MODEL OF ECOSYSTEM-BASED
-MANAGEMENT APPROACH IN LOMBOK ISLAND
ERSA HERWINDA
GRADUATE SCHOOL
MODEL OF ECOSYSTEM-BASED
MANAGEMENT APPROACH IN LOMBOK ISLAND
ERSA HERWINDA
A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science
Of Bogor Agricultural University
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATEMENT
I, Ersa Herwinda, here by stated that this thesis entitled:
Model of Ecosystem-Based Management Approach In Lombok Island
are results of my own work during the period of November 2005 until January 2006 and that it has not been published before. The content of the thesis has been examined by the advising committee and the external examiner.
Bogor, November 2006
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are many people I would like to express my appreciations in regard to this study. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Ir. Hatrisari Hardjomidjojo and my co-supervisor Ir. Iwan Setiawan, PM for their guidance, technical comments and visionary thinking through months of my research. I would like to thank to Dr. Yuli Suharnoto and Dr. Vincentius P. Siregar as the examiner of this thesis for their positive ideas and inputs, and also Dr. Tania June as Program Coordinator of MIT.
I would like to thank to SEAMEO-BIOTROP management and staff, and also IPB Postgraduate directorate that support our administration, technical and facility. I would also like to thank our lecturers at MIT and all other IPB lecturers who have taught me the very important knowledge and shared their experience.
I would also like to express my thanks to my colleagues in MIT and BAPPENAS, especially my project-fellow, to those who assisted me by working hand-in-hand to support each other to finish this study right on time and providing valuable materials.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Ersa Herwinda was born in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia at June
sth,
1974. She received her undergraduate diploma fiom Bogor Agricultural University in 1997 in the field of Forestry. From the year of 1997 to 2000, she worked for Eastern Indonesia Development Council. Since 2000 to present, she works as government official at the National Development Planning Agency with her current position as a planner in the Directorate of and Environmental Mairs.ABSTRACT
ERSA HERWINDA (2006). Model of Ecosystem-Based Management Approach in Lombok Island. Under the supervision of HATRISARI HARDJOMIDJOJO and IWAN SETIAWAN.
Over the years, national development approaches in Indonesia is mainly focused on economic dimension. Most of the time these efforts marginalized the ecosystem fitnetion sustainability, which eventually will lead to the degradation of ecosystem quality. Ecosystem management approach focused on the ecological hnction of the natural system, regardless the administrative boundaries. The application of ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Biosphere reserve is one application type of ecosystem management approach which has clearly defined management boundary. On management level, it has zonation pattern for conservation and development.
The objective of this study is to explore a model of ecosystem-based management in Lombok Island. This study is conducted using biosphere reserve approach as the first step in identifling measures for sustainable land use in Lombok Island. The study aim is to explore the possibility to model
an
ecosystem based management approach in the study area.The ecosystem-based approach in this research imitates several human- ecosystem models. Integration of several models is used because there is no exact model in ecosystem-based approach. The similarity lies in the general procedures of delineating zonation. The main procedures involved in this study are multistakeholder forum for ecosystem delimitation, social-economic analysis, conservation value analysis, vulnerability assessment and option evaluation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
...
STATEMENT i
.
...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 11
...
...
CURRICULUM VITAE 111
...
ABSI"I'ACT iv
...
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
...
...
LIST OF TABLE VIII
...
LIST OF FIGURE
.. ...
x...
...
LIST OF APPENDIX XIII
...
.
I INTRODUCTION 1
...
1.1. Background 1
...
1.2. Purpose of the Study 3
...
IL
LITERATURE REVIEW 42.1. Natural Resources and Ecosystem
...
4 2.2. Ecosystem Values, Component and Factors...
8 2.3. Ecosystem Based Management, Biosphere Research and ZonationScheme ... 11
...
2.4. High Conservation Value Area 15
...
2.5. Environmental Modeling 18
...
2.6. Spatial Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment 20 ... ...
2.7. Lombok Ecosystem
.
.
2 4m
.
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
...
27...
3.1. Time and Location 27
...
3.2. Type of data and resources 28
...
3.3. Research Procedures 2 9
...
3.3.1. Preparation 30
...
3.3.2. Local Perspective on Ecosystem 30
...
3.3.3. Social-Economic Value Identification ... .. 3 1
... ...
3.3.4. Bio-Physical Value Identification ... 3 5
...
3.3.5. High Conservation Value Area 3 6
...
3.3.6. Conservation Priority Analysis 3 7
...
3.3.7. Zonation Criteria 3 8
...
3.3.8. Vulnerability Assessment 4 1
... ...
3.3.9. Option Evaluation
.
.
4 6...
...
IV
.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ,., 484.1. Result ... ... 48 4.1.1. Preparation ... 48 4.1.2. Local Perspective on Ecosystem ... 50
...
4.1.3. Social-Economic Analysis 51
...
4.1.5. High Conservation Value Area 5 7
...
4.1.6. Conservation Priority Analysis 59
...
4.1.7. Zonation Scheme 65
...
4.1.8. Vulnerability Assessment 6 6
...
4.1.9. Option Evaluation 8 2
4.2. Discussion ... 83 ...
4.2.1. Preparation 83
...
4.2.2. Local Perspective on Ecosystem 84
4.2.3. Social-Economic Analysis ... 86 ...
4.2.4. Bio-Physical Analysis -91
...
4.2.5. High Conservation Value Area 92
...
4.2.6. Conservation Priority Analysis 9 4
...
4.2.7. Zonation Scheme 120
...
4.2.8. Vulnerability Assessment 125
...
4.2.9. Option Evaluation 160
...
.
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 163
...
5.1. Conclusion 163
...
5 .2 . Recommendation 165
LIST OF TABLE
No Caption Page
1 . Habitat Type and Their Important Role ... 5
... 2 . Factors of Deforestation 9 3 . Human Actions Leading to Wetland Loss ... 1 1 ... . 4 Principle of Ecosystem Approach 12 ... . 5 Comparison of Ecosystem Approach and Biosphere Reserve Concept 14 ... . 6 High Conservation Value Area 16 ... . 7 Protected Area Characteristic 16
...
. 8 Area of West Nusa Tenggara Province by Districthlunicipality 24 ... . 9 Sources and Type of Data 28 ... 10 . High Conservation Value Components 37 ... . 1 1 Components of High Conservation Value Area 38...
. 12 Classification of Zonation and Conservation Priority Type 39...
13.
