AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA
UTARA
A THESIS
BY:
LEONY DENISA
REG. NO. 080705005
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA
UTARA
A THESIS
BY:
LEONY DENISA
REG. NO. 080705005
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
A THESIS BY:
LEONY DENISA REG. NO. 080705005
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D NIP. 195411171980031002 NIP. 197502092008121002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for The Sarjana Sastra
Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D
BOARD OF EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on ...
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, LEONY DENISA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS
THESIS EXCEPT WHERE THE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF
THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISH
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
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DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS.
THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : LEONY DENISA
TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF CODES USED BY STUDENTS OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF
SUMATERA UTARA
QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAN STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim.
First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT
for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this thesis as one
of the requirements to get certificate from Department of English Faculty of Cultural
Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan. I present shalawat to Prophet
Muhammad SAW as my good example in my life and I hope his blessing in the
beyond.
I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, appreciation and thanks to:
1. My parents, Yasri CR and Yurni. I present this thesis for you. Thank you for
all of the supports, prays and loves and also for your patience until I finally
finish this thesis.
2. My beloved sibling, Fransiska Ayel Refta. Thank you for all of your
motivations, advices and pray for me.
3. My friends, Nur Fatimah, SS., Ahmad Hanafi, SS., Swandi Lubis SS. and
also Indra Rizkiawan ST. Thank you for all of your motivations, advicess
and supports.
4. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. as my supervisor and also as the Head of
Department of English and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D as my
co-supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and
constructive critics in completing this thesis.
6. All of my friends class of 2008 and the entire of IMSI family. Thank you for
the nice friendship during our study.
7. The entire of Gemapala FIB USU family, thank you for the support.
Finally, I do realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I
welcome any constructive critics and suggestions towards this thesis.
Medan, 2015
The writer,
Leony Denisa
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Codes Used By Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara bertujuan untuk menemukan tipe alih kode dan komponen bahasa yang terdapat dalam campur kode Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia dalam percakapan sahari-hari mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara serta alasan menggunakan alih kode dan campur kode tersebut berdasarkan teori Hymes (dalam Jendra, 2010:71) yaitu SPEAKING. Metode yang digunakan dalam analisis ini adalah metode kepustakaan dan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, kemudian membuat hasil analisis dalam bentuk display data sesuai teori Miles and Huberman. Analisis ini difokuskan untuk menganalisis tipe alih kode yaitu Tag Code Switching, Intersentential Code Switching, Intra-sentential Code Switching, Situational Code Switching dan Metaphorical Code Switching sesuai dengan teori Bloomfield and Gumperz (dalam Jendra, 2010:75) dan komponen bahasa dalam campur kode yaitu kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat sesuai dengan teori Zyegintsev (dalam Anggita, 2011:18), dengan hasil analisis ditemukan total 17 kasus alih kode dan 103 ungkapan campur kode. Kesimpulan dari analisis ini adalah pembicara tidak terlalu banyak menggunakan alih kode maupun campur kode dalam percakapannya meski perkembangan globalisasi kian pesat, disamping mereka juga merupakan mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Inggris yang diharapkan mampu menggunakan bahasa Inggris dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
ABSTRACT
Thesis entitled An Analysis of Codes Used By Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara aims to find out type of code switching and components of language in code mixing from English into Bahasa Indonesia in daily conversation of students of Department of English University of Sumatera included the reasons for using the codes based on the theory of Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:71) that is SPEAKING. The method used in this analysis is the library method and analyzed using qualitative descriptive method, then make the results of the analysis in the data display based on the theory Miles and Huberman. This analysis focused on analyzing the type of code switching that are Tag Code Switching, Intersentential Code Switching, Intra-sentential Code Switching, Situational Code Switching dan Metaphorical Code Switching and components of language in code mixing that are word, phrase, clause, and sentence in accordance with the theory Zyegintsev (in Anggita, 2011:18), with the results of the analysis found the total of 17 cases of code switching and 103 utterances of code mixing. The conclusion from this analysis is the speakers are not too much use the codes in their daily conversations even though the globalization grows rapidly, beside they are the students of Department of English who expected valuable in using English in daily conversation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v
COPY RIGHT DECLARATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
ABSTRAK ... ix
ABSTRACT ... x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Study ... 1
1. 2 Problem of the Study ... 6
1. 3 Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6
1. 5 Significance of the Study ... 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 Sociolinguistics ... 8
2.2 Bilingualism ... 9
2.3 Code ... 10
2.3.1 Code Switching ... 11
2.5 Reasons for Using the Codes ... 17
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design ... 20
3.2 Location and Time ... 21
3.3 Data and Data Source ... 21
3.4 Data Collecting Procedures ... 22
3.5 Step of the Research ... 22
3.6 Data Analysis ... 22
CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4. 1 Data Description ... 23
4.1.1 Types of Code Switching and Components of Language in Code Mixing 23
4.1.2 Explanation of the Code Switching in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara ………... 41
4.1.3 Explanation of the Code Mixing in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara ... 42
4.1.4 The Reasons Why Students of
Sumatera Utara Use Code Switching and
Code Mixing in Their Daily Conversations 43
4.2 Finding ... 47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 49
5.2 Suggestion ... 50
REFERENCES ……… 51
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Codes Used By Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara bertujuan untuk menemukan tipe alih kode dan komponen bahasa yang terdapat dalam campur kode Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia dalam percakapan sahari-hari mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara serta alasan menggunakan alih kode dan campur kode tersebut berdasarkan teori Hymes (dalam Jendra, 2010:71) yaitu SPEAKING. Metode yang digunakan dalam analisis ini adalah metode kepustakaan dan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, kemudian membuat hasil analisis dalam bentuk display data sesuai teori Miles and Huberman. Analisis ini difokuskan untuk menganalisis tipe alih kode yaitu Tag Code Switching, Intersentential Code Switching, Intra-sentential Code Switching, Situational Code Switching dan Metaphorical Code Switching sesuai dengan teori Bloomfield and Gumperz (dalam Jendra, 2010:75) dan komponen bahasa dalam campur kode yaitu kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat sesuai dengan teori Zyegintsev (dalam Anggita, 2011:18), dengan hasil analisis ditemukan total 17 kasus alih kode dan 103 ungkapan campur kode. Kesimpulan dari analisis ini adalah pembicara tidak terlalu banyak menggunakan alih kode maupun campur kode dalam percakapannya meski perkembangan globalisasi kian pesat, disamping mereka juga merupakan mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Inggris yang diharapkan mampu menggunakan bahasa Inggris dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
