Innovative Indonesia:
Facing the
Challenges
of the
ｾｮｴｹ＠
First
..entury
.
ｾ
f':,
(
ＬｾｌＮｾＮ
?
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Proceedings of meetings organized on the occasion of the 20th
anniversary of the Indonesian Academy of Sciences
Jakarta, 13 and 22-23 October 2010
EDITORS
Satryo Soen1antri Brodjonegoro
Rika Raffiudin
Ismunandar
Ocky Kama Radjasa
Table of Contents
Forewords
INDONESIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MEETING
Strategies to Address Global Warming
Synergizing Climate Change and Biodiversity Conventions:
A Call for Scientific Innovation
Daniel Murdiyarso
7
The Impacts of Climate Changes on l\'larine Organisms
Jamaluddin Jompa
I X
Impact of Climate Change on Human Health. Specifically Infectious Diseases
A.A. Loedin 26
Strategies for Enhancing Natioll's COlllpetitiveness
.- - , ... ＭＭＭＭｾＬＭＮＮＮＮＮ＠ ..._ .
-A Strategy for Technology Innovation in Indonesia
\l11llamad ｓｾｬｬｵｲｩ＠ Iksari
33
Enhancing National Science and Technology Capacity
SaS\1 ll1adi
47
StmteKies for Enriching People LivillK
'fl1e Role of Universities in Natoinal Development
R Sj:lIlbuhid:lj:11
65
Program Based-Learning as an Inno\ati\c Student Learning in :Yledical Education
Sili (klarini Sri \\'Idod"
7 4
The Forgotten Children: A Waiting Education Prolllieses
\1aylinf! (
Strllteg;esfor Advancing Science Educatioll ami HUlllallities
Science and Technology Literacy: Imperatives for Our National Capacity Building
ｬｬ｡ｬｬｬ｢ｾｬｉｬｦＡ＠ II idaya!
97
Uni\'crsity Autonomy in Indonesia: Progress and Challenges
johannes Ｈｪｵｮｾｉ｜｜Ｌｾｬｬｬ＠ and Salryo Snemantri Brodjol1l't!Oro 106
"Event-and Public Social Science" in Contemporary Indonesia: A ReJlediol1
l\1.A. Yunila Tri\1 ard:lI1i Winarto
I 12
Globalization and Stratcgics in Facing Changing Valucs (Religiolls Perspccti\c)
\hhdah l\luli"
125
Strategies for Building ,Vation's Clwrtlcter lIml Culture
To Fight Against Injustice
l\hmad Syalll \la:1I'11'
141
Building Character and Culture of the Nation
Biodiversity and Sustainable Development
- - - _...
_
..._ - -Bioprospecting of Marine Microbial Symbionts of Reefs Invertebrates
Ocky Kama RadJasa
153
Molecular Approach for Studying Insect Mating and Foraging Behavior
Rika Faffiuding
162
Study on Carbon Cycling in The Indonesian Seas:
Present Status and Future Direction
Alan F. Koropilan
168
Coral Algal Interactions and Herbivore-Nutrient Dynamics:
Management Implications for Degraded CoralReefs in Indonesia
.Iamaluddin Jompa
175
Ferroelectric and Ionic Conductivity in Metal Oxides
Ismunandar
182
ｌｾｬ･＠
Quality and Food Security
Research Into Molecular Aspects of Malaria Pathogenesis
ｒｩｮｬｩｾ＠ Noviyanli, Leily Triaty, Andreas Kusuma and Farah Couln.:r
189
Recombinant Human Interferon Apha 2B:
Development, Formulation and System Delivery
Heny Ra<.:hmawa!i, Debbie Retnoningrum, Ratih Asman;! Ningrul1l,
Dita lIerawatl and Yeye! Cahyati
202
Plant Genetic Improvement Through Fruit Ripening Study in Indonesia
Fenny M. Dwivnnyi
214
Microbial Resource Center and Its Potential Countribution to Provide Food.