General Color-Code Classification for Scoring 4 2 ... 14 . Conservation Components Score 43 15.
Combine Score of Tota! Social-Economic Components...
4516
.
Management Option for Combination of Conservation Components and Total Social-Economic Score ... 47...
1 7 . Identification of Social and Economic Factors 52 18 . Data Analysis Result...
53... 19 . Bio-Physical Analysis for Conservation Priority 57 20
.
Analysis of High Conservation Value Area in Global Content within the ... Framework of Indonesia Law and Regulation 58 21 . Area of Conservation Priority Area Type 1 .......
. . . . 5922 . Area of Conservation Priority Area Type 2 ... 60
... 23 . Area of Conservation Priority Area Type 3 61 24 . Area of Conservation Priority Area Type 4 ... 62
25 . Area of Conservation Priority Area Type 5 ... 64
26 . Conservation Priority Area Coverage in Lombok Island ... 65
27 . Area Coverage and Percentage of Each Zone ... 66
28 . Total Area of Each Score in Core Area ... 67
29 . Total Area of Each Score in Buffer Zone ... 68
30 . Coverage of Each Score of Population Density ... 69
... 3 1
.
Coverage of Each Score of Poverty Ratio 70 32 . Coverage of Each Score of Village Revenue ... 7133 . Coverage of Each Social-Economic Score ... 72
....
3 5 . Total Area of Each Combine Score of Core Area and Population Density 73 ...
.
36 Total Area of Each Combine Score of Core Area and Poverty Ratio 74 3 7 . Total Area of Each Combine Score of Core Area and Village Revenue ... 75
...
3 8 . Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Each Social-Economic Components 76 39
.
Total Area of Each Combine Score of Buffer Zone and PopulationDensity ... 77
...
.
40 Total Area of Each Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Poverty Ratio 78
...
4 1 . Total Area of Each Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Village Revenue 79 42 . Combine Score of Core Area and Buffer Zone with Total Social-
Economic Components ... 80 43
.
Total Area of Combine Score of Core Area and Total Social-Economic...
Score 80
44 . Total Area of Each Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Total Social-
...
Economic Score 81
...
.
45 Area Coverage of Each Management Option 82
. ...
46 Data Analysis Result of Normal Distribution 88
...
47
.
Comparative Analysis Result of Each Component to the Average Value 89...
48 . Data Availability for Determining High Conservation Value Area -93
...
49 . Protected Area Criteria for Downstream Protection Function 95 50 . Parameters of Species Habitat ... 97
...
5 1 . Policy Analysis of Forest Patches Measures 98
.
.
. .
...52 . Cnt~cal Ecosystem Cntena 104
53 . Earthquake Area in Lombok Island
...
107 54 . Water Resource and Aqua Culture Criteria ... ... 112 55.
Area of Forest Cover within Watershed ... 115...
56
.
Cultural Use Criteria 118LIST OF FIGURE
No Caption Page
1 . Hierarchical Steps of Landscape Ecological Planning Method
... (LANDEP) (Ru2ieka & Miklos. 1990 in Naveh & Lieberman. 1993) 18 2 . Schematic Presentation of a Regional Socio-Economic Ecological
System Model (Messerli & Messerli, 1978 in Naveh & Lieberman.
1993) ... 20
... . 3 Vulnerability Assessment Process (NOAA
-
CSC. 1999) 22 ....
4 Study Area and Geographic Name (Toponimy) in Map 27 5 Scope of Analysis.
... 296 . Flow of Thinking in Identifying Social-Economic Factors ... 32
. ... 7 Flow Chart of Building Zonation 40 ... 8 . Data Preparation Procedure 49 9 . Result of Multi Stakeholder Forum on Priority Strategies ... 50
... 10 . Road Network I&-astructure 53 1 1 . Data Distribution of Total Population ... 54
... 12
.
Data Distribution of Population Density 54 ... 13 . Data Distribution of Poor Family 55 ... 14 . Data Distribution of Poverty Ratio 55 ... .... 15 . Data Distribution of Village Revenue in Lombok Island ... 56... 16 . Forest Area Above 2000m 59 17 . Forest Area With Slope
L
40% ... 591 8 . Conservation Area Type 1 ... ... 60
19 . Forest Cover 2 50 Ha ... 60
20 . Habitat Corridor ... 60
... 2 1 . Conservation Area Type 2 6 1 22 . Wetlands ... 61
... 23 . Earthquake Area 61 24 . Conservation Area Type 3 ... ... 62
... 25 . Water source Buffer Area 63 ... 26 . Forest in Priority Watershed 63 27 . Aqua Culture Sources Area ... 63
63 28 . Conservation Area Type 4 ... 29 . Conservation Area Type 5 ... 64
30 . Zonation Scheme of Lombok Island ... 65
... 3 1 . Conservation Components Score in Core Area ... ...-- 67
...
34 . Spatial Distribution of Poverty Ratio 70
...
3 5 . Spatial Distribution of Village Revenue 71
36 . Spatial Distribution of Total Social-economic Score ... 72
37 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Core Area and Population ... Density 74 3 8 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Core Area and Poverty Ratio ... 75
39 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Core
Area
and Village ... Revenue 76 40 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Population Density ... 77.... 4 1 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Poverty Ratio 78 42 . spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Village ... Revenue 79 43
.
Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Core Area and Total Social ... Economic Score 81 44 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Score of Buffer Zone and Total Social Economic Score ... 8245 . Standard Deviation (o) Diagram ... 87
46 . Histogram of Population Density Data Distribution to the Average ... Value ... .. 90
47
.
Histogram of Poverty Ratio Data Distribution to the Average Value ... 9048 . Histogram of Village Revenue Data Distribution to the Average Value ... 91
49 . Conservation Priority Area Type 1 and Its Components ... 96
50
.
Conservation Priority Area Type 2 and Its Components ... 1015 1 . Conservation Priority Area Type 3 and Its Components ... 105
52 . Map of Combine Value of Wetland Area and Critical Earthquake Area
...
10853 . Conservation Priority Area Type 4 and Its Components ... 113
54 . Water Source and Settlement Distribution ... 114
55 . Conservation Priority Area Type 5 and Its Components ... 119
56 . Zonation in Lombok Island ... 123
57 . Area Zoning (inset) and Conservation Component Value of Core Area
...
12758 . Area Zoning (inset) and Conservation Component Value of Buffer Zone ... 130
59 . Population Density Score of Lombok Island ...
.
.
.