ABSTRACT
Thesis entitled An Analysis of Codes Used By Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara aims to find out type of code switching and components of language in code mixing from English into Bahasa Indonesia in daily conversation of students of Department of English University of Sumatera included the reasons for using the codes based on the theory of Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:71) that is SPEAKING. The method used in this analysis is the library method and analyzed using qualitative descriptive method, then make the results of the analysis in the data display based on the theory Miles and Huberman. This analysis focused on analyzing the type of code switching that are Tag Code Switching, Intersentential Code Switching, Intra-sentential Code Switching, Situational Code Switching dan Metaphorical Code Switching and components of language in code mixing that are word, phrase, clause, and sentence in accordance with the theory Zyegintsev (in Anggita, 2011:18), with the results of the analysis found the total of 17 cases of code switching and 103 utterances of code mixing. The conclusion from this analysis is the speakers are not too much use the codes in their daily conversations even though the globalization grows rapidly, beside they are the students of Department of English who expected valuable in using English in daily conversation.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language has a big role in our daily life. People use language to
communicate to each other. Slobin (1979:188) says that language is inseparable
element in human life. To communicate well, people need language. So it is the
reason why language is so important for human in society. Giving information means
transferring knowledge, fact or news by the speakers to the listeners. To deliver
message, the language that the speaker uses should be clear, quick and easy and the
rhetorically expressive.
The scientific study of language is called linguistics. There are relationship
between language and society, such as relationship to object, ideas, events, and
actual speakers and listeners. Platt (in Siregar 1984:66) says every language express
in some way or other how people think, perceive and act, in what state people, things
and ideas are and how they relate to each other.
Linguistics is the scientific study of human’s language, but linguistics does
not study every form of human’s language. It focused on analyzing human’s verbal
language; the language that consists of words. Langacker (1973:5) states that
linguistics is the study of human’s language. So, it can be concluded that language is
the object of linguistics.
A branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of the study, in way
that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology, and
phonology handle is sociolinguistics. It is a field that analyzes language as a part of
linguistics which tries to describe characteristics of language variations and
determine its characteristics toward social phenomenon.
According to Criper and Widdowson (in Allen and Corder Ed, 1975:156) say
sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation, its purpose is to investigate
how the conventions of language use related to other aspects of social behaviors.
While Booj, Kerstens, Verkuyl (1975:139) say sociolinguistics is the branch of
linguistics which studies about social factors in language use and its correlation in
interactions.
Then Appel, Hubers and Meyer (1976:10) define sociolinguistics as a science
which focuses on a language and language use in social and cultural aspect. So,
based on the three definitions above we can conclude that sociolinguistics discusses
about language use and its relationship to the society viewed from social and cultural
aspects.
Hickerson (1980:81) argues that sociolinguistics is a developing sub field of
linguistics which takes speech variation as its focus, viewing variation or its social
context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social
factors and linguistics variations (social factors in this case are age, religion,
sex/gender and occupation).
The term of ‘sociolinguistics’ actually consist of two disciplines of
knowledge: ociology and linguistics, as the writer described at the beginning of this
thesis about what linguistics is. Now, we talk about sociology or society. Are there
any differences between sociology and society and what are the correlations of them
a. Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara aneka macam gejala sosial
(misalnya gejala ekonomi dengan gejala agama,keluarga dengan moral,
hukum dengan ekonomi, gerak masyarakat dan politik dan lain sebagainya).
b. Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara gejala sosial dengan gejala
non-sosial (gejala biografis, gejala biologis dll).
According to Gillin and Gillin (in Kuntjaraningrat, 2000: 146), society means
the largest grouping in which common in custom, traditions, attitudes and feeling of
unity are operative.
From some definitions above, we can conclude that sociology is a scientific
study which talks about human being as the member of society and their relationship
with the others in society. A society consist of a group of people who come from the
same identity, with particular customs and interact continually.
Language and human being as a social man can not be separated. In the
writer’s mind, if human does not have any language, there is no civilization. But time
to time, civilization becomes more developed especially in this globalization era.
This globalization is also blowing the language world. Nowadays, human being is
demanded to be able to speak in international language, such as English. Even
kindergarten students have started to learn English. This habit, then, will make
people become bilingualism or multilingualism.
Bilingualism is using two languages or two language codes. In
sociolinguistics term, bilingualism is using two language by a person in his/her
activities by turns (Mackey 1962:12). While multilingualism is a condition when
people use more than two languages to interact with other people by turns (Chaer and
In bilingualism condition, realized or not, people usually do a language
choice. Language choice is a variation of language that is used by a person when
he/she talks to one or more other person influenced by some factors such as speaker
(age, sex, ethnic, class etc), interaction (topic, tone, situation etc), code (source,
genre etc) and realization (voice, body, mode etc) (Preston and Shuy 1980:2-13).
Inlanguage choice there are some termexist.
Quoted from Sumarsono and Paina (2002:200), language choice divided into
three. They are:
1. Variation within the same language. It is applied to a variation in a language, for
example, the variation of informal and formal Frenc in Europe and French in
Quebec, Canada.
2. Code switching. It usually happen when a person can speak two or more
language fluently. For example, A has Batak language as his B1 and Indonesian
as his B2 also A can speak English. In a trip A meets with D then he starts a
conversation with Indonesian, but when A knows that D can speak Batak too, A
sometimes speak in Batak language. Suddenly, A and D meet with a tourist and
he asks them about something in English. Automatically, A and D speak in
English. What A does is a code switching and what language A uses is
depending on some factors such as participants, topic, setting, etc.
