatis is translating phrases from the SL into phrases in the TL. For example, It’s raining cats and dogs =
Hujan bagaikan dicurahkan dari langit. Additionally, some kind of offensive phrases from movies like Shit!, or Son of a bitch! = Sialan!; Newmark categorized this as idiomatic translation or Metode
[penerjemahan] idiomatic.62 3. M6, Metode adaptasi
In Metode adaptasi or adaptation, culture elements in ST are substituted with culture elements of the TT readers. As we can see in
Lafontaine’s fable (a French author of the 17th century) which is
translated into Indonesian that there are some substitution in the element of the story, the character—fox became kancil that has similar
61
Ibid., p. 64
62
28
characteristic; smart, sly, tricky—and the food, cheese, translated into Indonesian traditional food, dendeng.63 On the example of metode eksotis above that Mrs. Henry Rice is translated into Ibu Henry Rice, and also when Monsieur le Maire is translated into Pak Wali Kota (not
Tuan Wali Kota) which is done by Nh. Dini,64 these translation shows that the translator used „limited’ adaptation. This is not just a translation, but adjustment with culture of the TT readers, both „full’
adaptation and „limited’ adaptation.
Those methods above, particularly the simplification methods by Hoed, will be used to describe, explain, and prove whether the data collected from the object of this research are domesticated or foreignized. The using of simplification methods by Hoed is intended to identify the translation strategies, domestication and foreignization, because the methods are more applicable and suitable with the purpose of this research rather than Newmark’s version. It can be seen from the examples given in the explanation of each method. Furthermore, some of methods in the V Diagram by Newmark are categorized as pre-translation methods— word-for-word, literal translation—that will produce low translation quality. The simplified version by Hoed is equal to only four methods of Newmark—Faithful translation, Communicative translation, Idiomatic translation, and Adaptation.
63
Ibid., p. 65
64
29
D. Translation Strategy
In theory of translation, there is a term namely translation strategy. As the method of the translation, the strategies of translation also emphasize either on the SL or the TL. There are two strategies of translation that will be explained here. They are domestication and foreignization. Both of them are basic translation strategies which provide both linguistic and cultural guidance.65
1. Domestication
Domestication is the strategy which emphasizes on the TL, so that it will be indicated by the application of adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods. Hoed conveys
“. . .bila kita kaitkan dengan Diagram-V dari Newmark,
metode yang dipilih biasanya juga metode yang berorientasi pada bahasa sasaran, dimulai dari adaptasi (yang paling jauh, yakni dari bahasa sumber), kemudian makin mendekati bahasa sumber dengan penerjemahan bebas, penerjemahan idiomatis, dan yang paling jauh dari bahasa sasaran adalah penerjemahan komunikatif.”66 (Related to the V-Diagram by Newmark, the methods chosen are oriented to the TL, they are adaptation translation (the nearest with the TL), next those closer to the SL; free translation and idiomatic translation, and the last, the farthest from TL, communicative translation.)
Moreover, if it is associated with the simplified translation methods by Hoed, it will be indicated by the implementation of M4 or metode
[penerjemahan] komunikatif, M5 or metode [penerjemahan] idiomatic, or M6 as known as metode adaptasi.
65
Wenfen Yang, loc. cit., p. 77
66
30
This strategy is termed by Lawrence Venuti who adapted the concept from a German theologian and philosopher, Friedrich Scheleirmacher. In an 1813 lecture on the different methods of translation,
Scheleirmacher argued that “there are only two. Either the translator leaves
the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the
author towards him”.67 The notion “leaves the author in peace” means
domestication; bring the author back home. As Venuti states “Schleirmacher allowed the translator to choose between a domesticating
method, an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language
cultural values, bringing the author back home. . . .”68
Generally speaking, domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.69 It means making the text recognizable and familiar and thus bringing the foreign culture closer to that of the
readers’.70
Implementation of this strategy can be illustrated in the example below:
1a. ST: The photographer transfers his photos into a CD-ROM.
1b.TT: Fotografer itu memindahkan foto-fotonya ke dalam cakram padat.
67 Lawrence Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation (London &
New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 19-20
68
Ibid., p. 20
69
Wenfen Yang, loc. cit., p. 77
70
31
In 1a the word “CD-ROM” is translated into “cakram padat” which is the
equivalent word of “CD-ROM” in the TT, Indonesian. Apart from the
word “CD-ROM”, or compact disc read-only memory, is already familiar
and widely used by native Indonesian speaker, but in 1b the translator used “cakram padat” as a form of domestication strategy implementation. It can
be seen from the method used in the sentence; that is communicative translation method or metode penerjemahan komunikatif, since the message from the ST is already delivered in the TT without explain the
“CD-ROM” in detail.