... 13360 . Spatial Pattern of Population Density, Road Network and Growth Center . . 13 5 6 1 . Poverty Ratio Score of Lombok Island ... 136
62 . Village Revenue Score of Lombok Island ... .. ... 139
63 . Total Social-Economic Score of Lombok Island ... 141
64 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Core-Population Density ... 144
65 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Core-Poverty Ratio ... 147
66 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Core -Village Revenue ... 149
...
.
68 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Buffer Poverty Ratio 153
... 69 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Buffer -Village Revenue 155
.... .
70 Spatial Distribution of Combine Core and Total Social-Economic Score 157 71 . Spatial Distribution of Combine Buffer and Total Social-Economic
LIST OF APPENDIX
No Caption Page
...
1 . List of Data and Data Processing 171
2 . Social Economic Data Analysis ... 173 3 . Total Social-Economic Score, Sum of Village Score ... 175
...
4 . Map o f Zonation Scheme in Lornbok Island 176
5 . Map o f Vulnerability Analysis on Core Area in Lombok Island ... 177
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Over the years, national development in Indonesia is mainly focused on economic dimension. The use of economic dimensions in the planning process is obvious. Most development planning approaches mainly based on economic variable and development.
Macro development planning is development planning in global scale. Economic growth, community and government investment growth, and other global variable are studied within macro planning approach (Bappenas, 2005). This approach takes into account the micro economic variables as the basis to determine the goal and objectives that can be achieved within certain period. Furthermore, sectoral planning approach is conducted to simplie the calculation in achieving the goal and objectives in macro planning. Development planning with regional approach is focused on the location where the activities are carried out. This approach is focused on optimizing the spatial utilization. Micro development planning approach is detail planning in short time period (usually annual:^), of macro, sectoral and regional approach, along with their activities and budgeting details (Bappenas, 2005).
All of the approaches above focused on the economic growth of certain location, usually refers to certain administrative boundaries. There are many efforts to achieve the economic growth. Most of the time these efforts marginalized the ecosystem fbnctioa sustainability, which eventually will lead to the degradation of ecosystem quality.
Current development planning is employed in the form of current land utilization. On the other hand, ecosystem based approach is a concept that globally known but implemented locally in parts, either for its conservation function, development hnction or supportive function. The ecosystem approach does not preclude other management and conservation approaches, such as biosphere reserves, protected areas, and single-species conservation programs, as well as other approaches carried out under existing national policy and legislative frameworks.
-
In order to effectively manage the land, water and the living resources, there need to be clearly defined boundaries for the management unit. Biosphere reserve is one application type of ecosystem management approach which has clearly defined management boundary.Biosphere reserves are sites which established as places to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development at regional scale, based on local community efforts (MAB, 2002). On management level, it has zonation pattern for conservation and development. This zonation includes strictly protected core areas, typically surrounded by buffer zones where conservation is emphasized, but where people also live and work, and the whole is surrounded by a transition area, or area of co-operation, which promotes sustainable development. These zones can be used by the management unit as the basis for spatial planning within certain region. The zonation management is designed with the main hnction to protect the sustainability of the living environment. Therefore, the management type is designed to prevent the increasing damage of the function granted by the environment.
Sometimes, the objective in establishing the conservation area and buffer area has to compromise with the need of human welfare. Thus, the areas are degraded or converted into different land utilization. This phenomena is threatened the existence of the conservation and buffer area, either the existence of its presence in spatial term or of its environmental function.
determine which area still have its origin fknction and which area already utilize as different use.
From the descriptions above we can clearly presume that geographic information is the important characteristic to analyze the phenomena. Geographic information system is used to store and manipulate geographic information, along with its capability to analyze objects and phenomena where geographic location is the critical component to the analysis. Hence, this system is chosen to achieve the goal of this study.
. Lombok is chosen as the study area. It is chosen according to the availability of data andlor information on land and coastal resources. Moreover, Lombok as an Island is an ideal example of one ecosystem unit. It has natural boundary, hnctioning as outer boundary.
1.2. Purpose of the Study
The objective of this study is to build a model of ecosystem-based management in Lombok Island. This study is focused to answer the research questions on:
1. How the ecosystem based management approach can be modeled in Lombok Island;
2. What improvements in management practices, within the present use, are possible to accommodate the ecosystem based approach.
11. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Natural Resources and Ecosystem
Ecosystems sustain life on Earth. They provide vital ecological services by cleaning up and absorbing pollution, protecting coastlines, supplying "wild" food from fish to bush meat, conserving genetic resources needed for crops and pharmaceuticals, maintaining soils and hydrology, pollinating crops and much more.
Ecosystems are important not just from an aesthetic or ethical point of view; they play roles that are crucial to human survival and prosperity. Wetlands purifjr water and assimilate waste. Forests stimulate local rainfall and prevent erosion and floods. Coral reefs and mangroves protect coasts from erosion. In all their variety, ecosystems both constitute and harbor the biological diversity that makes up the stuff of life.
Indonesian biodiversity strategy and action plan recognize four major ecosystems (Bappenas, 2003) which are agro-ecosystem, forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem and marine and coastal ecosystem. According to Harrison & Pearce (2001), there are three major ecosystem types, which are forest ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem and marine ecosystem. While Winpenny (1991) stated eight major habitats, namely the aquatic environment (include oceans, large inland seas and largely enclosed bodies of water, small islands and sensitive coastal system like reefs and beaches), watersheds, tropical rain forests, drylands (includes arid and semi-arid areas with h mean annual rainfall in the range of 300- 1500mm), irrigated lowland farming areas, wetlands (include marine, estuarine, riverine, lacustrine or marsh, bog and swamp), wildlands (include all relatively undisturbed ecosystems, whether terrestrial, or linked to inland water bodies, and coastal or marine areas) and industrial and urban concentrations.
Table 1. Habitat Type and Their Important Role
Environmental Servias
-
Fisheries;-
Biodiversity and wildlife;-
Amenity and recreation.-
Climatic aad atmospheric;-
Watershed effect to presewe stability of slopes, inhibits soil erosion, regulate water flows and moderates downstream deposition andsilting);
-
Local soil protection and conservation of fertiliw,-
Biodiversity and genetic store;-
Life support system for forest dwellers;-
Source of commercial products;-
Ecological links;-
Aesthetic, spiritual and existence value.-
Direct benefit such as crops, livestock, tree products, wood fuel, oil and mined wealth, wildlife and tourism;-
Ecological effects.Major Habitat
The aquatic environment
Watersheds
Tropical rain
forests
Drylands
Vital Environmental Issues
-
Global warming, will lead to sealevel rise, inundated low-lying coastal areas, submerged small islands, increasing storm damage;
-
A fall in sea level in inland seas;-
Pollution in the high sea and coastalwaters;
-
Overexploitation of aquatic resources;-
Small, low-lying islands, coral atollsare at risk h m storms saline intrusion and rising sea level;
-
Reefs and beaches are being lost as a result of dynamiting, pollution, and the excavation of sand;-
Rich biodiversity of the sea, thereefs and wetlaads on its fringes.