3. Code mixing. Code mixing is similar with intervension from a language to other
language. In code mixing, the speaker insert unsures of another language such as
In daily conversation, spoken or written language, formal or informal
situation, realize or not, people use the code. For example in the dialogue bellow:
1. A: ehh makasih ya, nesehatmu tadi bikin aku jadi bersemangat lagi.
B: iya iya, tapi kenapa nangis?
I
cried just before we are in the dialogue.
Your tears are so expensive to throw
away, dear..
From the dialogue above, the underline sentences are code switching, when A
replies what B tells her, then suddenly the topic is changed though it is still related
and they use English fully and naturally. Then B replies also uses code switching
because the situation is influenced by A.
2. Kok di remove, mbak? Kasian lho, maunya post dari dia di hide aja..
The underline words are code mixing, the speaker uses some English words
in one sentence when she speaks in Bahasa Indonesia. Those words are terms in
facebook and the speaker uses those words because she talks about something that
happens in facebook. This code mixing usually is not realized by the speaker.
From the example above the writer is interested in doing a research about
language choice, because this is a social indication that happens in daily life, but just
few people concern with it. This research investigates the code switching and code
mixing cases which occure or happen in daily conversation of some students of
1.2Problem of the Study
Based on the background above, the writer finds some problems that appear
in the conversation. And it arises some questions, they are:
1. What are the types of code switching used by students of Department of English.
2. What are the components of language in code mixing used by students of
Department of English.
3. What are the reasons students of Department of English use code switching and
code mixing.
1.3Objective of the Study
The objectives as follow:
1. To find out what are the types of code switching used by students of Department
of English.
2. To find out what are the components of language in code mixing used by
students of Department of English.
3. To find out the reasons why students of Department of English use
code-switching and code mixing.
1.4Scope of the Study
In this analysis, the writer makes a limitation to obtain a clear and detail
description of the matter and some interesting cases that can be analyzed. However,
the writer focuses the study on the analyzing types of code-switching and the
Department of English University of Sumatera Utara in their daily conversation but
still in the college area.
1.5Significance of the Study
Theoretically, this recent analysis can enrich or add knowledge of students
who are majoring in language in terms of sociolinguistics, especially in
understanding code-switching and code-mixing. Practically, the writer expects this
recent analysis will be useful for the readers who live and interact in a bilingual or
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of
study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics,
morphology, and phonology handle it. It is a field that analyzes language as part of
social property. The study explores the functions and the varieties of language, the
contacts between different languages, attitudes of people towards language use and
users, changes of language, as well as plans on language.
In the early definition of the study, some linguists used the term sociology of
language, while others named it sociolinguistics. The difference between the names
was agreed by some, though today most scholars in the field see it as an insignificant
issue. In reference to the difference, the term sociolinguistics was used more to refer
to the study of language in relation to society, whereas, sociology of language is used
mainly to refer to the study of society in relation to language. Thus, in sociology of
language, the emphasized object of study is language. Although the different
emphasis seems to make a sense, in practice the discussions is inevitably overlap.
Spolsky (in Jendra, 2000:10) states that sociolinguistics is the field that
studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and
the social structures in which the users of language live. While Holmes (1992:1)
states that sociolinguistics is the study of relationship between language and society.
They are interested in explaining why we speak differently social contexts and they
Fishman (in Chaer, 1995:4) states that sociolinguistics is the study of the
characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the
characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change
one another within a speech community.
Language study should be based more on the view that human experiences
are basically plural and every different language and variety of it reflects natural and
cultural diversities. Holmes (2001:9) says that there are four different dimensions for
analysis which relate to the social factors:
1. A social distance scale concerned with participant relationships
2. A status scale concerned with participant relationships
3. A formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction
4. Two functional scales relating to the purposes or topic of interaction
2.2 Bilingualism
Generally, bilingualism is about the using of two languages. Mackey (in
Aslinda, 2007:24) states that bilingualism is the alternative use of two or more
languages by the same individual. The person who can use two languages called
bilingual and the ability of using the two languages called bilinguality.
Bloomfield (1933:56) definite the bilingualism as ability of a speaker in using
two languages, in case the using of the first language as good as a second language.
According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if he/she can use the first
language as well as the second language. Many people asked about Bloomfield’s
speaker in mastering two languages that they use. Second, is there any speaker that
using the second language as well as the first language.
Singh (2001:43) states that bilingual ability at the level of predominance that
is how far a bilingual is able to use two languages, would affect one another in using
languages. In fact, two languages possibly affect one another. It can occur when a
bilingual uses second language continually in long period. When the first language is
used again, both languages will be mixed automatically. This behavior creates new
issues in linguistics for instance code switching and code mixing.
In addition to the concept bilingual, the term multilingual is also sometimes
used to refer to the people who can use more than two languages. However, it has
been now common to use the term bilinguals to include people who are actually
more properly identified as multilingual.
2.3 Code
Code is a term which refers to a variety. Variety is a sociolinguistics term of
specific set of ‘linguistic item’ or human speech patterns which we can uniquely
associate with some external factor. It is refer to language or a variety of language as
a code, being by definition a variation and some other perhaps more standard
language.
In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a
situation where a choice between two or more codes has to be made. To a bilingual
or multilingual, altough choosing a code is one of the routines, the skill in deciding
2.3.1 Code Switching
There is a situation where speakers deliberately change a code being used,
namely by switching from one to another. The change is called code-switching.
Pietro (in Jendra, 2010:74) states that code-switching is the use of more than one
language by communicants in the execution of a speech act. According to Gal in
Wardaugh (1998:100) code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish,
cross or destroy boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with
their rights and obligations.
Bilinguals, who can speak at least two language, have ability to use elements
of both languages when conversing with another bilingual. In code-switching, the
speakers changes the code as he define the situation – fromal to informal, official to
personal, serious to humourus, and politeness to solidarity.