Health, and Energy Solution
Puspil<l Lisdiyanti. Yanlyat! Widynsluli, Balllhang Prasety,l und Fndang Sukara
218
Indonesia's Prosperity Through Science and Technology
Claudin Surjadjaja
232
Woment, Sex and the War; Analysis of the Revolutionary Government
of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) Turbulence (1958-1961 )
Rcny Nuryanti
238
(Jreen Ellergy alld Ellvirollment
Chemical and Structure Modifications in the Developmcnt of Functionalizcd Materials
as Renewable Energy Sources
Veinardi Suendo
251
Application of Silver Nanocomposite as an Antimicrobial Fiber
Agus lIaryono and Joddy Arya Laksl1lono
262
Maricultureal Algae for Alternative Sources of Energy
D\\i Susiiangingsih, Theresia Lmi lI,mati. Khnirul Anal1l. Dclida Yunita Ra<.:hlll<ln,
Dian No\erilH Widyaningrum. \1uhammad Sidiq Habihi and Hilda Farida
269
Heterostructure SiiGe/Si Quantoum Dot: Physics and Its Applications
Yudi Danna
278
Appendix
Committees
A-I
Indonesian Academy of Sciences-Meeting Program
B-1
Study on Carbon Cycling in The Indonesian Seas: Present Status and
Future Direction
Ahm F. KoropilUII
Deparlli1C111 (If Marine Sciellce (lnd T('cJlllOlog\' Bugo}" Agricllltliral UlIi\'('rsit\·
Kwnp({s IPH Dar1l1aga Bogo/" 16680 Indollesia ohili @iplule.id
Abstract
Role or the Indonesian seas ill regulating gloh,d climate system has heen investigating intensively. particularly the physical processes and the Indonesian throughflow. However.
little is yet known ahout the Indonesian seas' role in the glohal carhon cycle. III addition.
the gap of knowledge whether the coastal seas act as a source or sink for atmospheric is still relevant for scientil"ic question. This paper aims to evaluate carhon cycling processes in the coastal and open seas in glohal ocean level and to present a preliminary result and future direction for the Indonesian seas study. The fate of organic carhon input from rivers to coastal seas and its transport mechanism from the shallow to deep seas is the main issue in this paper. including vertical mixing as a physical forcing.
Keywords: marine carhon cycle. the Indonesian seas
1.
Background
The role of ocean in ahsorhing and transporting heat that ahle to control climate change has heen progressively investigating since 1980" by several international research institutes. During the period. geochemist and marine hiologist started to consider the role
or
physical processes, particularly modeling material transport in the sea, includingair-sea houndary layer interaction related to atmospheric carhon dioxide hudget. Therefore. it
is possihle to predict the climate change as a ｲ･ｳｰｯｮｾ･＠ of increasing greenhollse gas
concentrations in atmosphere. Concerning with this issue. research on glohal carhon cycle has heen started in US through Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS) program on 1984 and then extended in the international level on 1987 hecame Joint Glohal Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS).
The aims
or
JGOFS as I"ollmv:To determine and understand on a glohal scale the processes controlling the
time-varyi ng fluxes
or
carhon and associated hiogenic clements in the ocean, and toevaluate the related exchanges with the atmosphere. sea
110m.
and continentalboundaries.
To develop a capahility to predil,t on a glohal scale the response of oceanic biogeochemical proces..,cs to anthropogenic perturhations. in particular those related to climate change.
caroon dioxide, The sLaLemellL was oased on the spcculation related with phYloplanklOn ahility ill absorhing atmmpheric carbon dioxide through hiological acti\ity. without \alid scientific data. Thercrore. the research acti\ities arc needed to Je\\:lop carcrully dealing with marine hiogeochemical processes mer the Indonesian seas. including physical forcing that control dynamic or the seas. The dynamic is depended on the specific
characteristic ror particular region. where the Indonesian scas can he divided into 1\\0
regions: shallow seas (small islands and coastal seas affected hy land actl\ities. 11100,tly in the \vestern part) and deep sea (open sea;, in the eastern part and Economic Exclusin; Zone region),
The pn.::"ent paper aims to reYleW a carhon cycle in the coastal and open \eas for the
global ocean as well as preliminary result 1'01' the Indoncsian \eas sLudy. Whal is lacking
in the previous sludies will he also sunlillarifed for the de\'Clopment
or
re"earch in future.2. Carbon cycle study
of the
coastal seasThe L'oastal seas recci,,:: an amount of carbon in organic and inorganic forms through
river di'.charge;" Nutrient supply frolll the rivers contributes also for hiological
productivity, Those riverine inpuh hring an increase of complnity in carhonate system interactions in the coastal seas, Land lise change" due to human activities also affect material supply (including carhon) to the sea. As yet. there is no COl1\ensus on the simple que'.tion noted hy Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) program in its
firq report: Arc the coastal seas carhon sources or sinks 10 the atll1o'.phere') (Kempe.