-
Watersehed degradation, will lead to soil erosion, increasing water flows and yield, sedimentation;-
Vegetation cover arxd land use change in a watershed, will lead toincreased exposure of the earth to mechanical effects of rain and run- off, greater run-off water, less water retention, the bransportation of sediment.
-
Deforestation, caused bymcontrolled c o m m d logging and pioneer settlement.
[image:20.541.26.474.55.710.2]Major Habitat
Irrigated lowland farming areas
Wetlands
Wildlands
I Inctustrial and
concentrations
Forests are the planet's largest reservoir of biological diversity, containing Vital Environmental Issues
-
Fertility, salinity and water logging;-
Water flow and quality;-
Health;-
Wildlife and genetic diversity;-
Climatic effects.1
-
In-filling with dm expansion, industrial plants, agricultural'
encroachment, dumps for spoil, I refuse and hazardous waste;-
Excavation for source extraction and construction projects;1
-
Changes in hydrology;I
-
Chemical changes (chemicalcontent) of its water intake; 1
-
Biological effects of wetlandsbiomass.
'
-
Geopolitical pressure;-
Demographic pressure;-
Economic pressure.-
Overcrowded;-
Lacking elementary public services;1
-
Air and water pollution;-
Toxic and noxious waste;-
Noise pollution;-
Congestion;1
-
Landslide and subsidence. 1991an estimated half of all the world's plant and animal species. They also play a
Environmental Services
-
ProdM such as fish and shellfish; birds, animal and other wildlife; wood and othertree products; agriculture and livestock; peat as energy mrcq reeds, salt, sand, gravel and other products; water supply and regulation;
-
Coastal protection;-
Wildlife habitat;-
Tourism and recreation;-
Transport;-
Biophysical externalities for fishing;-
Climatic effects.-
Biodiversity;-
Products;-
Function.vital role in maintaining ecological services such as the water and carbon cycles, by storing carbon, conserving soils and generating rainfall (Harrison & Pearce,
Wetland is lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic system, where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is covered by shallow water (Turner, 1988 in Winpenny, 1991). Wetland can be permanent, temporary or seasonal, with static or flowing water, which may be fiesh, brackish or salt. According to the RAMSAR Convention, wetlands area swamp, brackish, peat areas, or other natural or human made water bodies that are flooded with &esh, brackish or salt water, including marine waters whose depth is not more than six meters during low tide. Wetlands also include the edges or river watershed or coastal areas near wetlands and with islands or marine waters whose depth is not more than six meters during low tide, and are located in wetlands. There are two types of wetlands, natural and artificial. Natural wetlands consist of mangrove, peat swamp, fieshwater swamp, sea-grass, coral reef and lakes. Artificial wetlands consist of paddy field, pond and freshwater pond.
Freshwater ecosystem, one of the wetland types, typically have a high concentration of nutrients, making them rich habitats for the many small organisms on which fish and other water life feed, in turn attracting mammals and birds. Many, such as acidic peat land bogs, provide unique ecological niches for wildlife. Humans have damaged wetlands by damming, dyking and canalizing rivers, converting floodplains to aquaculture, planting trees on bogs, draining marshes for agriculture, forestry and urban development and mining them for peat, often with heavy state subsidy. But throughout history, agricultural activity has been the most important single cause of damage, with wetlands, including traditional wet pastures, drained to provide croplands (Harrison & Pearce, 2001).
Watershed is the total land area that drains to some point on a stream or
river (Winpenny, 199 1). Pereira, 1989 (in Winpenny, 199 1) defines catchments area or river basin is the area drained by a river, while watershed is the high ground separating adjacent catchments areas.
vital biodiversity support, direst products, and the range of environmental function support.
2.2. Ecosystem Values, Component and Factors
The demands of rising human populations in many regions are now impacting most of the world's ecosystems. All ecosystems fiom the local to the global are under threat fiom the pressures of human resource extraction and pollutior, driven by population, consumption and technology (Harrison & Pearce, 200 1').
Deforestation results fiom complex socio-economic processes and in many situations it is impossible to isolate a single cause. Deforestation has multiple causes with the particular mix of causes varying fiom place to place. It may be difficult to generalize that one or several facters are the most important. Kaimowitz & Angelsen (1998) has reviewed several model of deforestation. In general, they classified the agents of deforestation into two, which are the direct agents and the underlying causes. The direct agents include physical environment, agricultural price, timber price, wages and off-farm employment, agricultural input price, technology, accessibility, property regime and strategic behavior. The underlying causes include population, income, external debt, trade and structural adjustment, and political factors.
From contradictory opinion during their research, they break down the usually complex set of actions, factors and rationales involved in tropical deforestation into limited number of three aggregate proximate causes (agricultural expansion, wood extraction and expansion of infrastructure), five broad categories of underlying driving forces (demographic, economic, technological, policy/institutional, and cultural/socio-political factors) and three environmental factor (land characteristic, biophysical drivers and social trigger events).
Proximate causes are human activities that that directly affect the Table 2. Factors of
Factors Agricultural expansion Wood extraction Expansion of hfmtructure Demographic Economic Technological Policy/institutional CulturaVsocio-political Land characteristic Biophysical drivers
Social trigger events
Source: Geist & Lambin, 200
environment and thus constitute proximate sources of change (Turner et al, 1990, Deforestation
Variables
-
Shifting cultivation-
Permanent cultivation-
Cattle ranching-
Colonization. transmigration, resettlement-
Commercial wood extraction-
Fuel wood exwction-
Pole wood extraction-
Charcoal production-
Transporthhtmdm-
Market infimtmcture-
P U b l i ~ ~ e ~ c e ~-
Settlement expansion-
Private enterprise ~ t r u c t u r e-
Populationpressure-
Population growth-
Natural increment (fertility, mortality)-
Immigmtion-
Population density-
(Uneven) spatial population distribution-
Life cycle features-
Market growth & commercialization-
Specific economic structures-
Uhank&on& i n d u s t d i d o n-
Special economic parameters-
Agro technological changes-
Technological applications in the wood sector-
Other production factors in agriculture-
Formal policies-
Informal policies @olicy climate)-
Property right regimes-
Public attitudes, values, beliefs-
Individual and household behavior-
Soil related-
Slope & topography related-
Water related-
Vegetation related-
Soil related-
Water related1
-
Vegetation related-
(Civil) war, rebellion, revolution, social unrest & disorder-
Health & economic crisis conditions-
Abrupt (& violent) population displacements (refugee movements)-
Government policy failure1
that directly alter the physical environment). They can be interpreted as more immediate, direct factors, which originate from land use and directly impact upon forest cover. Proximate causes change land cover, create conversion of forest to other cover types, with krther environmental consequences that may ultimately feedback to affect land use.