Code switching as above can be classified into two different classifications.
They are grammatical and contextual classification. The grammatical classification is
based on where the code switching appears in the sentence or utterance, while the
contextual classification is based on the reasons why a bilingual switches
(Bloomfield and Gumperz (in Jendra, 2010:75).
The grammatical classification is divided into three types of code switching:
tag-code switching, Inter-Sentential Code switching, and Intra-Sentential code
switching.
1. Tag-code switching
A tag code switching happens when a bilingual inserts short expression (tag) from
different language at the end of his/her utterances. For example, an Indonesian
2. Inter-sentential code switching
An inter-sentential code-switching happens when there is a complete sentence in a
foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. For example, an
Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English, “Ini lagu lama, tahun
60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi masih enak kok didengerin.”
3. Intra-sentential code switching
An intra-sentential code-switching is found when a word, a phrase, a clause of a
foreign language is found tithin the sentence in a base language. For example, an
English bilinguals switches from English to Frence, “The hotel, il est grand, is really
huge and unbelievably majestic.”
The Contextual classification is devided into two types of code switching,
they are:
1. Situational code-switching
A situational code-switching appears when there is a change in the situation that
causes the bilingual switches from one code to the other. In regard to the factors of
choosing a code suggested by Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:76-77), the changing situatios
involved could be the settings, the Participants, or the Norms of interaction. For
example, an Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English because of the
presence of an English native speaker friend.
Leo : “Hi. How are you, John? John, this is Haris, our friend from
Medan.”
Haris : “Nice to meet you, John”
John : “Nice to meet you too”
2. Metaphorical code-switching
A metephorical code-switching happens when there is a change in the perception, the
purpose or the topic of the conversation. The factors of this type of switching
involves the End, the Act sequence or the Key. The following example illustrates hie
some Indonesian students jokingly switch from English to Indonesian to affect s
serious dialog to be a bit humorous.
Juli : We want to take it, to where... Ya, itu tempat kita biasa mancing,
and we are drinking, singing, having fun, ok.”
Ana : And, there we are surfing, swimming.. Terus, kita jadi
pusing-pusing dah hahaha”
Juli : “Are you joining, John?”
John : “Okay, then.”
2.3.2 Code Mixing
The concept of code mixing is used to refer to a more general form of
language contact that may include cases of code-switching and the other form of
contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. Gumpers states (in Jendra, 2010:79) in
code-mixing, pieces of one language are used while a speaker is basically using
Pfuff states (in Jendra, 2010:79) conversational code-mixing involves the
deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic or situation change.
While Wardaugh (1998:103) says that code mixing occurs when conversant use both
languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in
the course of a single utterance.
Suwito (in Umar, 1993:14) also divides code mixing into two types:
a. Inner code mixing
It occurs if the speaker inserts the elements of their own language into national
language, the element of dialect into own language.
b. Outer code mixing
Outer code mixing, it occurs if the speaker inserts the element of their own
language into foreign language.
2.4 Components of Language
Zvegintsev (1976:18) states that a machine that processes natural language
must first be able to categorize, understand and process the wide variety of language
components. Some of the different level of language as distinguished which are
words, phrases, clauses, sentences, morphemes, syllables, differentiating signs, and
phonemes. The last several in list (morphemes to phonemes) are most important for
understanding and replicating speech, so the research will focus mainly on words,
phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Wardaugh (2010:98) states that code mixing divides into inter-sentential code
which is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause of foreign language is found
within the sentence in a base language. From the defenition above, the components
of language found in code mixing are word, phrase, clause, and sentence.
a. Word
Word is the smallest unit of language that can exist on its own in either written
or spoken language. It is also constituents of sentence that due to their order, their
suffices, prefixes, and differentiating signs give some meaning. A word is the
smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content
(with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the
smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own.
Givon (1984:44) defines that word or morpheme is smallest code units in
language. It means that morphemes can not be decomposed into smaller units which
are either meaningful or mark such singular or plural. There are two kinds of
morpheme. First, free morpheme also called as simple word which is capable of
standing independently. For example: Book. Second, bound morpheme always
attaches with other word. For example: Player (play + er). This is an example of code
mixing in English and Indonesia language in word: “Saya suka nervous kalau di atas
panggung.”
b. Phrase
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of
words (or sometimes a single word) that forms a constituent and so function as a
single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical
not containing both a subject and verb, a part of a sentence and does not express a
complete thought.
In other word, phrase is a group of words that go together but do not build a
complete sentence. This is an example of code mixing in English and Indonesia
language in phrase: “Dari cara berbicaranya saja sudah terlihat jika dia mempunyai
inner beauty.”
c. Clause
Clause is a group of related words containing a subject and verb. Clause is the
smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. A typical clause
consists of a subject and a predicate, where the predicate is typically a verb phrase –
a verb together with any objects and other modifiers. However the subject is
sometimes not expressed; this is often the case in null-subject languages, if the
subject is retrievable from context, but it also occurs in certain cases in other
languages such as English (as in imperative sentences and non-finite clauses.
Clause in general classified as independent and dependent clause. An
independent clause is the main idea of sentence. It can stand alone by itself or make
sense by itself. While a dependent clause is the subordinate idea of sentence. It must
be combined with an independent clause in other to be a part of sentence. It is also
created by a subordinating conjunction. Another of dependent clause is subordinate
clause. For example: “The Lady Gaga was canceled because the Indonesian was not
true.” “The Lady Gaga was canceled” is independent clause, and “Because the
d. Sentence
A sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that are
grammatically linked. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to
express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion. Based
on the meaning, a sentence is a complete though by seeing or nearing a statement.
Frank (1972:220) states that based on the function becomes a sentence consist of
subject and predicate. This is an example of code mixing in English and Indonesia
language in sentence: “Hati-hati di jalan yah! Be smart and fanny girls. See you next
week!”