2. Foreignization
On the different side, this strategy is indicated by the using of faithful translation and semantic translation (word-for-word and literal translation are used (only) for pre-translation activity as had explained
before); SL emphasis methods. Hoed points out “Ini berarti, jika kita
kaitkan dengan jenis terjemahan menurut Diagram-V Newmark, metode yang digunakan adalah cenderung jenis penerjemahan setia (faithful translation) dan penerjemahan semantik (semantic translation).”71 (This
means, if we relate to the kinds of translation based on Newmark’s V
-Diagram, the methods used are likely lead to faithful and semantic translation). In addition, while domestication is indicated by application of M4, M5, or M6, foreignization is indicated by M1, M2, M3 or metode eksotis, metode pinjaman kultural, and metode calque.
71
32
In the Schleirmacher’s concept, while domestication brings the
author back home; foreignization leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.72 In addition, a foreignizing method is an ethno deviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad.73 Yang explains that foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.74 It means to take the readers to the foreign culture and to make them feel the linguistic and cultural differences.75
To get a clearer description about the relation between the strategy and the method, let’s take a look at this example below:
2a. ST: Martin is serving a pan of pizza with extra mozzarella topping. 2b.TT: Martin menyajikan seporsi piza dengan ekstra keju mozzarella.
The word “piza” in 2b is “pizza” in Indonesian. It shows that metode
pinjaman cultural is applied in this sentence, because it takes a concept from English/Italian to be adopted in Indonesian. It is just like a word in
Indonesia, “demokrasi” that comes originally from a word in Dutch,
“democratie”. Furthermore, “keju mozzarella” presents foreign sense
from the ST as an implementation of metode eksotis by adding contextual explanation that mozzarella is a kind of keju or cheese. It would be
72
Lawrence Venuti, op.cit., p. 20
73
Ibid.
74
Wenfen Yang, loc. cit., p. 77
75
33
different if it is translated to “keju” only, because it eliminates cultural
element from the ST.
E. Readability Level Measurement in the Object of the Study
As the reader of translation product sometimes we do not understand clearly what the text discusses. We might find some strange words, unfamiliar terms, idioms phrases, or a sentence with peculiar structure; which make us read the translation over and over till it made sense. Therefore, the translator should do their job carefully and pay more attention to every elements of the text. In doing so, those probabilities that happened to the readers can be avoided.
Measuring the quality of the translation product closely related to translation’s function as a communication tool between the ST author and the TT reader. Before translating a text, it is important to the translators to determine the target readers and the purpose of the text itself, what it is made for. This is related to which methods and strategies of translation used by the translator. Consequently, the appropriateness of methods and strategies usage will determine the translation quality.
Producing readable translation is one of the main goals in translating. It can be indicated from the reader who understands what the translation product discusses. Based on the research questions, the researcher will find out the readability in the object of the study regarding the identified domesticated and foreignized items.
Readability is a derivative noun from “readable” which means “1 (of a
34
printed words) clear and easy to read.”76
In line with the previous definition, readability or “keterbacaan” (in Indonesian) is defined as “perihal dapat dibacanya teks secara cepat, mudah dipahami dan diingat.”77 (it is about being able to be read rapidly, understandable, and easy to be remembered). To sum up, readability is associated with how well a text is for its reader, whether it is easy to be understood, interesting, enjoyable, can be read or not.
Readability itself is one of the essential things that should be noticed and considered by a translator. As stated by D. Rahadi Notowidigdo78 that he has a principle: if the reader still needs a dictionary to understand my translation, it
means I’m failed. It shows that translators, obviously, must be able to make the
readers get what the author the original text intends.
Now the question is, how do we measure the readability? The researcher
will use Silalahi’s concept as she used in her dissertation. There are two general
factors that influence readability level of a text; first, linguistic elements that used to deliver the message, and the second is reading skill of the readers. The indicator to measure the readability level is the word, phrase, clause, or sentence used can be easily understood by the reader.79 In addition, Nababan states that other factors influence the readability of translation text are the usage of foreign or local words, ambiguous words and sentences, incomplete sentence, and incoherent plot.80
76
A.S. Hornby, op.cit. , p.1097
77
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa
(Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008), p. 110
78
D. Rahadi Notowidigdo is a professional translator and the Chief of Association of Indonesian Translator (Himpunan Penerjemah Indonesia (HPI)) for 2014-2016 term of office.
79
Roswita Silalahi, op.cit., p. 100
80
35
Table 2: Instrumen pengukur Tingkat Keterbacaan Terjemahan81
Skala Definisi Kesimpulan
3 Kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat terjemahan dapat dipahami dengan mudah oleh pembaca.
Tingkat keterbacaan tinggi
2
Pada umumnya terjemahan dapat dipahami oleh pembaca; namun ada beberapa bagian tertentu yang harus dibaca lebih dari satu kali untuk memahami terjemahan.