1l)!)5). Recent studie'. IJa\c made contradicting '.uggestions regarding this que\tion, For
cxample. Macken/ie ('/ 01. ＨｾＨＩＨＩＨＩＩ＠ conL"iudcd tilat the continental margin is a source of
CO, to the atll10sphere in spite of increased invasion of anthropogenic CO e frol1l the
atmosphere. In contra,,!. stutiies by Chen ＨｾＨＩＨＩＭｬＭＩ＠ and Frankignoulle and Borge" ＨｾＨＩＨＩｬＩ＠
suggested that the coastal \cas repre"ent largest sink fluxes,
On the other hand. the role of continental l1lClrgin in the glohal ocean carhon cycle has
been \ynthesifed hy the Continental Margins Task Team. ,1 ｣ＨＩＭｳｰｯｮｾｯｲ＠ of JGOFS-Joilll
Glohal Ocean Flux Study and LOICZ-Lwd Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (Liu et al.. 2()OOl. Their findings deillonstrale L1ut continental margins arc complicated sy:-.tems with highly active physical and biogeochemical processes that affect the glohal carhon
cycle. Within the world oceans. these margins arc likely the most \ulnerablc to
rerlurhalions from human acti\'ities, Continental margin:- arc Illllch more heterogeneous
than the open ocean. '.0 that. continental margin carhon fluxes L'annot he adequately
represented hy coarsely griddee! maps of the current glohal ocean carhon tluxe\,
Of the estimated annual increase of ｾＬｾ＠ Pg C/yr (I Pg
=
lOiS g) oceanic carhon Imentory.-l-WX cnters the ocean \ia continental margins where the t\vo-third hy ri\erine inrUl and the remains hy air-sea exchange. In their estimation. the glohal continental margins sene
as a net weak sink for atl110srheric CO2 (- (1.3 Pg C/yrl, In addition. they estimated that
the glohal continental margins which occupy 12(;f of total area of the global ocean can
production. The continental margins also accounts for 19(;; of net oceanic CO2 uptake
and more than
90Ck
of oceanic denitrification.Although the glohal synthesis of carhon lluxes in continental margllls has heen estahlished, but there are three aspects that should he considered for improvement: air-sea
exchange of COe, cross-shelf export of carhon to the open ocean and river lluxes. Cai et
a!. (2006) suggested another view in estimating the air-sea exchange of ｃｏｾ＠ in the
continental margins using a province hase-synthesis. They found that the mid-high
latitude continental margins serve a net sink (- 0.33 Pg e/yr). hut the low latitude acts as a
source (0.11 Pg C/yr) for the atmospheric CO:,. Therefore, according to their result, the
global continental margins can serve as a net weak of 0.22 Pg C/yr.
The river Iluxes itself is one of the difficulty problems for the glohal carbon cycle since there is no consensus in determining the natural content for carbon riverine input. The
current estimate of the total flux of riverine carhon discharged from land is about O.X Pg
Clyr, of which ..+Ylr is organic W.36 Pg C/yr) and the rest inorganic (Liu et a!., 20(0). On
the other hand, Sabine et a!. (20()"+) suggested that the river !lux of carbon accounts for
1.1 Pg C/ yr. Particularly the organic carbon, Schltinz and Schneider (2000) estimated the
river llux to be 0.43 Pg C/yr where Baul1l et al. (2007) suggested a total Indonesian
riverine DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) export (0 the ocean of 21 Tg Clyr (I Pg = 1((::
g), representing about Yk of the glohal riverine DOC input. Recent observational data of
the Brantas River ｾＭ ranks number 17 among the top 20 rivers that originate at elevations
above 3000 In in Indonesia- shows that the riverine DOC export to the ocean
or
0.2 TgC/yr or totally the riverine carbon input (overall carhon material) is 0.5 Tg Clyr (Aldrian
e( al.. 20(8).
Concerning the cross-shelf export of carbon to (he open ocean. Tsunogai e( a!. (1999) proposed a theory that imply a significant sink of continental shelves or coastal seas for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The authors lIsed measurements of temperature and salinity in the East China Sea during late fall/early winter to demonstrate the existence of down-sloping isopycnals from the surface of the shelf region to the intermediate depths of the open ocean Kuroshio region. They suggest that dense waters formed near shore by rapid winter cooling at the surface are transp0l1ed to the open ocean along the down-sloping
isopycnals. They showed that these waters have high CO:, content because \:ooling
enhances the gas solubility. In other words, the transport of this dense. high CO2 waters
originating from the coastal surface region into the interior of the open ocean represents a net transfer of carhon from the atmosphere to the ocean. Descrihed as the "continental shelf pump" theory, it paves the way for the coastal oceans to playa possibly important role in the glohal ocean carhon budget.
