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IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID”
A THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For S1 – Degree in English Department
By:
DINAR RUSYDIANA
C1308503
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID”
By:
DINAR RUSYDIANA
C1308503
Has been approved by the thesis consultant:
Thesis Consultant:
Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S.,M.Hum NIP. 19820927 200812 2 001
The Head of English Department of Non Regular Program
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IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID”
By:
DINAR RUSYDIANA
C1308503
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University June 2012
The Board of Examiners
Position Name Signature
Chairman : Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M. Pd ……… NIP. 19581108 198303 1 001
Secretary : Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S, M.A ……… NIP. 19710525 199802 2 001
First Examiner : Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S.,M.Hum ……… NIP. 19820927 200812 2 001
Second Examiner : Dr. Tri Wiratno, M.A. ……… NIP. 19670726 199302 1 001
The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
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PRONOUNCEMENT
NAME : DINAR RUSYDIANA NIM : C1308503
I stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled An Analysis of the Translation of Proper Names in the Novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid” is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism nor made by others. The belongings related to other people‟s work are written in quotations and included within the bibliography.
If it is subsequently proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility, including the withdrawal of the academic degree.
Surakarta, 11 June 2012 The researcher,
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Bismillahirrahmanirrohim
All roads lead to Rhome…
Choose the best one wisely
A smile is going to let our sadness away
So, smile today
^_^
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DEDICATION
I
whole-heartedly dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved
Yangti, Ibu, Bapak,
My inspiring
Brothers
andmy lovelyBee,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. All praises are just for the Almighty God, Allah SWT for the blessing and the guidance and for the prophet Muhammad SAW for his great inspiration to my ordinary life. Finally, I can finish this thesis. It was a challenging task for me to complete this thesis because it took a lot of time, energy, and patience. I realize that without supports from the people surrounding me, I am sure that I am not able to accomplish this thesis successfully.
Therefore, I would like to give my special thank to all of them who have given me valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:
1. The dean of faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University, Drs. Riyadi santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, for approving this thesis.
2. Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd, the Head of Non Regular English Program, for giving me admission to this thesis to be examined.
3. My thesis consultant, Ms. Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S.,M.Hum., for her concern, guidance, support, and critical advice to me in this thesis.
4. My academic consultant, Mr. Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL for the advice and guidance during my study in Sebelas Maret University.
5. All the lecturers of English Department who have taught me well and shared their knowledge and experiences.
6. My raters; Ms. Vian, Nia, and Ms. Yuni, for the comments, inputs, and suggestions.
7. All the respondents involved in the research that I can not mention down here. Thanks a million for you all.
8. Yangti, Bapak, and Ibu, for every single prayer for me. I guess I will never be what I have become now without the light that you bring to me.
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10.My lovely Bee (BTW): thanks for your love, supports and inspiration given to me, much love for you.
11.Ibu Puji Hastuti and her great fams, thank you for prayer, advices, love, and inspiration for me „the stranger‟.
12.My wonderful friends; Yuni (Sri Wahyuni) and Yuni (Hariyanti), now I know why the fate decides to give me many friends name Yuni, coz you‟re kind-hearted girls; Mb Nana Hardant, En2, Findut and her lil‟ fams, Ran2tut2, Ka‟ Liska (Arizka Diah P), Ridho Wicaksono, Uci “Suci”, Ms.Ucup, De‟ Mayong, De‟ Dephy, De‟ Rara and Wisma Rizki Family as my sharing partner,
13.My all friends in RRI Surakarta, especially my all friends in Pro 2 fm Solo who always inspire & support me to be better woman, I lovingly dedicate this thesis to you.
14.All my friends of S1 Swadana Transfer 2008, finally we can pass this examination of life guys, I love you all.
15.All my friends of English Department 2006, thanks for keeping our compact friendship for the years.
16.All people who have given me supports and helped me in completing this thesis (Anita, Mb Niken, Rasyida, Mb Kharisma, Michan, Cathy, Hani, Intan, Arfin Muhammad).
At last, I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestion and criticism will be kindly accepted. Hopefully, this thesis will be beneficial for English Department students and for those who are interested in Translation.