2.5 Reasons for Using the Codes
In 1964, Dell Hathway Hymes, one of the most noted world sociolinguists,
suggested 8 factors that bilingual, multilingual, monolingual people may consider
when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely
SPEAKING, which stand for Setting and Scene, Participants, ends, Act Sequence,
Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of Interactions, and Genre (Jendra, 2010:71).
Setting and Scene
The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural situations that can
influence the people in choosing a code. People may consider a more formal
variety of a language when they talking in an office than when talking in a picnic
place. Or a teacher will use a formal language when she/he gives some materials
for their students than talking in a supermarket.
The participants are the people involved in the communication found in
setting. A good public speaker for example, wants to know about his/her audience
(participants) before performing a speech. He/she may think of considering what
kind of jokes he/she should tell or whether he/she speak in more casual way or
formal one after considering the audience.
Ends
The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a
political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he/she wishes to persuade the
crowd before him/her in order to get support for the election. Therefore, for the
different ends or occasions, people may choose different codes.
Act Sequence
The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, is it narrative, a
conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example, is set carefully with an
opening expression, followed with an introduction, a story before entering the
main topic.
Key
The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to
be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the
voice or manner of a speaker. The spirit or the feeling may be sincere, modest, or
low.
Instrumentalities
The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The
The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including
for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an
audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.
Genre
The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is on the poem
form, proverb form, a prayer form, a lecture etc. the factors described above have
been one of the most important foundations in the general study of code choices.
They are popularly known as the components of the ethnography of speaking.
In a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. The
certain degree these factors in choosing a code might be also helpful to describe
factors that influence other forms of language contact phenomenon such as code
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
The method of this thesis is qualitative research. As quoted from Sugiyono
(2009:14), qualitative research is:
“metode penelitian kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang
berlandaskanpada filsafat postpositivisme, digunakan untukmeneliti
pada kondisi obyek yang alamiah, (sebagai lawannya adalah
eksperimen) dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrument kunci,
pengambilan sampelsumber data dilakukan secara purposive dan
snowball,tekhnik pengambilan dengan trianggulasi (gabungan),
analisis data bersifat induktif / kualitatif, dan hasil penelitiankualitatif
lebih menekankan makna daripada generalisasi”. Qualitative research
method is a research method that based on posypositivismphiloshopy,
used to observ in natural object condition where theresearcher isthe key
instrument, the technique of sampling through purposive and snowball,
to collect the data using triangulation, the data analysis isinductively /
qualitatively, and meaning is the essential of qualitativeresearch.
Bodgan and Biklen (1982) propose five characteristics of qualitative research
as quoted from Sugiyono (2009:21), they are:
b. Qualitative researchis descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of
pictures rather than number.
c. Qualitative research are concerns with process rather than simply with outcomes or
products.
d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively.
e. “Meaning” is essential to the qualitative approach.
The design of this research is descriptive qualitative research. Based on the
five characteristics of qualitative research as proposed by Bodgan and Bilken, this
research will show the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the collecting
data and will be collected in words form.
3.2 Location and Time
This research is located in the area of cafetaria of Faculty of Cultural Studies,
Jl. Universitas No.19 University of Sumatra Utara, Medan when the students have no
class and takes time during April 14 until 27 2015 between 10 am to 2 pm.
3.3 Data and Data Source
The data presenting in this research comes from the daily conversations of
students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara class of 2011 and
2014, collected by recording and then transcribing into a good script.
Another thing that should be noticed importantly that those students are
3.4 Data Collecting Procedures
In collecting the data, some instrument for this thesis are essentially needed to
guarrantee the validity of the data. The data of this research were gathered by using
recording techniques. This research were started by recording the conversation,
listening the recording, writing all of the utterances then analyzing the data based on
the relevant theory.
3.5 Step of the Research
The systematic procedure in conducting the analysis are as follows:
1. Recording the conversation and then transcribe into a good script.
2. Reducing the data.
3. Identifying the utterences which belong to code switching and code mixing.
4. Classifying the data into the more specific types of code switching and
components of language in code mixing.
5. Analyzing each type of code switching, components of language in code
mixing and reasons the speakers used code switching and code mixing based
on the relevent theory.
6. Making conclusion based on the result of the analysis.
3.6 Data Analysis
After all the data are collected and transcribed into a good script, the next
step is data analysis. According to Miles and Huberman, there are three steps in
analyzing the data in qualitative research, thay are:
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION AND FINDING
4.1 Data Description
After the writer is done the research, there are some conversations analyze in
this chapter. The analysis is focus in the conversations which are contain code
switching and code mixing used by students of Department of English University of
Sumatera Utara. From 18 conversations recorded, the writer only chooses seven
conversations to be analized, because the writer does not found language choice used
by the students in the rest of 11 conversations.
The students come from class of 2011 and 2014. From 10 students who
attend the recording during April 14 until 27 2015, the writer takes only five students
as the informan, they are three males and two females, because those students
actually they are who allows their conversation is recorded and they are valuable in
using code switching and code mixing during the conversations.
The data description presenting in this chapter is the analysis of type of code
switching, the components of language in code mixing and the reasons why the
students of Department of English use the codes.
The writer uses the theory in chapter II to analize the data. One thing that
should be noticed that the students use Bahasa Indonesia as the base language and
English as the second language.
In every subtitle, the expressions that contain code switching and code
mixing that are suitable with the subtitle are printed in boldface.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 1
Dialogue 1
Line 1. Disini ada wifi?
Line 2. Ada sih, tapi di-log. Aku pernah nyoba tapi di-log. Mungkin lagi off. Line 3. Ooo soalnya aku mau invite bbm-mu.
Description:
From the conversation above, the speakers are asking and answering one another
about the wireless connection in the canteen. They mix their languange by using the
term in internet connection such as “wifi”, “log”, “off” and “invite”. The speakers
actually do not realize that they mix their language by using English while they are
speaking in Bahasa Indonesia. This case is classified into code mixing of word,
because the speakers insert the smalest unit of language (word).
Dialogue 2
Line 6. Ehh kabarnya di ini ada rap party loh.