Underlying driving forces (or social processes) are seemed to be hndamental forces that emphasize the more obvious or proximate causes of tropical deforestation. They can be seen as a complex of social, political, economic, technological and cultural variables that constitute initial conditions in the human-environmental relations that are structural (or systemic) in nature (Geist & Lambin, 2001). It is more difficult to establish clear links between underlying factors and deforestation than between immediate causes and deforestation, since the causal relationship are less direct (Kaimowitz & Angelsen,
1998).
Table 3. Human Actions Leading to Wetland Loss
Flood
Causes plains
Drainage for agriculture, forestry & mosquito + control .
Dredging & canalization for navigation and A flood protection
Filling for solid waste disposal, roads &
commercial, industrial or residential 0 development
Conversion for aquaculture
*
Constmction of dykes, dams and seawall for*
Common & important cause of loss 0 Present but not a major cause of lossAbsent or exceptional Source: Harrison & Pearce, 2001
Rivers Lakes
2.3. Ecosystem Based Management, Biosphere Research and Zonation Scheme
hnctioning unit at any scale. Indeed, the scale of analysis and action should be determined by the problem being addressed.
The ecosystem approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes, fbnctions and interactions among organisms and their environment (CBD Secretariat, 2004). It also recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems. The ecosystem approach is essential as guiding action for the various programs or activities. The recognition of human factor in ecosystem approach reflected in its p~nciple and implementation guidelines, as shown in table below.
Table 4. Principle of Ecosystem Approach
I
activities on adjacent and other ecosystems.Principle 4
1
Recognizing potential gains from management, there is usually a need to PrinciplePrinciple 1
Principle 2 Principle 3
understand and manage the ecosystem in an economic context Any such ecosystem-management program should:
Reduce those market distortions that adversely affect biological diversity; Align incentives to promote biodiversity conservation and sustakble use;
Description
The objectives of management of land, water and living resources are a matter of societal choice.
Management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level.
Ecosystem managers should consider the effects (actual or potectia) of their
1
lnterdize costs and benefits in the eiven ecosvstem to " the extent feasible. Princivle 51
Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintainiecosv
stem services, sh&d be a priority target of the ecosystem approach-
Princi~le 6 1 Ecosvstems must be m a w x d within the limits of their function in^.- . " "
Principle 7 ( The ecosystem approach should be undertaken at the appropriate spatid and
I
temporal scales.Principle 8
I
Recognizing the varying temporal scales and lageffects that characterizeMoreover, parties of the Convention on Biological Diversities agreed that Principle 9
Principle 10
Principle 11
Principle 12
the ecosystem approach requires adaptive management to deal with the complex
ecosystem processes, objectives for ecosystem management should be set for the long term.
Management must recognize that change is inevitable.
The ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity.
The ecosystem approach should consider all forms of relevant information, including scientific and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices.
The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines.
and dynamic nature of ecosystems and the absence of complete knowledge or understanding of their hnctioning (CBD Secretariat 2004). Management must be adaptive in order to be able to respond to uncertainties and contain elements of "learning-by-doing" or research feedback. Management decisions are based on best available science in the context of the precautionary approach. Measures may need to be taken even when some cause-and-effect relationships are not yet hlly established scientifically. These measures initiate different kind of implementation of ecosystem approach.
. Even though ecosystem approach is a central concept, it has proven difficult to define in a simple manner. It is need to be elaborated a workable description and fkther clarification of the ecosystem approach. Biosphere reserves provide some of the best examples of the ecosystem approach in action.
Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use (MAB, 2002). They are internationally recognized, nominated by national governments and remain under sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Biosphere reserves serve in some ways as living laboratories for testing out and demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity. Each biosphere reserve is intended to fulfill three basic functions, which are complementary and mutually reinforcing:
-
A conservation function-
to contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation;-
A development hnction-
to foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable;-
A logistic hnction-
to provide support for research, monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and development.-
A legally constituted core area or areas devoted to long-term protection,according to the conservation objectives of the biosphere reserve, and of sufficient size to meet these objectives;
-
A buffer zone or zones clearly identified and surrounding or contiguous to thecore area or areas, where only activities compatible with the conservation objectives can take place; and
-
An outer transition area where sustainable resource management practices are promoted and developed.Biosphere reserve concepts and applications are described in a statutory framework known as Seville Strategy. A comparison of some key principles of the ecosystem approach and the Seville Strategy provides some evidence of the corresponding objective between ecosystem approach and biosphere reserve, as describe in the table below.
Table 5. Comparison of Ecosystem Approach and Biosphere Reserve Concept
I
Key principle of Ecosystem Approach(
Seville Strategy of Biosphere ReserveI
The objectives of management of land,water and living resources are a matter of societal choice.
Management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level.
%co@ste& XI% be managed within the
All local authorities have to be consulted and approve the nomination; the management of a biosphere reserve should be promoted as a pact
with society as a whole
Support and involvement of local people has to be
secured
for the definition and implementation of management policy and biosphere feserves have to - -be inkgrated into regional pikning
Biosphere reserves should be extended to take into limits of their functioning.
The ecosystem approach should seek the
appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity.
The ecosystem approach should consider all
forms of relevant information, including scientiiic and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices. The ecosystem approach should involve all
relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines.
account fmgmented habitats, thfeatened ecosystems and vulnerable
environments; trans-boundary biosphere reserves should be established
Biosphere reserves constitute a tool for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustaioable use of its components
Information should flow freely among all
concerned; the role of traditional knowledge in sustainable development should be recognized and encouraged
All interested groups should be brought together in a partnership approach to biosphere reserves
Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB, 2002) also emphasize that biosphere reserves should be extended to take into account fragmented habitats, threatened ecosystems and vulnerable environments.
