(
Capsicum annuum
L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI A24080068
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI. Yield Evaluation of 17 Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Lines in Bogor, West Java. (Supervised by MUHAMAD SYUKUR and SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH).
This yield evaluation research was done to evaluate and select the
potential new chili pepper line created by the Plant Breeding Program in the
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture of Bogor Agricultural University. The
objectives of this research were to evaluate the variability and yield of 17 new
lines compared to three commercial varieties, and calculate estimated character
broad sense heritability values.
This research had been done from November 2011 until May 2012 in Plant
Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor
Agricultural University (IPB) and Leuwikopo Experimental Station, Dramaga
(6o56’34’’S, 106o72’56’’E). The genetic materials used in this research were 17 open pollinated chili pepper lines and three commercial varieties. The chili peper
lines were IPB 110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a,
IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 110005-91-4-8, IPB
120005-1-1-17, IPB 120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB
009019-3-4-10, IPB 009019-3-4-7, Pesona I-1, Pesona I-2, IPB 2-5-8, IPB
002046-2-14c-14 and IPB 002001-4-3b-5. While the three commercial varieties were
Lembang I, Trisula and Tit Super.
This research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It
used 20 different chili genotypes with three replications, therefore there were 60
experimental units. Analysis of quantitative data was done by using analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett test with α = 5%. Estimated broad sense
heritability value was also calculated to measure the role of genetic factors in the
phenotype.
Result showed that genotype had a very significant influence in almost all
character, except for the variable of total marketable fruit weight per plant and
120005-chili pepper lines that had higher yield than the compared varieties.
All of the quantitative character that were observed had high estimated
broad sense heritability value. This shows that environmental factors were not as
influential as genetic factors in the chili pepper plant phenotype. There are also
characters that had positive and significant correlation with chili pepper plant
height, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, fruit per plant and
(
Capsicum annuum
L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
The undergraduate thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture in Bogor
Agricultural University as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of
Agricultural Science degree
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI A24080068
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
(
Capsicum annuum
L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
Name : FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
NIM : A24080068
Approved by,
First Supervisor
Dr. Muhamad Syukur, SP., MSi NIP. 19720102 200003 1 001
Second Supervisor
Dr. Ir. Syarifah Iis Aisyah, MSc.Agr NIP. 19670318 199103 2 001
Acknowledged by,
Head of Department of Agronomy and Horticulture
Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University
Dr. Ir. Agus Purwito, MSc.Agr NIP. 19611101 198703 1 003
The author was born in Jakarta on March 3 1990. She is the first child out
of two children from Dr. Ir. Anas Dinurrohman Susila, MSi and Ir. Dinarini
Kisworo. She spent her childhood in Bogor, West Java and Gainesville, Florida,
United States of America.
The author finished her elementary studies in Joseph Williams Elementary
School in 2001 and SDN Polisi 4 Bogor in 2002. Then she finished her secondary
studies in SMPN 2 Bogor in 2005 and her upper secondary studies in SMAN 6
Bogor in 2008. The author was enrolled as an undergraduate student in the
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University in
2008 through USMI (Bogor Agricultural University -IPB- student admission
invitation).
During her studies, the author was active in many intra-curricular and
extracurricular student activities. She was active in Agronomy and Horticulture
Student Association (HIMAGRON) and International Association of Students in
Agricultural and Related Sciences (IAAS). The author joined organizing
committee of events such as Department of Agronomy and Horticulture Student
Orientation “ORGANIK 46”, Festival Tanaman XXXI and XXXII, IPB Farmer’s
Field Day and Agronomy & Horticulture STEVIA 2011 Fieldtrip.
The author became course assistant in several classes which are
Agriculture Ecology, Basic Horticulture, Plant Propagation and Genetics for Plant
Breeding. Some of her achievements were 2nd Place Outstanding Student Award in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture in 2011 and being one of the
The author is grateful to Allah SWT for all His blessing so the author can
finish the thesis “Yield Evaluation of 17 Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Lines in Bogor, West Java”. This research is a part of a series of research to
assemble open polinated chili pepper varieties conducted by the chili pepper
breeding team of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Division in the Department of
Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB).
The author would like to thank all those who have assisted in this
undergraduate thesis research:
1. Dr. Muhamad Syukur, SP., MSi and Dr. Ir. Syarifah Iis Aisyah, MSc.Agr
as supervisors who gave support, knowledge, guidance and advice in the
reseach and thesis writting process.
2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sobir, MSi, as an examiner, for the advice and support in
improving this undergraduate thesis.
3. Dr. Ir. Anas Dinurrohman Susila, MSi, Ir. Dinarini Kisworo and Fidelia
Danasworo Putri for the love and support.
4. Almh Prof. Dr. Ir. Sriani Sujiprihati and Almh Dr. Rahmi Yunianti, SP.,
M.Si for all the knowledge, guidance and advice during the research.
5. Prof. Dr. Ir. Munif Ghulamahdi, MS as the author’s academic counselor
for the help during her undergraduate studies.
6. Undang SP., Abdul Hakim SP., Tiara Yudilastari SP., Arya Widura
Ritonga SP., M. Ridha Alfarabi SP., Agus, Ryanda and Mr. Darwa who
have helped during research in the field and laboratory.
7. Arga, Dito, Nisa, Nida, Ika, Tama, Adis, Syhab, Andri, Naili, Elin, Andre,
Wulan, Yudi, Ikhsan, Miftah, Rene, Roby, Disil, Yesy, all the Indigenous
AGH 45 and IAAS family for all the kindness, help and support.