Tingkat keterbacaan sedang
1 Terjemahan sulit dipahami oleh pembaca. Tingkat keterbacaan rendah
Since the object of this research is a popular novel which categorized as a young-adult, so that the readability level will be measured by the target reader of this novel. It can be people between 13 to 25 years old who considered as those who can represent the potential readers.
81
36
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the researcher describes the findings in the research object;
Hush, hush, a novel by Becca Fitzpatrick and its Indonesian translation (translated by Leinovar Bahfein). The findings of the research are data in which translation strategies by Lawrence Venuti (domestication and foreignization) applied, in the novel translation. The researcher analyzes the translation methods used in the data to classify it as domesticated or foreignized item. The translation methods themselves are postulated by Peter Newmark. The researcher uses its simplified version by Benny Hoedoro Hoed.
Furthermore, based on the research questions, the readability levels of the data are also discussed regarding the application of the translation strategies. The measurement of readability level is based on Roswita Silalahi’s concept in her dissertasion. In this research, the researcher chose seven people to be the informants of the research.
There are two types of data in this research. The first is all data categorized based on the strategy of translation application, domestication and foreignization. The second is the readability questionnaire which is intended to measure the readability level of the first data. The first and the second type of data can be checked in Appendix 1 and 3. From the total of all data in Appendix 1—242 items—there are 114 data categorized as domesticated, while 128 data are
37
foreignized. On Appendix 3, 73,3 % data are considered has high readability level, 21,2% has medium readability level, and the rest 5,5% are in the low level. B. Data Analysis
The most frequently translation strategy applied by the translator is foreignization which is represented by 128 items, while domestication are 114 items. From the tabulated data the researcher takes 10 samples as representative of all data (see Appendix 1). The researcher tries to analyze the selected data by categorizing them based on two types of the translation strategies and based on the readability level using relevance theories. The 10 samples of the data are analyzed as follows:
1) Domestication Sample 1, no. 034
I swallowed discreetly and tried to ignore the queasy tap dance in my stomach.
(ST, page 25)
Diam-diam aku menelan ludah dan berusaha mengabaikan tarian poco-poco yang membuat mual di perutku. (TT, Page 35)
The data above shows the application of M6 or Metode adaptasi by Hoed.
It can be seen from the „tap dance’ phrase which is translated into „tarian
poco-poco’. It means that culture element from the ST is substituted with culture
38
same supposition by adapting the dance name although those dances are such a different kind. It is intended to create familiarity for the readers.
The Target Text (TT) of this data can be understood by almost informants of the research. By applying domestication strategy, it got 2,71429 points of readability on average. Six of seven informants gave 3 points, while one informant gave only 1 point. In other words, it is in a „slightly’ high level because almost all informants understand the data easily, except one of them.
Sample 2, no. 154
“Forget about being a poet,” Vee
said. “I’m destined for stand-up
comedy. Knock, knock.” “What?” I said.
The nurse rolled her eyes. “Who’s there?”
“Crab,” said Vee. “Crab who?”
“Crab your towel, we’re going to the beach!”
(ST, page 158)
“Lupakan karir menjadi penyair,” kata Vee. “Aku ditakdirkan menjadi
pelawak panggung. Tok-tok.”
“Apa?” kataku.
Sang perawat memutar bola matanya.
“Siapa di sana?” “Swedia,” kata Vee. “Swedia apa?”
“Swedia payung sebelum hujan!”
(TT, page 199)
The dialogue among the characters above is about a joke, a “Knock-knock
Jokes”. The character “Vee” tried to play with her best friend “Nora”, the main
character of the novel, and also with a nurse in hospital where she treated. Since this kind of joke contains puns or wordplays, the TT should follow or be made based on this joke’s rules. In the ST the word “crab” is supposed to be “grab”,
39
“prepare” in English), “Sedia payung sebelum hujan!” (You should prepare an
umbrella in case of raining).
From the method used in this sample, the M4 or metode [penerjemahan]
komunikatif, the researcher concludes it as domesticated item. The application of this method is emphasizing on message delivery from the ST to TT. Although on
the translated text we do not find the exact „equivalence’, but the core of the
message can be said successfully delivered.
As the previous data above, domestication strategy application produces medium or middle level of readability. It got 2,28571 points on average. The first three of seven informants gave 3 points, the other three gave 2 points, and one person gave 1 points. It can be said that the translator quite succeed in render the message from the ST. The seven informants, mostly, got the funny sense of the joke in the TT though some of them had to reread the text several times.
Sample 3, no. 155
My doctor is lard-arse. Closely resembles an Oompa Loompa.
(ST, page 158)
Dokter gendut abis. Mirip sekali dengan tambur.
(TT, page 200)
“Oompa Loompa”, a name of a character in the well-known story by
Roald Dahl ”Charlie and