Surakarta, June 2012
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TITLE ……… i
APPROVAL BY THE THESIS SUPERVISOR ………. ii
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ………. iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ………... iv A. Definition of Translation ……….. 10
B. Names and Proper Names ……….. 11
C. Translating Proper Names ……….. 19
D. Techniques of Translating Proper Names ………. 24
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F. Research Procedure ……….. 47
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION A. Kinds of Proper Names ………... 49
1. Personal Names ………... 50
2. Names For Things ………... 67
3. Title ……….... 74
4. Title Used Without Names ………... 77
5. Relationship Noun ………... 78
6. Other Proper Nouns ………... 81
B. Translation Quality ……… 120
a. Analysis of accuracy ………... 120
b. Analysis of acceptability ………... 142
c. Analysis of readability ………... 180
C. Discussion ……… 207
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION A. Conclusion ……….... 224
B. Recommendation ……… 225
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….
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xi Table 3.1 The scales of translation accuracy Table 3.2 The scales of translation acceptability Table 3.2 The scales of translation readability
Table 4.1 Ways of gender specific names translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.2 Ways of nicknames translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.3 Ways of brand names translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.4 Ways of names for rock group translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.5 Ways of street names translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.6 Ways of pet names translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.7 Ways of title translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.8 Ways of title used without names translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.9 Ways of relationship noun translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.10 Ways of names of dates translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.11 Ways of names of event translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.12 Ways of names of art works translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.13 Ways of names of other unique things translated into Bahasa
Indonesia
Table 4.14 Ways of names of subject translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.15 Ways of names of places translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.16 Ways of names of group translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.17 Ways of names of children‟s plaything translated into Bahasa
Indonesia
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Literature uses language as media. A literature work cannot be enjoyed until it is conveyed or stated through language. Meanwhile, the literature is the standard expression of what people look, feel and contemplate at their life dealing with the most interesting aspects of their life (Hudson in Tarigan, 1961: 10).
Novel is a kind of literature works which is familiar and interesting to read. Not only does because of the sequence of story (plot), but also the worth of message or value of the story make this kind of fiction literatures attract to read. As a fiction, novel creates something which may happen (which had/has happened or is happening, or something in the wind). It has a reality as its character, which may happen or may not happen. (Pelatihan Kepenulisan dan Cerpen, 2006). It represents the condition where the story takes place including the cultural, economic, social, political situations. It becomes the reason why we sometimes find strange or uncommon names of personal, places, or names of things, especially when we read translated novel, such as the interesting novel entitled “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” written by Jeff Kinney.
The novel can be described as a combination of novel and cartoons as the illustration of the story in this novel. As we know, novel is a kind of fiction book. It is
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a book of long narrative in literary prose. (www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel) Different with the common novel, the writer of “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” inserts picture as illustration of the story in order to attract the readers of this novel, kids or preteens. The cartoons in this tick novel ease the readers to understand the story.
This novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” is one of the international bestselling series among people around the world. It is currently topping the New York Times’ bestseller list for children’s chapter books so that the writer, Jeff Kinney just agreed
to a movie deal for the “Wimpy Kid,” and his series was recently nominated for a
Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award — along with the Harry Potter books. The first book has been sold more than a million copies, and it is reprinted in more than 20 foreign languages — including Bahasa Indonesia, where the title is translated into: “Diary si Bocah Tengil – Sebuah Novel Kartun”. People can also check out the
Wimpy Kid freely on one of the writer’s company Web sites, Funbrain.com, where it
receives an average of 70,000 visitors each day. This novel has a character that everyone can relate to Greg Heffley, a pre-teen with an older brother, Rodrick, and a younger brother, Manny, and a best friend named Rowley. There are lots of drawings to attract and keep the kids’ attention. Like other translated novels, there are many
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Example I:
ST : And plus, we were going to be on Snake Road, which is way too dangerous for a little kid like Manny.
TT : Tambahan lagi, kami akan pergi ke Snake Road, yang terlalu berbahaya untuk anak kecil seperti Manny.
The translator of “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” applied borrowing technique for both Snake Road and Manny. Snake Road as the name of particular road in the setting of the story is simply borrowed, even though in Bahasa Indonesia it is found the word ular for the translation of snake, meanwhile road can be changed into jalan. But, we found the translator remains using Snake Road. Meanwhile, the personal names
Manny is not changed at all. He also uses borrowing technique.
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ST : I came up with this character called Creighton the Cretin, and I got on a roll.