Bogor, October 2012
Page
LIST OF TABLES ... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ... x
LIST OF APPENDIX ... xi
INTRODUCTION ... 1
Background ... 1
Objectives... 2
Hypothesis... 2
LITERATURE REVIEW ... 3
Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)... 3
Breeding of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)... 5
Yield Evaluation... 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS ... 8
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 14
General Condition... 14
Quantitative Character... 15
Qualitative Character... .. 27
Estimated Heritability Value ... 31
Correlation... 33
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 35
Conclusion... 35
Suggestion ... 35
REFERENCES ... 36
Number Page
1. List of 17 chili pepper lines and 3 commercial chili pepper
varieties…...…... 8
2. Analysis of variance for randomized complete block design... 10
3. Quantitative character analysis of variance recapitulation…...…... 16
4. Average days to flowering and days to harvest of chili pepper
genotypes... 18
5. Average plant height, dichotomous height, canopy width and
stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes...……... 19
6. Average fruit weight, fruit length and fruit wall thickness of chili
pepper genotypes... 21
7. Average fruit base, middle and tip diameter of chili pepper
genotypes……... 23
8. Average total marketable fruits per plant and total fruits per plant
of chili pepper genotypes... 25
9. Average total marketable fruits weight per plant, total fruits weight per plant and potential productivity of chili pepper…...…... 26
10. Plant growth habit, leaf shape and leaf color character of chili pepper genotypes... 28
11. Flower characteristic of chili pepper genotypes...……... 29
12. Fruit shape, fruit surface and fruit color of chili pepper genotypes... 30
13. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment, calyx margin and fruit shape
at blossom end of chili pepper genotypes …...…... 31
14. Estimated character heritability value... 32
Number Page
Number Page
1. Character Description... 40
2. Climate data of Dramaga, Bogor, West Java on Januari-May 2012... 41
3. Analysis of variance on day to flowering of chili pepper genotypes.... 41
4. Analysis of variance on day to harvest of chili pepper genotypes... 41
5. Analysis of variance on plant height of chili pepper genotypes... 41
6. Analysis of variance on dichotomous height of chili pepper genotypes... 42
7. Analysis of variance on canopy width of chili pepper genotypes... 42
8. Analysis of variance on stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes... 42
9. Analysis of variance on fruit weight of chili pepper genotypes... 42
10. Analysis of variance on fruit length of chili pepper genotypes... 43
11. Analysis of variance on fruit base diameter of chili pepper genotypes... 43
12. Analysis of variance on fruit middle diameter of chili pepper genotypes... 43
13. Analysis of variance on fruit tip diameter of chili pepper genotypes.. 43
14. Analysis of variance on fruit wall thickness of chili pepper genotypes... 44
15. Analysis of variance on total marketable fruit per plant of chili pepper genotypes... 44
16. Analysis of variance on total fruit per plant of chili pepper genotypes... 44
17. Analysis of variance on total marketable fruit weight per plant of chili pepper genotypes... 44
18. Analysis of variance on total fruit weight per plant of chili pepper genotypes... 45
19. Analysis of variance on productivity of chili pepper genotypes... 45
20. Table of correlation... 46
Number Page
1. Leaf shape...……... 40
2. Plant growth habit... 40
3. Flower position…...…... 40
4. Calyx margin... 40
5. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment...…... 40
6. IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12...……... 47
7. IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4... 48
8. IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a...…... 49
9. IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3... 50
10. IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6... 51
11. IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8...…... 52
12. IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17... 53
13. IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1... 54
14. IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2... 55
15. IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3...…... 56
16. IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7... 57
17. IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 11...…... 58
18. Pesona I – 1... 59
19. Pesona I – 2... 60
20. IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8...…... 61
21. IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14... 62
22. IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5...…... 63
23. Lembang 1... 64
24. Trisula... 65
INTRODUCTION
Background
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of Indonesia’s important
vegetable that has a high economic value. Indonesia Vegetable Crop Research
Center categorizes chili pepper as one of the leading vegetable commodities
(Soetiarso et al., 2011). Most Indonesian consumes it fresh, while some
consumes it in dry or processed form. The average household in Java consumes
chili pepper as much as 2.20 kg/capita/year (Bank of Indonesia, 2007).
In addition, many types of chili pepper are used for food and medicine
materials. Among those industries that use it as raw materials are noodles, bread,
soy sauce, food seasoning and other modern or traditional food industries. The
demand for chili pepper tends to increase from year to year. This is in accordance
with the rising demand that comes from industrial and household needs.
Chili pepper production and productivity in Indonesia fluctuates each year.
According to the Central Bureau of Statistic (2012), chili pepper production in
2009 was 1,378,727 tons and then decreases to 1,328,864 tons. In 2011, chili
pepper production rises to 1,440,214 tons. Productivity also fluctuates from 5.89
tons/ha in 2009, to 5.6 tons/ha in 2010 and 6.07 tons/ha in 2011.
Suharsono et al. (2009) stated that at certain times, chili pepper demand in
the community grows so high that the national production is unable to meet the
increasing demand. It affects the country's economy directly and indirectly in
ways such as the occurrence of inflation as well as an increase in the imports of
chili pepper.
Various efforts in increasing chili pepper productivity should be done to
meet the increasing demand. One of the ways to increase productivity is through
releasing new and improved variety. These varieties are then expected to have
superior characteristic and can be grown in various regions in Indonesia.
Plant breeding is a systematic process in releasing new superior variety.
There are three main activities, which are (1) creating basic population that has a
diverse genetic diversity for character improvement; (2) creating breeding lines as
2
selection. Yield evaluation needs to be done to understand the characteristic of the
new breeding lines.
This yield evaluation research was done to evaluate and select potential
new chili pepper lines created by the Plant Breeding Program in the Department
of Agronomy and Horticulture of Bogor Agricultural University. If a line has
satisfactory result, then it can be recommended for further research. Those lines
are then expected to be developed and become a new chili pepper variety.
Objectives
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the variability and yield of
17 new chili pepper lines compared to three commercial varieties, and estimate
character heritability values.
Hypothesis
1. There were chili pepper lines that have a higher or equal yield compared to
the commercial varieties.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) Botany
Chili pepper is native to tropical and subtropical region in America.
Spanish and Portuguese traders play a role in the spreading of chili peppers all
around the world. It is a part of the Plantae kingdom, Solanales order, Solanaceae
family, Capsicum genus with scientific name Capsicum annuum. Capsicum
annuum is the most widely cultivated species. It includes sweet and spicy fruits
with various shapes and sizes. Some of the most know varieties are var. minima,
var. acuminatum, var. longum, var. abbreviatum, var. cerasiformae dan var.
grossum (Williams et al., 1991).
Chili pepper is a tropical herbaceous perennial plant that is usually grown
as an annual plant. It grows upright with heigth ranging from 0.5 - 1.5 m, has
many branches and has a fully developed strong taproot. It has smooth surface
leaves with various shapes (Rubatzky, 1998). The color of the corolla varies from
white to purple. The fruit color varies and can change colors to red, orange or
yellow as it matures. The shape also varies from linear, conical and round.
Cultivation
Red chili pepper can be cultivated in upland or lowland regions. However
it is best to cultivate in 500-1,200 m above sea level. The average rainfall that is
suitable for chili pepper cultivation is around 600-1,250 mm. It is most suitable to
plant chili pepper in clay soil that has good drainage system (Poulos, 1994). Soil
acidity (pH) for cultivation should range from 6.5-7 (Williams et al., 1991).
According to Williams et al. (1991), the ideal temperature for chili pepper
Plant spacing varies within each cultivar, but it is often used 25,000 until
30,000 plants in each hectare. The common plant spacing is 40-50 cm inside the
row and 70 cm between the rows. Narrow plant spacing can reduce the size of the
fruit but can prevent the fruit from sunburn (Rubatzky, 1998). Chili pepper is
often cultivated in a small scale in Asia. The planting areas that are used are about
0.1-0.5 hectares for agriculture cultivation (Poulos, 1994).
Chili pepper plant is responsive to fertilization. Additional nitrogen
fertilizers are usually added before planting and during the first flowering
(Williams et al., 1991). Soil ameliorant recommendations for this plant are 10-20
ton extra organic materials, 130 kg of N/ha, 80 kg of P/ha and 110 kg of K/ha
(Poulos, 1994). The amount of fertilizers given for chili pepper plant that is
cultivated using drip irrigation and mulch can be up to a dose of 453 kg of N/ha,
207 kg of P2O5/ha and 360 kg of K2O/ha (Alviana and Susila, 2009).