Description:
In line 6, one of the speaker inform the others about a party and he switches his
language into English by saying “rap party” to explain what kind of party. According
to Bloomfield and Gumpers (in Jendra, 2010:76), when a word, a phrase or a clause
in different language is found within the sentence in a base language, it is classified
Line 6. Ehh kabarnya di ini ada rap party loh.. Line 7. Hah rap party?
Line 8. Iya, iya
Description:
From the conversation above, we can see that the speaker in line 7 is doing
situational code switching, because there is a change in the situation when the
speaker in line 6 says something about party then the speaker in line 7 deliberately
changes his utterance into English. This is also influence by norm of interaction
because the speaker in line 7 is interruped the speaker in line 6.
Dialogue 4
Line 9. Itu, itu ada nggak raper-rapernya gitu..?
Description:
This line shows code mixing of word, because the speaker inserts the smallest unit
of language in English “rapper”, which is uttered in form of Bahasa Indonesia. The
speaker uses “raper-raper” actually to explain the word “rapers” (many raper).
Dialogue 5
Line 10. Ada, ada.. Itu dia aliran musiknya electronic band.
Description:
At the beginning of the sentence, the student uses Bahasa Indonesia then he switches
into English by using words “electronic band” at the end of his utterance. According
intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase from different language found
within the sentence.
Dialogue 6
Line 11. Hemm gimana yaa.. mungkin excited juga kalo mau ngikut gitu, tapi ya kalo full harga tiket kalo kita mau booking itu kemana?
Description:
In this line, the student inserts some words from English such as “excited”, “full” and
“booking” in one sentence. This case is clearly classified into code mixing of word.
Dialogue 7
Line 12. Dia ada free sale dan on the spot-nya. Beda-beda harganya, tapi aku lupa.
Description:
This line is classified into code mixing of phrase, because there are two phrases
uttered in English mixed with Bahasa Indonesia, they are “free sale” and “on the
spot”.
Dialogue 7
Line 13. Ooo itu kapan itu deadline-nya?
Description:
In this line, the student is doing code mixing of word by inserting word “deadline”
Line 16. Cut cut cut...
Description:
This line shows an English word “cut” and repeated three times by the speaker. This
situation happens because one of the speaker wants to say “stop” to the writer while
the recording was on going. This case belongs to code mixing of phrase.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 2
Dialogue 1
Line 12. Iya, sir Rahmat juga Line 13. Pak Rahmat?
Description:
The example above shows a case of code switching process. The speaker switch the
code from Bahasa Indonesia to English by saying “sir” rather than “pak” when he
address someone. In conclution, this case belongs to intra-sentential code
switching, because there is a word from another language found in one sentence.
Dialogue 2
Line 13. Pak Rahmat? Line 14. Iya, poetry kan..
Description:
From the conversation above, the speaker in line 14 deliberately change the code
being used, from Bahasa Indonesia into English by saying “poetry” rather than
“puisi”. The word “poetry” is actually one of the subject in Department of English.
Dialogue 3
Line 14. Iya, poetry kan.. Line 15. Poetry?
Description:
The speaker in line 15 repeat what the speaker in line 14 just said. He also uses
English. This kind of mixing called code mixing of word.
Dialogue 4
Line 17. Ehh brossur ada gak? Line 18. Hah, brosur?
Line 19. Iya. Karna yang diliat nanti dia lebih ke Anniversary.
Description:
The conversation above is showing code mixing of word, because the speaker in
line 17 and 19 insert words from different language “brossur” and “anniversary” in
the sentences.
Dialogue 5
Line 21. Abang, abang kan ngajar kan? Apai lah adek-adek abang ni dulu. Line 22. Iya, iya agak diapai lah invite, invite.
Description:
In this conversation, the speaker inserts a word “invite”. He deliberately change the
code being used, from Bahasa Indonesia into English, so this is classified into code
Dialogue 6
Line 23. Ahh apa pula.. kalian pernak-pernik segala macam gak ada Line 24. Ada
Line 25. Ada.. Lunch ada..
Line 26. Ehh bukan itu. Flying poster, brossur segala macam nggak ada nampak.
Description:
In this conversation, the students also insert a word in different language. It shows in
line 25 and line 26. It is classified into code mixing of word.
Dialogue 7
Line 28. Ehh itu empat puluh lima ribu ada free lunch, ada souvenir, snack.
Description:
This statement above shows case of intra-sentential code switching, because the
speaker uttered another code within the sentence.
Dialogue 8
Line 32. Ini, apa, lucky draw
Line 33. Lucky draw? Belom tau hehe
Line 34. Kami sih rencananya kalo bisa TOEFL test ini
Line 35. Iya, lucky draw TOEFL gitu. Misalnya siapa yang beruntung kan dapet gratis TOEFL test.
Description:
From the conversation above, the speakers insert so many words from different
language. They are all classified into code mixing of phrase, because all of them are
Dialogue 9
Line 37. Coba lah abang invite, kasih ke murid abang.
Description:
This line shows code mixing of word, because the student inserts word “invite”
while he speaks in Bahasa Indonesia.
Dialogue 10
Line 40. Macam itu, kalian berkumpuuul, betarikat, awak pun takut lewatnya ya kan. Line 41. Tah ngapain takut, kan abang yang OEP kami, Oral English Practice.
Description:
In line 41, one of the speaker says an acronym, OEP in English, which is stand for
Oral English Practice, but the acronym is not classified into any type of codes
because there is no explaination about acronym. “Oral English Practice” itself is
classified into intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase of foreign
language found within the sentence in a base language.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 3
Dialogue 1
Line 3. Abang masih ngajar di bimbel?
Line 4. Ehh apa nggak ada kerjaan buat kami berdua? Part time, part time.
Description:
Dialogue above is about part time job. In line 4, the speaker uses Bahasa Indonesia at
this case belongs to intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase “part
time” in foreign languge uttered within the sentence.
Dialogue 2
Line 7. Part time aja lah, nggak usah full time. Line 8. Ya memang part time.