3.
Carbon cycle study of the open seasSahllll' el ;II. (2()()-+) reported thaI the glohal Ol'Can \\<1" nalurall\' a "ource 1m Jtlllosplleric
carhon dioxidl' during pre-illlluslrial l'nt, Since till' industrial revolution, carbon dioxidL' emission;., ha\'l' heen iIlLTc:l"ing year by year. Clohal Carhon Prokct presented that the annual growth 0/ atmospheric carboll dioxide was 1,1-) ppm in 2{)()1-) \\hilc the mean growth rate for thl' las[ 2() years was ahout I,S pPIll per year. Tlli" illLTease hmughl the atmospheric CO, COlll'l,,'!llralioll 10 3XS ppm ill 2()()X, 3W; ;lhll\l' thl' cOl1l'elllr;tlioll al the "tart or the mdustrial I'l'volutioll (ahollt 2XO ppm in 17S()), The prl'Sl'Jl( L'llIlL'l'ntl'aliol1 i" [he highest limi Ilg al least the last 2 Illi II iOIl years, The carhon dio\ ide hdul'l' illdw,lrial cr<l is then called natural carhon and carbon dioxide emissions i .... called anlilropogelliL' carbllll,
(!lohal Carboll PlIljcc! 2(){)7 reported that a total allloullt o/carhon dioxide l'mis"ion" to atlllosphere ｩｾ＠ \), I Pg C/year due to ｲｯ｜Ｎｾ｝Ｑ＠ fuel consumptions and ddorestal]ol1, The rate of carhon dioxide ellli"sions is absorhed by ocean or 26i
/;. terrestrial (rorest) sinks 01 2l)' i
and remain in atmosphere is around ＮＮｦｓＨｾ＠ rrom the total carbon dioxide emissions, III thi.s L'aSl'. the lotal C1nthmpogenic carhon remained in atmosphere has h.... en increasing rrotH ..fOi
/; on I ()()() to prcsent <lL'L'llmulation or ..fYi!, The \ariahility
or
Il'rreslrial sinks is quite sll',lliy, hut the l'ITici .... nc) raIl' of oceall sinks rate has decreased since 1\)60 ulltil pre"l'nl.Part or the declin .... is attribuled to lip to a 3()(;( ､ｬＧｬｔｬＧｾｎＬＧ＠ in Ihe elTiciency of the Slllltilef'll
(k'l'an sink mCl' the last 2() years, TIll' decline is attrihuted 10 the strengthening
or
the winds around Antarctic(l which enhalll'l''' \ elllilation or natural carbon-rich deep \\ alL'r", The slrengthellingur
tlh,' \\!I1Li" is allrihlltcd tll global warming ami the (l/one hole,III g.... llL·ral. the glohal ocean has chang ....d fwnJ it SllU!'l'L' hecan)l' a sink for allllo .... pileric
carbon diox ilk' during i ndu"trial era, TherdorL', the Ol'ean carhon L'YCIe wi II al\\ays change in ordl'l' 10 find a Ilew equilihriulll as a re"pollsl' to incl'casL'd carhon dioxide
･ｬＱＱｩｳｳｩｯｮｾＬ＠ 11ll\\l'\ef'. till' presL'lll ... talUs of global oceallcarholl sinb is a nel condition for
global air-sea carhon dioxide Iluxes, Ta"ahashi cl al. (2()02) on till' other hand Sllll\\l'd lhal lropical ｏｌＧ･｡ｬｬｾ＠ lend to act as a source. hUI suhtropical and temperate regions act as a
sink.