Chili pepper fruit harvesting is affected by genetic factor and environment
factors. One of the genetic factors is days to flowering. According to Sujiprihati et
al. (2010), faster days to flowering can result in a faster harvest time.
Environment factors that affect difference of harvest time are climate and
cultivation technique.
Harvest interval of chili pepper is once every 2-3 days or depending on the
market demand. For yield evaluation, chili pepper fruits should be harvested every
week when the fruit’s color turns red (Berke and Gniffke, 2006),
Pest and disease are factors that cause low productivity. Chili pepper
diseases are caused by fungi, nematodes and virus. The most common disease in
chili pepper producing countries is anthracnose that is caused by Colletotrichum
sp. (Syukur et al., 2010). Virus and plant damage can be caused by pest such as
aphids, mite, thrips and fleas. In addition, physiology factors such as blossom end
rot, salinity and sun overexposure can also cause damage to the plant. Excess of
pesticide also can cause damage to chili pepper plant (Black et al., 1991).
Types of Chili Pepper
Big chili pepper is one of common leading red chili pepper variety. It has a
according to the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (1998) is fruits
that have blunt or pointed fruit tip, thick fruit skin, smooth surface and spicy taste.
Fruit length ranges from 9-14 cm and fruit diameter is up to 17 mm.
Big red chili peppers that are suitable with the producers and the
consumer’s preference are surveyed by Syukur et al. (2010) in Bekasi Cibitung
Market, Jakarta Kramat Jati Main Market and in the farmers. Consumers want big
red chili pepper with spicy taste, smooth surface and thick fruit skin. The shape
resembles Prembun, Tit Super or Hot Beauty variety. The desired length is 10-11
cm with a diameter of 13-15 mm. It has a better yield and faster harvest time than
Jatilaba and Hot Beauty variety.
Curly chili pepper is one of the red chili pepper varieties. A good curly
chili pepper fruit quality according to the National Standardization Agency of
Indonesia (1998) is fruits that have pointed fruit tip, wavy fruit surface, thin fruit
skin and spicy taste. Fruit length ranges from 10-17 cm and fruit diameter is up to
17 mm.
Curly chili peppers that are suitable with the producer and the consumer’s
preference are also surveyed by Syukur et al. (2010) in Bekasi Cibitung Market,
Jakarta Kramat Jati Main Market and in the farmers. Consumers want curly chili
that has spicy taste and a dark red color. The yield is better than 3044 or
LV-3188. The harvest time is short her than LV-3044. The fruit have a slender shape
with length around 11-15 cm and a diameter of 8-10 mm.
Breeding of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Chili pepper breeding is needed to develop superior variety seeds. It is
expected that the new variety has a high yield and resistant to pest and diseases.
According to Greenleaf (1986), objectives in chili pepper breeding are to generate
superior horticultural character, yield improvement and resistance to pest and
diseases. Some of the horticultural characters stated are the days to anthesis or
flowering, shape and size of fruits, fruit quality, taste, pungency and fruit’s color.
However according to Welsh (1981), the main objective of every breeding
Yield evaluation and horticultural characteristic of chili pepper are done
according to the consumer’s desire. Information regarding the need of consumers
can be used as a reference to decide on the breeding target. Williams et al. (1991)
stated that in the tropical countries, chili pepper is often selected based on aroma
than appearance.
Stages in chili pepper plant breeding are collecting germ-plasm and
characterizing, selecting or choosing the suitable breeding lines, breeding line
purification, crossing and evaluating yield. The steps to cross chili pepper flowers
are preparation, castration or removing unused parts, emasculation or removing
the male genitals on the female parents, pollination, isolation and labeling (Syukur
et al., 2012).
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture in Bogor Agricultural
University (IPB) has been generating chili pepper variety since 2003. Some
prospective breeding lines had been evaluated, such as the crossing between IPB
C110 and IPB C5 that resulted in a shorter days to flowering and harvest time
(Ferdiansyah, 2010). The selection process also resulted in a higher yield breeding
line such as breeding line 5 in the crossing between IPB C120 with IPB C5
(Hermawati, 2010). Some lines such as IPB 120005, IPB 009019 and IPB 002046
are also in the first quality category for fruit length variable after being evaluated
in three different locations (Mastaufan, 2011).
Yield Evaluation
Yield evaluation is one of the ways to test genetic material of the
population in further generation. Selected breeding lines need to be evaluated to
see if it correlates with the breeding objective. The chosen lines are then put
through a yield evaluation to test the growth and productivity (Suhartina, 2005).
Field testing is an important part to be conducted by breeders who want to
evaluate breeding lines with commercial variety (Greenleaf, 1986).
Preliminary and further yield evaluations are done in the last stage of plant
breeding process. The number of breeding lines in the preliminary evaluation are
one or multiple locations and seasons. Both evaluations are targeted to evaluate
the plant’s response to uncontrolled environment factors (Yudiwanti, 2008). If
one breeding line has a satisfactory yield evaluation result, then the line can be
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The planting materials used in this research were 17 new open pollinated
chili pepper lines. Those lines were produced by the Department of Agronomy
and Horticulture and came from the crossing of big chili pepper with curly chili
pepper. The three commercial variety used as comparisons were Trisula, Lembang
1 and Tit Super. There were three types of chili pepper used, namely big chili
pepper, semi-curly chili pepper and curly chili pepper. The list of lines and
varieties are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. List of 17 chili pepper lines and 3 commercial chili pepper varieties
No Genotype Information
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 4 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 8 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 - 17 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 10 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 7 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
13 Pesona I – 1 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
14 Pesona I – 2 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line 17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5 Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
18 Lembang I Curly chili pepper from Balitsa Lembang
19 Trisula Big chili pepper from UD Ridwan Tani
Materials used in chili production were planting media, goat manure, urea
(45% N), SP-36 (36% P2O5), KCl (50% K2O), leaf fertilizers (20-15-15) and pearl
NPK (16-16-16). Pesticides used were fungicide with 70% propineb, fungicide
with 80%, mankozeb, insectiside with 50% profenofos, granule insecticide with
3% karbofuran, bactericide with 20% streptomisin sulfate, attractant with 80%
metil eugenol and acariside with 35% dicofol. The tools needed were chili pepper
cultivation tools, plastic mulch, bamboo stick, label, seedlings tray, measuring
tools such as ruler, digital scale and digital caliper, hand sprayer, plastic bags,
digital camera and stationaries.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis
This research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It
used 20 different chili genotypes with three replications; therefore there were 60
experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of a 5 x 1 meter plot with 10
plant sample out of 20 plant population.