Description:
The speakers in line 7 and 8 also use phrase “part time” but in this case, the phrase is
classified into code mixing of phrase, because the speakers mix their language by
inserting phrases in English.
Dialogue 3
Line 9. Ehh ini udah recording hahahaha
Description:
This line clearly shows code mixing of word, because the student inserts a word
from different language in his utterance.
Dialogue 4
Line 11. Iya, pas bilang part time.
Line 12. Cepat lah bang, cariin kerja part time bang.
Description:
From the conversation above, the speakers also do code mixing process. This kind of
code mixing belongs to code mixing of phrase, because the speaker mix their
Dialogue 5
Line 13. Jadi kalian genre-nya apa?
Description:
This line also shows code mixing of word.
Dialogue 6
Line 22. Per part time-nya itu empat puluh ribu. Line 23. Per hari?
Line 24. Per part time, per part time-nya itu empat puluh ribu.
Description:
Line 22 and 24 begin with the phrase “per part time” uttered in English then followed
by Bahasa Indonesia at the end of sentences. This case is classified into
intra-sentential code switching.
Dialogue 7
Line 27. Tapi enak bang, sehari empat puluh ribu kita dapet satu paket gratis. Kan lumayan, Starbucks dapat satu cup gratis yang harga lima puluh, enam puluh.
Description:
From the conversation above, the speaker mixes Bahasa Indonesia with English by
using a word “cup” rather than “cangkir”. This process is called code mixing of
Dialogue 8
Line 33. Jauh kali ya. Langsung down levelnya
Description:
In this line, the speaker uses two words in English, “down” and “level” while the
base language is Bahasa Indonesia. This case is called code mixing of word.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 4
Dialogue 1
Line 3. Dari internet.
Line 4. Itu, yang kemaren kan pas meeting kalian hubungi bang Ijal juga kan? Bang Ijal pun dia kayak gitu, dia kerja.
Description:
From the conversation above, both lines contain code mixing of word, because
while the speakers basically speaks in Bahasa Indonesia, they insert a word in
English.
Dialogue 2
Line 9. Kemaren dia ke airport kan, mau kerja di situ. Kan disuruh tunggu. Mau dipanggil pagi-pagi udah pake rapi kan, nggak iya ini. Pas mau dipanggil namanya, pigi dia.
Description:
The example above also shows code mixing of word, because the speaker inserts
Dialogue 3
Line 11. Jadi sekarang dimana? Katanya nggak bisa Line, nggak bisa Path
Description:
In this line, the speaker is using special terms, the term in social media such as “line”
and “path”. So, this line also belongs to code mixing of word.
Dialogue 4
Line 12. Handphode?
Line 13. Mati layarnya. Rusak. Line 14. Oya?
Line 15. Diidupin sih bisa. Tapi keypad-nya yang dibawah ini, kurang. Yang ininya bisa, diginiin bisa. Buat ngetik bisa, asalkan jangan tersentuh yang ini, nggak bisa. Bbm-ku pun udah nggak aktif lagi.
Line 16. Path kan masih?
Description:
The conversation above shows the code mixing of word.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 5
In this part generally, code mixing of word is mostly found in the utterences,
because the speakers is talking about the differances of “trekking”, “hiking” and
“climbing” during the conversation while they speak in Bahasa Indonesia as base
language. They use those three English words because they want to know what the
differences are. So, the writer will write down the lines which are contain code
mixing of word.
Line 1. Kalo trekking di hutan kan?
Line 12. Kalo hiking? Line 13. Kalo trekking?
Line 14. Trekking di hutan, hiking di gunung, climbing di tebing. Line 15. Aaa trekking, trekking..
Line 16. Trekking di youtube hahaha di club la di club. Line 21. Dia ini follower, follower paling update.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 6
Dialogue 1
Line 1. Ihh pening kali loo.. Line 2. Kenapa?
Line 3. Listening kan? Kenapa?
Description:
The dialogue above happens in canteen after the students done the class. One of the
speaker says that she is feeling unwell as the effect joining the last class by saying
“ihh pening kali loo” to the others. Then another speaker answers her statement by
switching the code and he also change the topic by saying “listening kan?” So this
kind of dialogue is classified into metaphorical code switching.
Dialogue 2
Line 21. Kami ujian sama Mam Redita.
Line 22. Iya, biasanya digabungin yang sama Mam Redita, yang ganjil duluan baru yang genap.
Description:
The dialogue above shows code switching process, because both of the speakers
switch the code by saying “mam” rather than “ibu”, so it is classified into
Dialogue 3
Line 42. Aku ada filenya tapi di internet, aku nggak ada paket internet. Di email, di email.
Description:
From the conversation above, we can see there are so many words from another
language used by the speaker. Those words are the term in internet using, such as
“file” and “email” include “internet” itself. So, this utterance is belongs to code
mixing of word.
Dialogue 4
Line 51. Apa, dari yahoo?
Description:
This line also belongs to code mixing of word, because this dialogue is still
containing term of internet using, that is “yahoo” and uttered within Bahasa
Indonesia.
Dialogue 5
Line 52. Biar sambil refreshing.
Description:
Bloomfield and Gumperz states in Jendra (2010:76), when a word, a phrase or a
clause from foreign language is found within the sentence, it is called intra-sentential
Dialogue 6
Line 57. Ngomong aja, ngomong aja. Line 58. Supaya apa?
Line 59. Mixing mixing pake English.
Description:
This example of conversation is classifed into metaphorical code switching,
because the speaker in line 59 does not response what the speaker in line 58 say.
There is a change of the topic of the conversation in this dialogue.
Dialogue 7
Line 60. Udah natural aja. Ngomong nggak udah ada batasan.
Description:
From the dialogue above, line 60 is classified into code mixing of word. It bacause
the speaker insert a word from another language while he speaks in Bahasa
Indonesia.
Dialogue 8
Line 66. Tadi kami belajar sama Mam Redit, nih.