2.4. High Conservation Value Area
The concept of high conservation value forest was developed by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) for use in forest certification in FSC principles (FSC, 1996). High conservation values (HCV) include environmental and social values that are considered to be of outstanding significance or critical importance. High conservation value forests (HCVF) are those forests that contain or are essential to maintaining high conservation values. Depending on the value identified, a high conservation value forest maybe a part of a larger forest management unit or the whole of a forest management unit. This concept is increasingly being used by other initiatives for landscape mapping, conservation and natural resource planning and advocacy. The concept is also being used by companies setting precautionary purchasing policies and in discussions and policies of government agencies.
Almost a11 standard of sustainable forest management contain requirement to protect important habitats for biodiversity, to assure that forest management does not degrade the watershed or erosion protection function of forest and to ensure that forest user are treated in a fair and equitable way. The HCVF concept is based on the idea that, when a forest contains a value that is of outstanding significance
of
critical importance, there need to be extra safeguards to ensure that the value is not being degraded or otherwise negatively affected by management (Jennings et al, 2003).Table 6. High Conservation Value Area
I 1
1
I
T Y P ~I
DescriptionI
I
HCVAl
I
areas containing globally regionally or nationally significant concentration of1
ecological, economic or religious significance identified in &&ration with such local communities)
Source: Forest Stewardship Council, 1996 HCVA2
HCVA3 HCVA4 HCVA5 HCVA6
Law No. 511990 about Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystem biodiversity value, including endemism, endangered species, re-
areas containing globally regionally or nationally significant large landscape level forests, contained within, or containing the management unit, where viable populations of most, if not all, naturally d gspecies exist in natural patterns of distribution and abundance
areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystem areas that are provide basic services of nature in critical situations areas fimdamental to meeting basic needs of local communities
areas critical to local communities' traditional c u l d identity (areas of cultural,
stated that conservation of natural resources and its ecosystem was accomplished through (a) Protection of life support system; (b) Preservation of plant and animal species diversity and its ecosystem; and (c) Sustainable use of natural resources and its ecosystem.
According to Presidential Decree No. 3211990 on Protected Area Management, Government Regulation No. 3 51 199 1 on River and Government Regulation No. 4711997 on National Spatial Plan, there are several areas that would consider as protected area. Each protected area type has its own hnction, objective and criteria as shown in table below.
Table 7. Protected Area Characteristic
Protected Area Objective Criteria
A. Area with protection function for its downstream
Forested area with slope, soil
type and rainfall factors > 175
Forested area with slope 2 40% Q 45%, aocording to Government Regulation No. 2811985)
Forested area with 2000 m altitude
Peat soil with minimum 3 m depth in upstream river or swamp
Protected forest (hutan lindung)
Peat area
To prevent erosion, flood,
sedimentation and protect soil hydrological function, to ensure the availability of important soil component, ground water and surface water.
To control the regional
[image:31.541.30.477.40.785.2]I
Protected AreaI
ObjectiveI
CriteriaI
River buffer Water reservoir area
Lake or dam surrounding
function
To protect rivers from human
1
withinthearea
To ensure adequate M a l l inliltration for ground water and flood control
activities that disturb and damage the river water quality, physical condition of river bank and bottom, and also to safeguard the river water flow
High rainfall intensity High permeability soil s t r u m
Geomorphology capable for massive rainfall infiltration B. Area with local protection function
To protect the lake or dam from cultivation activities that disturb
coastline
Minimum 100 m distance on
Minimum 100 m distance toward the shore along the Coastal buffer
both side for main river in non-urban area
Minimum 50 m distance on both side for small river in non-urban area
Minimum 10 m distance on both side for river in urban
To protect coastal area from
activities that threat the coastal
area
Minimum 50 m distance around lake or dam
cultivation activities that can
damage water quality and physical condition of and around the mine
Spring surrounding
around spring
C. Area for nature sanctuary (suaka alam) and cultural reserve (agar budaya)
Terrestrial and marine nature
I
To conduct research andI
NO data1
the lake or dam function
To protect springs fiom Minimum 200 m distance
No. 351199 1 on River and Government Regulation No. 4711997 on ~ational Spatial Plan
sanctuary (suaka alam darat
& laut): nature reserve (agar aiam) and wildlife reserve (suaka margasatwa)
Mangrove beach area
-
Nature preservation area :
national park (taman
nasional), grand forest park (taman hutan raya) and
nature recreational park (taman wisata alam) Science and cultural reserve (cagar budaya dan ilmu
D. Area with high vulnerability for hazard
Vulnerable area
I
I
No dataSource: Presidential Decree No. 3211 990 on Protected Area Management, Government Regulation development, science, training
and education, eco-tourism and other cultivation-supported activities
To preserve mangrove forest as the habitat of matlgrove ecosystem and marine species seedling ground as well as coastal
protection, sea water abrasion, and other coastal cultivation To conduct research, science,
training and education, culture, eco-tourism activities
pengetahuan)
Minimum 130 times the average difference of the highest and the lowest tide, measures from the lowest tidal line toward the shore
No data
2.5. Environmental Modeling
Recent conceptual and methodological developments of environmental modeling arise in Europe that introduces the term landscape ecosystem. The term landscape ecosystem signifies unifying concept treating landscape as the total living space, interaction system of natural and anthropogenic components. One of the methods used for analyzing the interaction within landscape ecosystem is Landscape Ecological Planning Method (LANDEP). This method
was
introduced in Czechoslovakia as a holistic problem-solving and active intervention of landscape ecologist in the planning and decision making process (Naveh & Lieberman, 1993).I . Wogicaf date on thc ImWaqc
2. Ekotogicai optimization of landsarpc use
I
[image:33.541.53.469.57.757.2]I
Figure 1. Hierarchical Steps of Landscape Ecological Planning Method (LANDEP) (RuZiCka & Miklos, 1990 in Naveh & Lieberman, 1993)
evaluation of the temtory, and a proposal of optimum land uses. LANDEP contains two basic parts as presented in figure above:
1. Landscape ecology data.
These data comprise inventory and assessment of abiotic and biotic components, contemporary landscape structure, ecological phenomena and processes, and effects and consequences of human activities upon the landscape.