The mathematical model used for Randomized Complete Block Design
analysis was :
=
+
+
+
Description :
i = 1, 2, …, 60 j = 1, 2, 3
=
observation on the effect of i chili genotype and j replication=
general mean effect=
effect of i = 1, 2, …, 20 genotype=
effect of j =1, 2, 3 replication=
plot error in i genotype and j replicationAnalysis of quantitative data was done by using analysis of variance
(ANOVA). If result shows differences in the treatment, the Dunnett test was
performed with α = 5%. Analysis of variance was arranged according to Gomes
and Gomez (1995) which is shown in Table 2. Data analysis with SAS 9.1.3 was
Table 2. Analysis of variance for randomized complete block design
Source of Variation
Degrees of Freedom
(df)
Sum of Squares (SS)
Mean Squares
(MS)
Expected Mean Square
F-Value
Corrected Factor 1
Replication (R) r-1 SSR MSR E + R
Genotype (G) g-1 SSG MSG E + G KTG/KTE
Error (r-1)(g-1) SSE MSE E
Estimated broad sense heritability is used to measure the role of genetic
factors in the phenotype. Heritability can give needed genetic information in the
selection process (Ariani et al., 2009). Estimated heritability value can be
classified as low (h2 < 20%), moderate (20% ≤ h2 < 50%) and high (h2 ≥ 50%). Estimated broad sense heritability can be calculated using the equation:
h2bs =
2G
2P x 100%
Genotype variance ( G) and phenotype variance ( P) can be calculated in the
analysis of variance by using:
E =
G=
P = G + E therefore P =
+
Correlation analysis is a analysis to describe the degree of relationship
between two or more variable. Data analysis with Minitab 14 was used to
calculate the correlation between each of the quantitative character.
Field Experiment
This research took place in Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of
Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Leuwikopo
Experimental Station, Dramaga (6o56’34’’S, 106o72’56’’E). This research was conducted from November 2011 until May 2012.
Chili pepper seeds were sown in seedling trays using sterile planting
medium. The media was filled into the tray with holes and two seeds were planted
seedlings handling period. Watering was done twice a day when the media was
dry. Fertilization began when two leaves appeared in the seedlings. It was done by
spraying leaf fertilizers with the dose of 1-2 g/l water each week. Each week, 2 g/l
water insecticide with 50% profenofos and 1 g/l water acariside with 35% dicofol
were applied from the fourth week after sowing. After the sixth week of sowing,
pearl NPK with the dose of 5 g/l water was applied each week.
Land preparation was done two weeks prior to planting. The basic
fertilizers used were goat manure with the dose of 30 tons/ha, urea with the dose
of 200 kg/ha, SP-36 with the dose of 200 kg/ha and KCl with the dose of 150
kg/ha. Beddings with 1 meter width, 5 meter long and 30 cm high were made with
spacing of 50 cm between each bed. Plastic mulch was installed one week prior to
transplanting.
Transplanting in the field was done 8 weeks after sowing. Plant spacing
used were 50 cm x 50 cm. Planting was done by placing one plant in each hole
and adding granule insecticide with 3% karbofuran with dose 1-2 g/plant.
Plantlets were then tied to bamboo sticks to prevent falling. Plant handling in the
field includes replanting, fertilizing, watering, weeding, removing unproductive
branches, controlling pest and diseases. Replanting was conducted one week after
transplanting to plants that died in the field. As much as 10 g/l water of pearl NPK
was applied each week with the dose of 250 ml/plant.
Watering was done every morning and late afternoon. Removing
unproductive branches under dichotomous were done. Manual weeding was done
regularly. Integrated pest control was done using manual and chemical techniques.
Pesticides were applied twice every week.
Harvest was done twice every week when fruit size was at its maximum
size and 75%-100% ripe red. Each genotype had 9 weeks of harvesting period
starting from each genotype’s day of harvest.
Character Observation
Qualitative and quantitative characters were observed. Character
Resource Institute Descriptor for Capsicum (IPGRI, 1995) which has been
adjusted to the purposes for variety release.
Quantitative characters observed :
1. Plant height (cm): measured from the soil surface to the top of the plant
after the second harvest.
2. Dichotomous height (cm): measured from the soil surface to the first
branching after the second harvest.
3. Canopy width (cm): measured from the longest canopy width after the
second harvest.
4. Stem diameter (mm): measured in the middle height of the stem before the
dichotomous after the second harvest.
5. Days to flowering (Days After Planting - DAP): the number of days until
50% of the population have a full blooming flower.
6. Days to harvest (DAP): the number of days until 50% of the population
have the first fruit that are ready to harvest.
7. Fruit length (cm): average length of ten ripe fruits in the second harvest.
8. Fruit diameter (cm): average top, middle and tip diameter of ten ripe fruits
in the second harvest.
9. Fruit wall thickness (mm): average wall thickness of ten ripe fruits in the
second harvest.
10.Fruit weight (g): average fruit weight of ten ripe fruits in the second
harvest.
11.Total fruits per plant: the number of fruits per plant from the first until
ninth harvest.
12.Total marketable fruits per plant: the number of marketable fruits per plant
from the first until the ninth harvest.
13.Total fruits weight per plant (g): total fruit weight per plant from the first
until the ninth harvest.
14.Total marketable fruits weight per plant (g): total marketable fruit weight
per plant from the first until the ninth harvest.
15.Potential productivity (ton/ha): ( %) x total fruit
Qualitative character observed :
1. Leaf shape : observed after the second harvest and categorized into
deltoid, ovate or lanceolate (Appendix figure 1).
2. Leaf color: observed after the second harvest and categorized into yellow,
light green, green, dark green, light purple, purple or variegated.
3. Plant growth habit: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
prostrate, intermediate or erect (Appendix figure 2).
4. Corolla color: observed at flowering time and categorized into white, light
yellow, yellow, yellow-green, purple with white base, white with purple
base, white with purple margin and purple.
5. Anther color: observed at flowering time and categorized into white,
yellow, pale blue, blue and purple.
6. Stigma color: observed at flowering time.
7. Flower position: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
pendant, intermediate or erect (Appendix figure 3).
8. Fruit color at intermediate stage: observed before fruit becomes mature
and categorized into light green, green or dark green.
9. Fruit color at mature stage : observed when fruit becomes mature and
categorized into white, lemon-yellow, pale orange-yellow, orange-yellow,
pale orange, orange, light red, red, dark red, purple, brown or black.
10.Fruit surface: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
smooth, semi-curly or curly.
11.Fruit shape: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
elongate, almost round, triangular, campanulate or blocky.
12.Calyx margin: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
entire, intermediate or dentate (Appendix figure 4).
13.Fruit shape at blossom end: observed after the second harvest and
categorized into pointed, blunt, sunken, or sunken and pointed.
14.Fruit shape at pedicel attachment: observed after the second harvest and
categorized into acute, obtuse, truncate, cordate or lobate (Appendix figure
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
General Condition
This research was divided into nursery and field activities. Seeds were
sown on November 8, 2011 and were transplanted to the field on January 1, 2012.
The seedlings were 8 weeks old when they were transplanted. Overall, the growth
of the seedlings were uniform and in good condition. However, line IPB
110005-91-4-8 was not uniformed when transplanted since only 44.58% of the seeds were
germinated.