Description:
From the example above, the speaker switches the code by saying a English words
“mam” to address someone rather than “ibu”, so this is classified into
Dialogue 9
Line 71. Pokoknya jangan kasih Mam Redita aja la ya kan. Line 72. Oh, Mam Redita.
Line 73. Ooooh Mam Redita.
Line 74. Ini cerita misteri, cerita misteri?
Line 75. Psycho, Psycho (Psycholinguistic, a subject) tapi Mam Redita yang ngawas.
Description:
Dialogue above is also classified into intra-sentential code switching.
Dialogue 10
Line 76. Ya pernah laa, dia udah stambuk berapa. Line 77. Udah dibully pun.
Description:
In this dialogue, line 77 shows us a word from different language. This case belongs
to code mixing of word. It because the speaker mixes his language by inserting the
code from English.
Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 7
Dialogue 1
Line 1. Urus laa, daripada deadline kan besok kan, daripada nunggu-nunggu dia kan ngasih tugas, aku kerjain sendiri la. Kadang nggak sempat, ah bisanya ini, gitu lah.
From the conversation above, the speaker inserts a word from English “deadline”
within his utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. This case could be classified into code
mixing of word.
Dialogue 2
Line 3. Kena sama dia. “Oh kamu sekolah mana?”, “Ini Mam, Persit”, “oh, tentara ya, saya nggak takut tentara, bapak saya tentara,”
Description:
The speaker in line 3 is retelling his friends the conversation between he and the
lecturer. He inserts a word “mam” in the sentence, so this example belongs to code
mixing of word.
Dialogue 3
Line 9. Ehh berati kelen udah masuk sama Mam itu?
Description:
This line is classified into intra-sentential code switching. The speaker deliberately
change the code by saying “mam” rather than “ibu”.
Dialogue 4
Line 15. Ehh nggak apa-apa kan? Line 16. Nggak apa-apa, natural aja.
From the dialogue above, we can see that the speaker in line 15 is asking her friend.
He response the question without changing the topic but then he switches the code by
saying “natural”. This kind of dialogue belongs to intra-sentential code switching.
Dialogue 5
Line 28. Error, error. Hahahaha Line 29. Eh aku kan megang hp ini. Line 30. Error, handphonenya error.
Description:
The conversation above we can see that the speaker in line 28 states that there is an
error in mobilephone but the next speaker does not realize which one is error so she
replies by saying a statement in Bahasa Indonesia. We can see that there is a change
in perception betweet both of them, so this case is classified into metaphorical code
switching.
Dialogue 6
Line 33. Jadi aku pernah nanya sama pembimbingku kan, dia ngasih penjelasan juga kan, “kamu tau gak sebenarnya error sama mistake itu beda?”
Description:
From this sentence, it is clear that the speaker mixes his language with English by
saying “error” and “mistake”. So, this line belongs to code mixing of word.
Dialogue 7
Line 38. Kalo mistake itu kesalahan yang dibuat oleh manusia, sedangkan error bukan.
Line 39. Bukan, kalo error itu dia kesalahannya secara fatal, kalo mistake ada yang bener juga.
Description:
The dialogue above is also classified into code mixing of word, because each
speaker insert a word from another language in his/her utterances.
Dialogue 8
Line 43. Kalo error dia udah nggak bisa lagi. Line 44. Tapi aku setuju sih samamu.
Line 45. Kalo mistake tu besar, kalo error tuh missing.
Description:
Those lines clearly belong code mixing of word.
Dialogue 9
Line 49. Kalo misalnya udah error yang buat missing, jadi apa lah arti human error itu?
Line 50. Kalo error itu memang missing loh.
Description:
The dialogue above still arguing about the differences between “mistake” and
“error”. So, this dialogue also regarded as code mixing of word.
4.1.2 Explanation of the Code Switching in the Daily Conversation of Students
of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara
According to the data description above, the writer only found three types of
code switching ocurrs in the conversations, they are intra-sentential code switching,
situational code switching and metaphorical code switching. While tag code
switching and intersentential code switching are not found.
As the writer explains in the data description, intra-sentential code switching
is the most dominant type used by the students. It occurs thirteen times during the
conversations. According to Bloomfield and Gumperz (in Jendra, 2010,76) an
intra-sentential code switching happens when a word, a phrase or a clause from different
language is found within the sentence in a base language. Most of the speakers
switch a word in English, such as “mam” to addressing someone (in this case is
female lecturer) while they speak in Bahasa Indonesia. All the sentences that contain
this case is classified into intra-sentential code switching.
The second place is metaphorical code switching, it happens three times
during the conversations. The metaphorical code switching happens when there is a
changing in perception, the purpose or the topic of the conversation. The last one is
situational code switching only found one time, because the situation when the
4.1.3 Explanation of the Code Mixing in the Daily Conversation of Students of
Department of English University of Sumatera Utara
First of all, the writer wants to explain why the analysis of code mixing is
focus in components of language, not like the analysis of code switching which is
focused in analyzing the type. From the beginning of the research, the writer focus
the analysis in the daily conversation of students of Department of English, so there
are only two languages being used, they are Bahasa Indonesia and English.
We can claerly conclude that the type of code mixing that occurs in the
conversation is outer code mixing, as Suwito (in Umar and Napitupulu, 1994:14)
devided code mixing into two types: inner code mixing and outer code mixing. Inner
code mixing is sourced from the native language with all its variations (formal,
standard, informal or non-standard). While outercode mixing is sourced from foreign
language.
Code mixing usually occurs unintentionally, it becomes usual for people to
use it in their speech. It may because there are a lot of words of foreign language,
especially English, that are well-known so they can use it easily. It is why the code
mixing of word becomes the most dominant in using. There are 90 utterances of code
mixing of word occurs in the conversations.
The second place is code mixing of phrase. After the writer analyze the data,
there are only five cases of code mixing of phrase found from the conversations. It
may because even there are so many phrases in English they have known, but they
are not really realize it while they are speaking so they rarelly use it.
The last two components of language are clause and sentence. In these