2. Ecological optimization of the landscape use.
-
Optimization relies on the landscape ecology data, particularly on ecologically homogeneous spatial units. Spatial units are compared with development needs for a particular temtory. Following the evaluation of the degree of appropriateness of each spatial unit for a particular human activity or land use, a proposal is made on the most suitable locations of the activity in the landscape based on landscape ecology criteria.LANDEP was introduced in Chapter 10 of AGENDA 21 as a recommended method for integrated protection of the natural resources. According to RuiiEka (2000), four methodical principles are necessary to apply by utilizing the LANDEP method: to use all elaborated and available data, critical evaluating the quality and convenience of this data and coordinate its elaborating in time and space. The structure of content and methodical steps of LANDEP method alternate in dependence of the task characteristically the social goals and the characteristic and extent of covered temtory. In two connected parts are divided the content of LANDEP method. In the first are the ecological data of landscape, like scientific synthesis of landscape-ecological characteristic. The second applied part is the ecological optimization of landscape utilization based on scientific synthesis.
land use, consider the structure and location of the forest, proposes a territorial system of ecological stability which preserves the ecological role of the fauna and flora, and divides the area into functional zones.
[image:35.541.42.472.36.784.2]Previous similar approach also conducted by a project in the Swiss Alps that carried out between 1979-1 985 (Naveh & Liebeman, 1993). For the study of these regional alpine systems, a holistic human ecosystem concept was applied, integrating natural and socio-economic components, as shown in figure below.
Figure 2. Schematic Presentation of a Regional Socio-Economic Ecological System Model (Messerli & Messerli, 1978 in Naveh & Lieberman, 1993)
This interdisciplinary land use study focusing on the triangle of economy, ecology and culture. The ecological stability, sustainable productivity, natural diversity and scenic beauty of these landscapes can be ensured only by creating a new balance between man and nature. This balance should be based on qualitative rather than quantitative development and transformation. Thereby, nature and landscape can be protected as a whole.
2.6. Spatial Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment
important or best understood land uses, identify and enter data for a set of the most important or most representative evaluation units, and assure that this evaluation gives reasonable and usehl results (Rossiter, 1994). Then, the model can be made more complex, a wider set of land uses can be modeled, and data can be entered for all evaluation units. This will lead to a final evaluation.
Rossiter (1994) also explain that a physical land evaluation is based only on physical factors that determine whether a land utilization type can be implemented on a land area, and the nature and severity of physical limitations or hazards. An economic land evaluation is based on some economic measure of net benefits, should a given land utilization type be implemented on a given land area. The physical evaluation reveals the nature of limitations and hazards, which is usefbl information to the land manager; however, the economic evaluation reveals the expected economic benefits, which in general drive the decision making process, or at least are a sina qua non for successfU1 land use.
Figure 3. Vulnerability Assessment Process (NOAA
-
CSC, 1999)This project is designed to assist communities in their efforts to reduce hazard vulnerability. The method then developed for a general community-wide vulnerability assessment. In addition to the vulnerability assessment methodology, the use of GIs technology is introduced as a valuable resource for conducting the analysis. Furthermore, a case study in New Hanover County provided the essential demonstration of its applicability to local hazard mitigation planning.
Management of natural resources involves integration and interpretation of such forms of knowledge as simulation results, historical data bases, technical reports and heuristic information. GIs serves as key technology for investigation
of
landscape (Naveh & Lieberman, 1993). Furthermore, Naveh & Liebeman (1993) describe some of the use of GIs technology are predicting consequences of an action being considered, evaluating result of actions that have already been taken, and comparing alternative actions. [image:37.541.116.413.54.264.2]landscape ecological problems, and guidance in the use of the system. GIs permits analysis and representation of quantitative spatial and tabular data, while artificial intelligence provides the means for using qualitative information. The combination of both solves a complex landscape-level problem for which spatially reference data, tabular data, and heuristic knowledge must be integrated.
GIs is a computerized mapping system for capture, storage, management, analysis and display of spatial and descriptive data. There are many studies and projects in natural resource management have used spatial and temporal analysis using GIs. A project with important international implication was issued in 1990 by German National Committee for the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program (Price, 1995). It discusses GIs and its application in MAB projects, ecosystem research and environmental monitoring. MAB research in Germany has comprised one project in the Berchtesgaden Alps of Bavaria (Alpine National Park). The GIs has proved a hnctional tool for research, training, and management in the National Park and the fore-field. The experience gained in Berchtesgaden is being widely applied in other biosphere reserves, including Chiang Bai Shan (China) and Mount Carmel (Israel).
The purpose for developing GIs systems is not only to model natural systems on spatial basis, but also to use those models to understand how site and social interactions give value to a place comprised of natural systems and human, social, economic, and cultural activities (Tosta, 1995). By conceptualizing ecosystems as a place containing objects with attached human values, this new approach moves spatial analysis from having to consider spatially defined areas as
a series o f layers which may or may not schematically relate with one another to
an object-oriented GIs which defines relationships of objects in space.
could handle many data format such as ArcInfo, AutoCad, Satellite Imagery, Aerial Photograph, dBase file, etc, and the analytical tools is appropriate to conduct a geographic modeling and analysis. Moreover, the tools provided in Arc View are sufficient enough to perform a presentation, such as data tabulation, data view, map layout, chart and graphic, and also scripting.
2.7. Lombok Ecosystem
Lombok Island, along with Sumbawa Island and other small islands, is part 'of the territory of West Nusa Tenggara Province. Lombok divided into 4 political jurisdictions, i.e. Kota Mataram (56 km2), West Lombok District (1,649 km2), Central Lombok District (1,428 km2) and East Lombok District (1,606 km2).
Lombok ecosystem is dominated by dry tropical forest, which characterized by its long dry season and limited water supply (low rainfall). According to WCMC study (1997), dry tropical forest in Nusa Tenggara is one of dry habitat remains in Indonesia, which also has the highest priority for conservation. Lombok also has several mountain, namely Rinjani (3,775 m), Mareje (716 m), Timanuk (2,362 m), Nangi (2,330 m), Parigi (1,532 m), Pelawangan (2,638 m), and Baru (2,376m).
This relatively small island is dominated by Rinjani Mountain, which is the highest mountain in Wallacea. That is why Lombok is physically attracted for tourism. Although the lowland and hill area are almost entirely open space, the
Table 8. Area of West Nusa Tenggara Province by District/Municipality
District/Municipality
West Lombok Central Lombok
East Lombok
Sumbawa Dompu Bima
-
Kota Mataram Total ama
Source: West Nusa Tenggm in Figure, 2000 Capital
G e ~ g
pra~a Selong Sumbawa Besar
Dompu Raba Mataram Area 1,649 1,428 1,606 8,493 2,325 4,597 56 20,154
Percentage (%)
middle and upland area of Rinjani Mountain still covered by vast forest cover (Bappenas, 2003). Rinjani is one of places in Nusa Tenggara that hnction as main water reservoir for the whole island.