Climate data during the research were taken from Dramaga Climatology
Station in Bogor. From January until May 2012, rainfall ranges from 136-548.9
mm. Humidity were around 80-87% and temperatures were around 25.1-26.2°C.
Data is shown in appendix 1. This condition was suitable for chili pepper growth,
even though a high amount of rainfall can affect the state of the flowers.
Plants adapt well in the environment during transplant. Not many plant
died during the process. Seedlings that were not uniformed were the main cause of
plant death at an early stage because relatively small seedlings can not adapt well
in the environment. Replanting was done one and two week after with a total of
48 plants replanted out of a population of 1200 plants. The highest number of
replanting was done to the line IPB 110005-91-4-8 with as much as 11 plants.
Pests found in the nursery and the field were thrips (Thrips sp.), aphids
(Myzus persicae), mite (Tetranyhus innabarinus Boisd), grasshopper (Valanga
sp.), leafworm (Spodoptera litura F.) and fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Thrips
and aphids attacked chili plants in the nursery and in the field. Mite attacked
during nursery period. Symptoms of mite attack were curling in the edge of the
leaves. In addition, heavy attack may cause the bud to turn black and die (Black,
et al., 2010). Grasshopper, leafworm and fruit flies attack was not much in the
early planting stage. However during the end of harvest, fruit flies tend to attach
big red chilis. Pest prevention and control was done by spraying pestiside
regularely and also by putting fly traps and physical barrier.
Diseases that attacked plants in the field were Fusarium wilt (Fusarium
capsici) and mosaic gemini virus. Fusarium wilt and Cercospora leaf spot (Figure
6. A) did not happen much, meanwhile mosaic gemini virus infected plants in the
early stage (Figure 6. B) . It disturbed the plant growth where the infected plants
have a bright yellow leaves that curled upright (Black et al., 2010). If a plant is
heavily infected, it can stun the plant and fruit growth. Prevention and control
were done by removing infected plant at an early stage to decrease the disease
spread.
Figure 6. Plants infected by diseases: A) Cercospora leaf spot, B) mosaic gemini virus, C) fruit infected by antrachnose
Anthracnose (Figure 6. C) had infected many fruits nearing the end of the
harvesting period. This was caused by the increased rainfall. Young and mature
fruits were infected by this disease. To decrease the number of infected fruits,
harvesting were done more often. Also, at the end of the planting period, some
plants underwent calcium deficiency that caused fruits to break open.
Each chili pepper genotypes had nine week of harvest period. Harvest
starts depending on each genotype’s day of harvest. The fastest harvest were IPB
110005-91-17–3, IPB 009019-3-4–7, Trisula and Tit Super which started on
March 9, 2012 and ended on May 3, 2012. Meanwhile the lines that had longest
harvest time were line IPB 110005-91-4–8, IPB 120005-1-1–17, Pesona I-1 and
Pesona I-2 which started on March 29, 2012 and ended on May 23, 2012.
Quantitative Character
The quantitative characters observed were fruit weight, total marketable
fruit weight per plant, fruit weight per plant, stem diameter, fruit base diameter,
fruit middle diameter, fruit tip diameter, total marketable fruit per plant, total fruit
per plant, canopy width, fruit length, fruit wall thickness, dichotomous height,
plant height, productivity, days to flowering and days to harvest.
Analysis of variance recapitulation showed that genotype treatment had a
very significant influence in almost all character, expect for the variable total
marketable fruit weight per plant and fruit length. Genotype treatment only
showed significant influence in total marketable fruit weight per plant and fruit
length (Table 3). Quantitative character analysis of variance is shown in appendix
2-18.
Table 3. Quantitative character analysis of variance recapitulation
No Character
Mean
Squares F-Value
Coefficient of
Variance Probability
1 Days to flowering 10.11 5.41** 5.15 <.0001
2 Days to harvest 64.14 12.61** 3.03 <.0001
3 Plant height 174.24 3.59** 10.57 0.0004
4 Dichotomous height 24.01 10.46** 5.56 <.0001
5 Canopy width 72.49 3.42** 5.24 0.0006
6 Stem diameter 2.34 4.31** 6.70 <.0001
7 Fruit weight 14.99 11.47** 11.56 <.0001
8 Fruit length 2.23 2.15* 8.18 0.0222
9 Fruit base diameter 21.53 13.05** 9.24 <.0001
10 Fruit middle diameter 15.65 12.78** 9.28 <.0001
11 Fruit tip diameter 7.36 14.44** 8.96 <.0001
12 Fruit wall thickness 0.07 3.21** 12.84 0.0011
13 Total marketable fruit
per plant 813.94 8.52** 20.06 <.0001
14 Total fruit per plant 1587.55 9.10** 15.98 <.0001
15 Total marketable fruit
weight per plant 9796.17 2.24* 19.65 0.0167
16 Total fruit weight
per plant 16234.78 2.81** 16.03 0.0032
17 Potential productivity 15.65 2.48** 17.44 0.0085
* and ** significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively.
Coefficient of variance (CV) is a value that showed the level of accuracy
in the compared treatment. The higher the value of CV, the lower the validity
level (Gomez and Gomez, 1995). In this chili pepper yield evaluation research,
caused by the various numbers of fruit per plant that were marketable in each
genotype. Days to harvest character had the lowest CV value of 3.03%.
Days to Flowering and Days to Harvest
Observation of flowering days was done when 50% of the chili pepper
population has at least one full blooming flower. The average flowering days of
the lines ranged from 24-30 days after planting (DAP). The lines IPB
110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a, IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB
120005-5-11–1, IPB 120005-5-11–2, IPB 009019-3-4–10, IPB 009019-3-4–7 and
IPB 002001-4-3b-5 had days to flowering that were not significantly different
with the compared varieties. IPB 110005-91-13-4 and IPB 009019-3-4–7 had the
fastest average day to flowering than the other lines. It was also equal to the
compared varieties flowering days.
Lines IPB 110005-91-4–8, IPB 120005-5-19–3, Pesona I–1, IPB
002046-2-5–8 and IPB 002046-2-14c-14 had longer days to flowering than the compared
varieties. Only IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 120005-1-1-17 and Pesona 1-2 that had
longer day to flowering than Lembang 1, but not significantly different with
Trisula and Tit Super (Table 4).
Observation on the character of harvesting days was done when 50% of
the chili pepper population had a mature fruit that was ready to be picked. The
average day of harvest in the new lines ranged from 67-85 DAP. According to
Valenzuela (2011), chili pepper fruits are ready to harvest at around 65-90 DAP.
The lines IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a, IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB
009019-3-4–7 and IPB 002046-2-5-8 had day of harvest that were not
significantly different than the compared varieties. IPB 009019-3-4–7 had the
fastest average day of harvest out of all the new lines.
Lines IPB 110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 120005-5-11-1, IPB
120005-5-11-2, IPB 009019-3-4–10, IPB 002046-2-14c-14 and IPB
002001-4-3b-5 had a longer day of harvest than Tit Super, but not significantly different from
Lembang 1 and Trisula. Meanwhile IPB 110005-91-4–8 and IPB 120005-5-19-3
had longer day of harvest than Trisula and Tit Super, but not significantly
I-1 and Pesona I-1-2 had the longest day of harvest if compared to the commercial
varieties (Table 4).