For the Olk'il OL'e ,Ill , Karl l'l al (2()(j I) concluded lilal partial pres"ure of carboll dioxide (fiCO,) at sea surface i" generally 7 palm lower 111<In atmosphere. so thaI the global ocean acl s as a Illai n si n", HO\\L'\l'L fiCO, i;. depended (lll L'llaracteri;;t ic;;
or
pan iL'u"'I'
regions where its \ariahilily is slrong related with marine carbonate system, IICO, plays an il1lporlallt role in regulating the direction of air,sL'a carhon i1uxes. fcely Cl ill. (2()() I)summarized that 11C02 in mix ....d-layer waters that exchang.... CO, dil'l'l'lly with the atlllospher.... is alreeled primarily hy tl'mper<llure, dissoln:d inorganiL' carbon (DIe) ll'\cI" and alkalinity (/\1), \Vhile the wat .... r temperature is regulated hy physical processes, including solar ｬＧｮ･ｲｧｾ＠ input. sea air heat eXl'hanges and mixed layer lhidnes'.. the DIe
and Ai are primarily controlled by the biological procl's'.es
or
photosyntl1l'sis and respiration and by upwelling or subsurface wat .... rs rich in respired CO2 and llutrient:-., In aparcel of se<lv,at .... r with Cllllslallt chemical composition, pC02 would increase hy a factor
1
re:-.ul! of hiological ｰｲｯ｣･ｾｾ･ｳＮ＠ ｔｨｩｾ＠ change should reducepeo:
hy a factor of 4. On a glohal scalc. therefore. the magnitude of the erfect of hiological drawclmvn on surfaceI
waterpeo:
is similar in magnitude to the effect of temperature. hut the t\"O effects arc orten compensating. Accordingly. the distrihution ofpeo:
in surface v,'aters in space and time. and therefore the oceanic uptake and release of CO: . is governed hy a halance hdween the changes in seawater temperature. net hiological utilization of CO: and the upwclling nuxor
suhsurface waters rich in CO •.4.
Preliminary study of carbon cycling in the Indonesian
seas
The Indonesian sca" arc uniquely situated hel\"een t\vo oceans PaL'ific and Indian and two continents Eurasia and Australia. The \'>estern parts of the Indonesian sea>; arc mainly covered hy shallow waters (- 50 m depth) and known as the Sunda shell'. whereas. the eastern parts arc generally deep (> I()()() Ill), Recenti y. there has heen a focus on the Indonesian Throughllow (ITF). \I,hich transports warm waters from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean and as such is responsihk for glohal climate, The Indonesian "cas are also characterized hy relatively high hiological production over the entire year as well liS
high biological diversity, However. little i" yet known about the Indonesian se:b' role in the !:dohal carhon cycle,
Physical I'orcing. particularly \ertical Imxll1g h important not just for physical oceanography hut also for hiogeochemistry as well. sillL'e mixing supplies llutrients and relatively high
peo.
from the ocean interior to the surface ocean. Indeed a physical and hiogeochemicul modeling study or the Java Sea. situated Jl1 the western partor
theIndonesian seas. points to the importance of diapycnal mixing regulating the regional hiogeochemistry (Koropitan and Matsumoto. 20 I 0). The study show,> that the llow pattern in the Java Sea is controlled hy monsoon wind with two rigid patterns or water transport: eastward and westward during northwest monsoon (NWM) and southeast ll1onsoon (SEM). respectively. It is likely therefore that the organic carhon-ridl waters of the Java Sea will joill the sOlllhward-llowing ITF to the east in Makassar Strait and Flores Sea and then he exported to the Indian Ocean via Lomhok Strait. This export would he pronounced during NWM season. This speCUlation is supported hy a recent stwJy of seasonal variation or the ITF water at the outllow straits hused on INSTANT (International Nusantara-Stratificution and Tran<.;port Program) 20()3-2005 surveys (Atmadipoera et
aL
2009). which shows a dominationor
the "fresh layer"' of the Java Sea water:-; in thermocline layer in Omhai and Lomhok Straits (major outflows of lTF).5.
Future directionGiven the gap in knowledge related with ｱｬｬ･ｾｴｩＨＩｮ＠ whether the Indonesian seas aL't ｡ｾ＠ a source or sink and in order to gain a fundamental understanding of the role or phy"iL'al processes in the carhon cyek
or
a tropical coastal selting. future researdl nel'lb to evaluate the following: central hypothesis: Ocean mixing is a primary mechanism or the continental shL'II' pump and dri\er or the carhon !luxes in the Indonesian seas. Se\eral scientific que"tions related with physical amI hiogeockmical processes or the Indonesian seas. including the rollowing:I. How docs haroclinic tide (internal wa\e) interact with local topography and contribute to the continental "hell' pump')
How docs monsoon wind-driVl'n Ekman transport interact with tides and contrihute to the continental shell' pump'?
3. What is the rclat i \e i lllportance or the ph ys ical and biological processes 111 n:gulaling: the Indonesian SL'as carbon budge!'!
4. What is the roll' of Indonesian seas in the glohal continental l11argll1s carboll hudget'!
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