Tropical forest can support more species of flora and fauna than other ecosystem type in the world. In 1 hectare lowland wet tropical forest can exist 20 times tree species more than temperate forest in Europe within the same extent (Bappenas, 2003). These species live in harmony with many other species of flora and fauna. Ever-green forest is also known as a habitat for many endemic species of flora and fauna. There are many endemic species found in this area. Some Dipterocarpaceae sp were found in Nusa Tenggara. Dipterocarpus retusus is a unique identifier for ever-green forest in Lombok Island. Australian flora such as Casuarina junghuhniana forms a mountain monsoon forest type, especially in new mountain such as Rinjani (Bappenas, 2003). Almost every endemic bird depends on forest as their habitat. Lombok Island has 4 of 21 endemic bird species of West Nusa Tenggara (Coates et al, 2000 in Bappenas, 2003).
A
study conducted by Birdlife Indonesia identified several Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs). One of them is located in Lombok Island. Mammal species in Lombok Island is marked by species richness of bats. Lombok is the only place in Nusa Tenggara which has species of monkey, "trenggiling", deer, wild-cat, two species of blood-bats and squirrel (Kitchener et al, 1990 in Bappenas 2003).Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno and Gili Air in North-West Lombok have exquisite reef formation that attracts tourists. Reef that surrounding these islands form Edge-Reef with 100-400m width. Surveys found that there are 148 species of reef exist in this area, with 60%-80% coverage in good condition. At least 9
out of 12 sea grass species were found in Lombok. In Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno and Gili Air, at least 5 1 species of seaweed found. There are at least 16 species of mangrove in Lombok Island, concentrated around Gili Selat and Gili Lawang.
wetlands, which 7 of them is endangered species listed in CITES and KJCN Red Data Book.
According to Bappenas (2003), despite this unique ecosystem unfortunately Lombok also faces several threats to its biodiversity such as:
-
invasive alien species, caused by slash and burn land management;-
coral reef destruction, caused by equipment that not environmentally friendly such as fish bomb and cyanide;-
over-extraction of rattan caused by un-sustainable extraction method;-
g a h m (scented wood), for its high economic value;-
forest wood exploitation caused by timber concession policy which may cause hrther threat of wood species extinction;-
wild fauna trading, especially bird; and111.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Time and Location
This study was conducted on November 2005 until A u p s t 2006. The Study Area or the research site covers Lombok Island in West Nusa Tenggara Province.
Geographically, Lombok Island is located between 1 I 5'46'- 1 1 6"47' East Longitude and 8"1ZY-8"59' South Latitude. The administrative border lies along the Java SedFlores Sea at the north side, the Indian Ocean at the south side, the Lombok StraitIBali ldand at the west side and the Alas Strait/Sumbawa Island at the east side.
[image:42.538.41.460.23.674.2]~$5- $ 1 6 ~ ' ~ t j - r i , 116.L (16-r ,,*-c
Figure 4. Study Area and Geographic Name (Toponimy) in Map
District (1,606 km2). The total area is approximately 4,739 km2 or 24% of West Nusa Tenggara Province. However, due to spatial data variability, the study area covers 4,559 km2 of Lombok Island. Lombok consists of 3 1 sub district and 350 villages in year 2000.
3.2. Type of data and resources
This study is conducted using biosphere reserve approach mainly based on the criteria of bicsphere reserve concept of Man and Biosphere Program. A set of critefia used is generated from biosphere reserve criteria that applicable in study area. Type of data used in this study mainly spatial data, and supported by tabular and descriptive data. Most of the biophysical data are available in a spatially explicit manner. Social-economic data, in contrary, are generally available by political jurisdiction. Secondary spatial, tabular and descriptive data
was
obtained from various sources such as Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional IBappenas (National Development Planning Agency), Badan Pusat Statistik /BPS (BPS-Statistics Indonesia), Departemen Dalam Negeri @histry of Home Affairs) and other relevant agencies that have been carried out their activities in Lombok Island. The following table outlines sources of data collection.
Table 9. Sources and Type of Data
Main components to conduct the analysis of bio-physic condition are vegetation cover, slope, elevation, vulnerable environment, watershed, and marine resources. The social economic components also take into account, such as land
Category Conservation factors M-astructures Social factors Economic activities
Data Type
Critical species location, impomnt species
concentration, protected forest, primary vegetation area, habitat corridor, forest cover, natural wetland, water
source, watershed, fishery source, aqua culture source, indigenous people habitat, comn~unity forest, traditional
use area, hazard risk area Road network, settlement,
Population, poverty, fuel sources, village location relative to conservation area, critical land, water source, socioculture characteristic
Growth center, village type, income, industrial location, livelihood, forest cover change
Possible Data Source Bappena~, BKTRN, BPS, Depdagri, NGOs, World Bank,
IUCN
Bakosurtanal BPS, Depdagri , NGOs
use, idiastructure, population, poverty, and income. The hardware and software used in this study includes PC Computer (Intel Pentium IV 2,3 GHz,
RAM
256 MB), Arcview version 3.2 and MS Office 2003.3.3. Research Procedures
Based on the zonation scheme as explained in the previous chapter, there are two broad categories of land management to be established within Lombok Island. The categories are core area and development area. Furthermore, within development area consist of buffer area or limited development area and transition area or intense development area. Land utilization must follow the criteria specific to that designation. In order to establish these areas, first of all data
assessment of bio-physical value and social economic value must be performed. The overall flow of analysis is shown in figure below.
Local paspectivc on
priOrityeuy6te-m:
tixeslt w t l d
i
Social-
Social factors:
economic
p o l r o w
Bio-phrjical
value: bui & priority are.: 0 . 4 1 e d 0.G
International guidelines
-
High conservarion
---b value area: HCVAI dd
IfCVA6 Indonesian law &
regulation -
I
-on criteria: core.buffer, tnnritiun
I-
management: b i i
Option evaluation: cnrr (3).
buffff (3)
j Symbol ! -7:
i
[image:44.532.53.462.283.732.2]This study is conducted mostly using spatial analysis methodology and GIs model.