Table 4. Average days to flowering and days to harvest of chili pepper genotypes
No Genotype Days to flowering Days to harvest
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12 26 73c
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 4 24 71
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a 26 72
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 – 3 25 70
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 6 28a 75c
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8 30abc 79bc
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17 28a 85abc
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 1 27 74c
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2 27 76c
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3 29abc 77bc
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 10 26 73c
12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7 24 67
13 Pesona I - 1 29abc 81abc
14 Pesona I - 2 28a 81abc
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8 29abc 72
16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14 28abc 73c
17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5 25 74c
18 Lembang I 24 75
19 Trisula 24 72
20 Tit Super 24 67
Numbers followed by the letters a, b and c respectively showed significant difference from Lembang-1, Trisula and Tit Super based on the Dunnett test at level of 5%.
Hakim (2010) stated that days to flowering and days to harvest can
determine chili pepper plant age. Generally, farmers want chili pepper plants that
have a faster flowering and harvesting age because the fruits can be utilized to
commercial use more quickly that the longer age.
Plant Height, Dichotomous Height, Canopy Width and Stem Diameter
The average plant height of the lines ranged from 51.83-78.56 cm. Pesona
I-1 and Pesona I-2 had taller plant height than Trisula and Tit Super, but not
significantly different than Lembang I. The lines IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB
[image:30.595.102.519.185.503.2]and IPB 009019-3-4-10 had taller plant height than only Tit Super, but not
significantly different than Lembang 1 and Trisula. Only IPB 110005-91-17-3 had
the shortest average plant height than other lines. It is shorter than Lembang 1, but
not significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super. The height of eight other
lines was not significantly different with the commercial varieties (Table 5).
Table 5. Average plant height, dichotomous height, canopy width and stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes
No Genotypes
Plant heigth (cm) Dichotomous height (cm) Canopy width (cm) Stem diameter (mm)
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12 67.11 27.47b 89.91 11.05
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 4 68.89c 26.31 88.57 10.81
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a 71.27c 25.32 94.68 11.82a
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3 51.83a 23.75 83.06 9.21
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6 73.78c 26.60 87.47 12.47ac
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 8 60.32 22.38 89.52 11.62a
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 - 17 72.10c 27.18b 94.41 11.46
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1 57.47 26.71 88.52 10.72
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2 67.22 26.53 81.74 11.26
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3 68.15c 27.50b 79.92 11.59
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 10 69.90c 30.07bc 88.94 11.80a
12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7 66.76 30.35bc 89.78 9.54
13 Pesona I - 1 78.56bc 33.33abc 93.38 11.54
14 Pesona I - 2 74.79bc 29.05bc 94.22 12.23ac
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8 65.03 27.68b 92.12 10.71
16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14 66.13 32.76abc 77.46 10.21
17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5 59.44 26.28 82.66 10.85
18 Lembang I 72.00 26.89 88.17 9.79
19 Trisula 56.71 23.15 84.94 10.73
20 Tit Super 50.51 25.27 87.19 10.11
Numbers followed by the letters a, b and c respectively showed significant difference from Lembang-1, Trisula and Tit Super based on the Dunnett test at level of 5%.
The average dichotomous height of the lines ranged from 22.38 - 33.33
cm. Pesona I-1 and IPB 002046-2-14c-14 had the highest dichotomous heigth
than all the compared varieties. The lines IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB 009019-3-4-10
and Pesona I-2 had taller dichotomous height than Trisula and Tit Super but not
significantly different than Lembang I. Lines that had higher dichotomous heigth
and IPB 002046-2-5-8, but not significantly different than Lembang 1 and Tit
Super. The dichotomous height of eight other lines was not significantly different
than the compared varieties (Table 5).
Canopy width of the lines reached an average that ranges from
77.46-94.68 cm. According to analysis of variance, there was very significant influence
by the genotypes for the character of canopy width (Appendix 6). However, when
the Dunnett test was performed, all of the lines were not significantly different
with the three commercial varieties, which were Lembang 1, Trisula and Tit Super
(Table 5).
According to Pradipta (2010), canopy width is one of the factors that
affect chili pepper plant production. The chili pepper fruits are grown in the
branches that form a canopy. The wider the canopy is, the higher the number of
branches that are in the plant. This will result in more fruits produced by a plant.
Stem diameter of the new lines had an average that ranged from
9.21-12.47 mm. Pesona I-2 and IPB 110005-91-4-6 had a bigger stem diameter than
Lembang 1 and Tit Super, but were not significantly different than Trisula. On the
other hand, IPB 110005-91-17-18a, IPB 110005-91-4-8 and IPB 009019-3-4-10
had a bigger stem diameter than Lembang 1, but not significantly different than
Trisula and Tit Super. Twelve other lines had stem diameter that was not
significantly different than the compared commercial varieties (Table 5). Rani and
Singh (2000) stated that stem diameter exhibited maximum direct effect on dry
fruit yield.
Fruit Weight, Fruit Length and Fruit Wall Thickness
The new lines had an average fruit weight that ranged from 6.07-12.99 g.
All of the lines had heavier weight than Lembang 1. Lembang was a curly chili
pepper which had smaller fruit form and weight. In the other hand, the majority of
the lines were crossings from big chili pepper with curly chili pepper, which
resulted in big or semi-curly chili pepper that had a bigger fruit form and higher
weigth.
IPB 110005-91-4-8 and IPB 120005-5-11-2 had smaller fruit weight than
110005-91-17-3 has smaller fruit weight than Trisula and Tit Super. It was a semi-curly pepper
variety that has smaller fruit weight than big chili pepper varieties. While the lines
IPB 91-13-12, IPB 91-13-4, IPB 91-17-18a, IPB
110005-91-4-6, IPB 120005-1-1-17, IPB 120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB
009019-3-4-10, IPB 009019-3-4-7, PesonaI-1, PesonaI-2, IPB 002046-2-5-8, IPB
002046-2-14c-14 and IPB 002001-4-3b-5 had a higher fruit weight than Lembang
1, but not significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super (Table 6).
Table 6. Average fruit weight, fruit length and fruit wall thickness of chili pepper genotypes
No Genotypes Fruit weight
(g)
Fruit length (cm)
Fruit wall thickness (mm)
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 12 11.01a 13.32 1.23a
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4 8.69a 12.51 1.18a
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a 10.35a 12.75 1.21a
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 – 3 6.07bc 13.16 1.04
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 6 9.55a 12.71 1.18a
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8 8.06ab 11.47 0.99b
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17 8.97a 12.34 1.03
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 1 10.76a 13.16 1.27a
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 2 8.49ab 13.18 1.01b
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 – 3 8.72a 12.75 1.25a
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 10 12.99a 13.68a 1.26a
12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7 11.21a 12.68 1.22a
13 Pesona I – 1 11.83a 13.96a 1.14a
14 Pesona I – 2 11.41a 12.74 1.07
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 – 8 11.78a 11.28 1.21a
16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c – 14 11.13a 12.29 1.45a
17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b – 5 11.30a 11.16 1.16a
18 Lembang I 3.45 10.89 0.75
19 Trisula 11.46 11.71 1.39
20 Tit Super 10.62 11.64 1.29
Numbers followed by the letters a, b and c respectively showed significant difference from Lembang-1, Trisula and Tit Super based on the Dunnett test at level of 5%.
The average fruit length of the new lines ranged from 11.16-13.96 cm.
Only Pesona I-1 and IPB 009019-3-4-10 had longer fruit length than Lembang 1,
but not significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super. On the other hand, all
the other 15 lines’ fruit length were not significantly different than the compared
[image:33.595.98.526.271.647.2]According to the Indonesia National Standard made by the National
Standardization Agency of Indonesia (1998), the length of red chili peppers that
are categorized into Quality I are 12-14 cm long. Meanwhile chili pepper that had
fruits with the length of 9-11 cm are categorized into Quality II. In this research,
14 lines which were IPB 13-12, IPB 13-4, IPB
110005-91-17-18a, IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 120005-1-1-17, IPB
120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB 009019-3-4–10,
IPB 009019-3-4–7, Pesona I–1, Pesona I–2 and IPB 002046-2-14c-14 had fruit
lengths that were in the Quality I category.
Fruit wall thickness of the lines had the average that ranged from
0.99-1.45 mm. IPB 110005 -91-17-3, IPB 120005-1-1-17 and Pesona I-2 had fruit wall
thickness that was not significantly different than the three compared varieties.
The lines IPB 110005-91-4-8 and IPB 120005-5-11-2 had smaller fruit wall
thickness than Trisula, but not significantly different than Lembang 1 and Tit
Super. All the other twelve lines had smaller fruit wall thickness than Lembang 1,
but not significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super (Table 6).
Fruit Base, Middle and Tip Diameter
The average fruit base diameter from the evaluated lines ranged from
10.18-17.35 mm. The lines IPB 110005-91-13-4 and IPB 120005-5-11-2 had
bigger fruit base diameter than Lembang 1, but smaller than Trisula and Tit Super.
IPB 110005 -91-17-3 had fruit base diameter that were smaller than Trisula and
Tit Super, but not significantly different than Lembang 1. IPB 110005-91-17-18a,
IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 110005-91-4-8 and IPB 120005-5-19-3 had fruit base
diameter that were not significantly different than Trisula and higher than
Lembang 1, but smaller than Tit Super. Ten other lines had bigger fruit base
diameter than Lembang 1, but were not significantly different than Trisula and Tit
Super (Table 7).
According to Indonesian National Standard, fruits in Quality 1 red chili
pepper category are those having 12-15 mm fruit base diameter. Meanwhile fruits
that has 10-13 mm fruit base diameter are categorized into Quality II (National
120005-5-11–1, IPB 009019-3-4–10 and Pesona I–1 were categorized into
Quality I. Whereas IPB 13–4, IPB 17-18a, IPB
110005-91-17–3, IPB 110005-91-4–6, IPB 110005-91-4–8, IPB 120005-5-11–2 and IPB
120005-5-19–3 were categorized into Quality II. There are six lines, which were
IPB 110005-91-13–12, IPB 009019-3-4–7, Pesona I-2, IPB 002046-2-5–8, IPB
002046-2-14c–14 and IPB 002001-4-3b–5 that had a bigger fruit base diameter
than the Quality I standard.
Table 7. Average fruit base, middle and tip diameter of chili pepper genotypes
No Genotypes Fruit Diameter
Base (mm) Middle (mm) Tip (mm)
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 12 15.37a 12.80ac 8.48a
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4 12.77abc 9.63abc 6.69abc
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a 12.48ac 13.35a 9.53a
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 – 3 10.18bc 8.53bc 5.49bc
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 6 11.50ac 10.22abc 6.97abc
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8 12.87ac 10.93abc 7.05abc
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17 13.37a 11.09abc 7.38abc
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 1 13.82a 11.93ac 7.97ac
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 2 12.94abc 10.15abc 6.64abc
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 – 3 12.42ac 11.02abc 7.36abc
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 10 14.81a 13.23ac 8.94a
12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7 15.93a 12.70ac 8.54a
13 Pesona I – 1 14.16a 12.27ac 8.10ac
14 Pesona I – 2 16.46a 13.95a 9.10a
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 – 8 17.35a 12.58ac 8.80a
16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c – 14 16.23a 11.35abc 7.73abc
17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b – 5 15.46a 15.61a 10.48a
18 Lembang I 11.01 6.68 4.18
19 Trisula 12.80 14.38 9.66
20 Tit Super 15.71 16.00 10.21
Numbers followed by the letters a, b and c respectively showed significant difference from Lembang-1, Trisula and Tit Super based on the Dunnett test at level of 5%.
The fruit middle diameter of the evaluated lines ranged from 8.53-15.61
mm. Lines IPB110005-91-17-18a, Pesona I-2 and IPB002001-4-3b-5 had a higher
middle diameter than Lembang 1 but not significantly different than Trisula and
Tit Super. Meanwhile, IPB 110005-91-13-12, IPB 120005-5-11-1, IPB
not significantly different than Trisula but higher than Lembang 1 and lower than
Tit Super. IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 110005-91-4-8, IPB
120005-1-1-17, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3 and IPB
002046-2-14c-14 had bigger middle diameter than Lembang 1, but lower than Trisula and Tit
Super. Only IPB 110005-91-17-3 have middle diameter that was not significantly
different than Lembang 1, but lower than Trisula and Tit Super (Table 7).
The average of fruit tip diameter in the evaluated lines ranged from
5.49-10.48 mm. IPB 002001-4-3b-5 had the highest average fruit tip diameter out of all
the lines. That line along with IPB 110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-17-18a, IPB
009019-3-4–10, IPB 009019-3-4–7, Pesona I–2 and IPB 002046-2-5-8 had bigger
fruit tip diameter than Lembang 1, but not significantly different than Trisula and
Tit Super. Pesona I-1 and IPB 120005-5-11-1 had higher fruit tip diameter than
Lembang 1 and not significantly different than Trisula, but lower than Tit Super.
Meanwhile IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 110005-91-4-8, IPB
120005-1-1-17, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3 and IPB
002046-2-14c-14 had bigger fruit tip diameter than Lembang 1, but somehow lower than and Tit
Super. IPB 110005-91-17-3 had fruit tip diameter that was not significantly
different than Lembang 1, but lower than Trisula and Tit Super (Table 7).
Almost all the new lines, except for IPB 110005-91-17-3, had bigger fruit
middle and tip diameter than Lembang 1. This happened since IPB
110005-91-17-3 was categorized into semi-curly chili pepper which has fruit size that resembles
curly chili pepper.
Total Marketable Fruits per Plant and Total Fruits per Plant
Marketable fruits are normal chili pepper fruits that are not damaged,
broken or defect caused by physiological factor, mechanical factor, pest and
diseases. The average of the total marketable fruits of the lines ranged from 32-61
fruit per plant. All of the lines had lower marketable fruit per plant than Lembang
1, but not significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super (Table 8).
The average total fruits per plant ranged from 49-107 fruits per plant. All
of the lines had lower total fruits per plant than Lembang 1. IPB 110005-91-17-3,
Trisula and Tit Super. Only line IPB 110005-91-4-8 had higher fruit weight than
Tit Super but not significantly different than Trisula. The other 13 lines evaluated
had the number of total fruit per plant that were not significantly different than
[image:37.595.112.518.219.547.2]Trisula and Tit Super (Table 8).
Table 8. Average total marketable fruits per plant and total fruits per plant of chili pepper genotypes
No Genotypes Total marketable fruits
per plant
Total fruits per plant
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 12 48a 74a
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4 41a 79a
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a 59a 86a
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 – 3 61a 99abc
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 6 54a 89a
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8 50a 96ac
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17 33a 100abc
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 1 56a 76a
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 2 55a 87a
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 – 3 51a 90a
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 10 45a 74a
12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7 32a 49a
13 Pesona I – 1 38a 107abc
14 Pesona I – 2 40a 87a
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 – 8 36a 56a
16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c – 14 35a 60a
17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b – 5 41a 68a
18 Lembang I 108 152
19 Trisula 42 64
20 Tit Super 48 60
Numbers followed by the letters a, b and c respectively showed significant difference from Lembang-1, Trisula and Tit Super based on the Dunnett test at level of 5%.
Fruit production can happen all year depending on the plant’s vigor and
the environment condition (Valenzuela, 2011). Curly chili pepper variety has a
number of fruits that is higher than the number of fruits in the semi-curly or big
variety. Lembang 1, a curly chili pepper variety, had higher number of fruits than
the other new lines and variety which were mostly semi-curly or big chili pepper
Total Marketable Fruit Weight per Plant, Total Fruit Weight per Plant and Potential Productivity
The average total marketable fruit weight per plant out of all the lines
ranged from 207.04-433.29 g per plant. IPB 009019-3-4-10 and IPB
120005-5-11-1 had higher total marketable fruit weight per plant than Lembang 1, but not
significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super. On the other hand, line IPB
120005-1-1-17 total marketable fruit weight per plant was not significantly
different than Lembang 1 and Trisula, but lower than Tit Super. Fourteen other
lines had total marketable fruit weight that is not significantly different than the
compared commercial varieties (Table 9).
Table 9. Average total marketable fruits weight per plant, total fruits weight per plant and potential productivity of chili pepper
No Genotypes
Total marketable fruit weight per plant (g)
Total fruit weight per plant (g)
Potential productivity
(ton/ha)
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 12 394.82 518.59a 15.61
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4 307.63 528.49a 16.57a
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 – 18a 391.86 511.81a 16.04a
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 – 3 290.03 410.46 12.56
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 6 320.03 421.92 13.21
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8 298.53 455.65 11.81
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17 207.04c 452.71 13.93
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 1 420.14a 504.83a 14.92
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 – 2 387.91 534.53a 17.10a
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 – 3 345.58 523.45a 16.03a
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 10 433.29a 569.72a 17.10a
12 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7 297.21 392.26 11.34
13 Pesona I – 1 318.30 596.56a 16.51a
14 Pesona I – 2 356.45 569.67a 17.80a
15 IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 – 8 322.49 416.93 13.34
16 IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c – 14 339.16 462.56 14.80
17 IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b – 5 355.91 479.27 15.34
18 Lembang I 231.91 297.00 9.50
19 Trisula 335.50 411.59 11.65
20 Tit Super 371.55 417.63 13.04
Total fruit weight of the lines ranged from 392.26-596.67 g. The lines IPB
110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a, IPB
120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB 009019-3-4-10, Pesona I-1
and Pesona I-2 had higher total fruit weight per plant than Lembang 1, but not
significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super. Meanwhile the total fruit weight
per plant of eight other lines was not significantly different than the three
compared varieties (Table 9).
The new chili pepper lines potential productivity ranged from 11.34-17.8
ton/ha. It is higher than the national productivity of 6.37 ton/ha (Soetiarso et al.,
2011). The lines that had higher potential productivity than Lembang 1 were IPB
110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB
120005-5-19-3, IPB 009019-3-4-10, Pesona I-1 dan Pesona I-2. However those lines were not
significantly different than Trisula and Tit Super. All the other lines had potential
productivity that was not significantly different than the compared varieties (Table
9).
According to Sharma et al. (2009), increase in total fruit per plant, fruit
length and number of harvest results in increased chili pepper productivity. This is
proven when the line Pesona I-1 had the longest fruit length and the biggest
potential productivity out of all the new lines.
In the previous yield evaluation trial by Marliyanti (2011), the line IPB
009019 had higher total fruit weight and productivity than one of the compared
variety, which is Tit Super. This is in accordance to the research result where one
of the further generations of IPB 009019, which is IPB 009019-3-4-10, still had
higher total fruit weight and potential productivity than Tit Super.
Qualitative Character
Capsicum annuum var. annuum is a type of Capsicum that has a wide
variety of color, shapes and sizes (Walsh dan Hoot, 2001). Part of the plants that
were observed was plant canopy, leaves, flower and fruits. The character observed
were plant growth habit, leaf shape, leaf color, flower position, anther color,
shape at blossom end, calyx margin, fruit surface, fruit color at intermediate stage
and fruit color at mature stage.
Plant growth habit is categorized into three types, which are prostrate,
intermediate or erect. Most of the new lines had intermediate plant growth habit
resembling Lembang 1 and Trisula commercial varieties. However IPB
009019-3-4-7, Pesona I-1 and IPB 002046-2-14c -14 had erect plant growth habit. No line
resembles Tit Super, which had prostrate plant growth habit (Table 10).
Leaf shape is categorized into deltoid, ovate or lanceolate. IPB
110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005 -91-17-3, IPB 110005-91-4-8, IPB 120005-1-1-17, IPB
120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 009019-3-4-7 and IPB 002046-2-14c-14
had lanceolate leaf shape like Lembang 1. Meanwhile the other lines had ovate
leaf shape like the compared varieties, Trisula and Tit Super. The leaf color of all
the genotypes was green (Table 10).
Table 10. Plant growth habit, leaf shape and leaf color character of chili pepper genotypes
No Genotypes Plant growth
habit Leaf shape Leaf color
1 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12 intermediate lanceolate green
2 IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 4 intermediate ovate green
3 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a intermediate ovate green
4 IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3 intermediate lanceolate green
5 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6 intermediate ovate green
6 IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 8 intermediate lanceolate green
7 IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 - 17 intermediate lanceolate green
8 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1 intermediate lanceolate green
9 IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2 intermediate lanceolate green
10 IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3 intermediate ovate green
11 IPB 009019 - 3 - 4