TT : Aku menemukan seorang karakter bernama Creighton the Cretin, Creighton
Si Tolol, dan aku bekerja dengan lancar.
There is a proper name in the example above. The words in bold are kinds of personal names. The problem stands in the translation of the name of Creighton the Cretin. Not all of kids or preteens as the target readers of this novel know what the meaning of the Cretin before they open the dictionary. It becomes the reason why the translator gives additional information by applying the form of literal translation for those words Creighton the Cretin in order to make the meaning clear and understandable. Firstly, he keeps the source text unchanged when he translates it into target text. He uses copy technique for the word Creighton the Cretin. Then, he gives a variation in applying the technique of translation for the additional information Creighton Si Tolol. He not only uses copy technique, but also applies rendition techniques. In this technique, those words are literally translated. These techniques are applied to emphasize the role of names in creating and portraying the character’s
personality traits, which will guide the readers throughout the plot. Those techniques can obviously affect the acceptability and readability levels of the target text.
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The Example 3:
ST : His band is called “Loaded Diaper,”only it’s spelled “Löded Diper” on Rodrick’s van
TT : Band-nya diberi nama “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok Berisi,” hanya saja mereka salah mengejanya menjadi “Löded Diper” di mobil van Rodrick. In the example above, we can find the word Loaded Diaper which is borrowed by the translator from ST with the explanation in TT by adding the meaning Popok Berisi. Even though, it is indeed added the meaning of Loaded Diaper in Bahasa Indonesia, but we know that not of all kids or preteens know what exactly it means. Loaded Diaper or Popok Berisi is referred to the diaper which is full of muck, such as pee or feces.
The other variation of techniques in translating the novel in cartoons “Diary of
Wimpy Kid” can be shown in the example below.
The example 4:
ST : All that you have to do to beat Rowley is name your car something ridiculous at the beginning of the game.
TT : Untuk mengalahkannya, kita hanya perlu menamai mobil dengan julukan konyol di awal permainan.
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name Rowley that is translated into –nya as objective pronoun of Rowley that does not belong to personal names.
Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher is interested in analyzing the translation of proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” written by Jeff Kinney translated into “Diary si Bocah Tengil” dealing with the ways the
translator translates the proper names and translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
B. Problem Statements
Based on the research background, the problem statements are formulated as follows:
1. What kinds of proper names are found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia?
2. How is the translation quality of proper names in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability?
C. Problem Limitation
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than 20 foreign languages, but also because of the availability of data that will be researched. There are many proper names in this novel as the data of this research.
Meanwhile, in order to achieve the objectives of the research problem, the researcher only analyzes proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. The researcher did not analyze the proper names in the text of illustration cartoons in this book. The focus of analysis includes the techniques applied by the translator in translating the proper names and the quality of translation in terms of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
D. Research Objectives
Based on the problem statements, the research objectives are:
1. To find out the kinds of proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and they way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia 2. To find out the translation quality in term of accuracy, acceptability, and
readability in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”
E. Research Benefits
This research is expected to give some benefits for: 1. Students of English Department
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The result of this translation will bring some contributions for the translator. The translator will get additional knowledge about overcoming some problems in translating proper names in order to produce a qualified translation product.
3. Other researchers
The result of this research will be beneficial for other researchers as an additional reference especially for dealing with translation of the proper names.
F. Research Organization
In order to make this research easy to follow, the writer organizes this thesis as follow:
Chapter I is INTRODUCTION. This chapter consists of Research Background, Problem Statements, Problem Limitation, Research Objectives, Research Benefits and Research Organization
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Chapter III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. This chapter presents research design, data and source of data, sample and sampling technique, method of collecting data, technique of analyzing data, and research procedures.
Chapter IV is DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION. It consists of analysis and discussion.
commit to user CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
There are many theoretical concepts developed by the experts related to translation. They propose various definitions of translation. Some of them are weak, some of them are strong, and the others are completing each other.
According to Catford (1965: 20) ―translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)‖ This theory emphasizes on the material that should be changed, but ignore the message of the SL. In fact, the message is the one of important part which should be defensible in translation. Besides, a translator should not change the material of SL and TL because the structures are different. Adding the theory of Catford, Brislin (1976: 1) says that the transferring message in translation is not only in written form but also in oral form.
Translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target) whether the language are in written or oral form, whether the language have established orthograpies or do not have standardization, or whether one or both is based on sign, as with sign language of the deaf.
The theory above gives pressure only in transferring the message without considering the form of target language. In fact, the transfer of message is through the target language.
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The other idea is stated by Nida (1975: 33) that ―translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in style‖. This definition is similar to the idea of Kridalaksana (1985 in Nababan, 2003:19-20) who says that translation as the transferring message of the source language into target language should reveal the message and the style of the language. A concept which is stated into two different form of languages (SL and TL) which refers to one/ the same object should be translated in a good form of language, either oral or written by considering the style of language.
To complete the definition of translation, Larson (1984: 2) explains that: Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. Thus it is the meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. It is only the form which changes.
In other words, it can be said that what is being transferred in translation process is the content of the source language. To express or rewrite the content in the target language, changes in language structure are needed due to the language system difference of both languages.
B. Names and Proper Names
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states that nouns are classified into six types: count nouns, uncount nouns, singular nouns, plural nouns, collective nouns and proper nouns. He states that most nouns do not begin with a capital letter, unless they are used to start a sentence. However, proper nouns or names are one of them which are spelled with a capital letter. From that statement, we can find that the term of proper nouns or names referred to the similar meaning. He defines proper nouns as the reference to people or things by name. Särkkä (2007) states that nouns are classified as common or proper. Common nouns refer to a class of entities (e.g. squirrel), while proper nouns have a unique referent (John, London). This idea is similar to Fernandez‘s (2006: 45) who distinguishes a noun based on the special nature of humans in terms of common and proper nouns.
Matthews (1997: 61 in Fernandez. 2006: 45) states that a common noun is a
name whose ―application is not restricted to arbitrarily distinguished members of a
class‖ (e.g. day, horse, goblin). It can be said that the reference of the individual is
not specific. It will be different from proper nouns or names which are referred to a
particular individual. According to Matthews, proper noun is defined as ―the name of
a specific individual or of a set of individuals distinguished only by their having that
name‖ (ibid). In short, the proper nouns or names represent the individuals who have
their own characteristics distinguished only by having that name. For example, in
―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖, there are names of day, such as Tuesday, Wednesday, or
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To complete the definitions above, Asher (1994: 3372) asserts that ―proper
names are terms for denoting specific individuals or individual groups, with personal names being the most typical. In every society each person has at least one personal
names, and in large technological societies, a family name as well‖. It means, when
we refer to a particular person, we can use their name. People‘s names are spelled
with a capital letter, and do not have a determiner in front of them (Sinclair, 1990: 37).
Basically, the science that studies names is known as onomastics (Greek onomastikos from onoma ‗name‘), usually divided into the study of personal names (anthroponomastics from Greek anthropos ‗human being‘) and places names (toponomastics from Greek topos ‗place‘) (Crystal, 1997: 112 in Fernandez 2006: 45). As he stated, the term onomastics is used to refer to personal names and toponomastics to place names. He considered this division as an arbitrary one, as places can be named after people (e.g. Alberta in Canada is named after the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Louise Caroline Alberta) and vice versa (e.g. Israel is also used as a first name).
From the example above, we know that different places or areas have their own characteristic of names, either personal names or place names or others depending on their beliefs or culture. Proper names sometimes become the reflection
of the character‘s personality traits brought by the users. By the names (proper
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which lead the readers throughout the plot of the story, especially in children‘s
literature.
Discussing about proper names, we cannot ignore the categorization of proper names. Asher (1994:3373-3374) divides proper names based on two classes; they are personal names and names of things. He classifies personal names into several subclasses:
1. Gender Specific Names
Most names are gender specific. Tanz (in Asher (1994:3373-3374) has identified three common patterns:
a. Names may be gender specific and phonologically unrelated to a corresponding name of the other gender, such as Thomas and Susan.
b. A masculine name can serve as a stem to which feminine suffixes are added: from Paul can be formed Paula, Paulette, and Pauline.
c. A name can be formed from a neutral stem to which both masculine and feminine suffixes are added, as in Latin, where feminine –a and masculine –us could be added to most name stems, for example, Claudia, Claudius, and Julia, Julius.
2. Nicknames
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a. A nickname can be constructed from the common vocabulary where an item is selected that is appropriate for the specific individual. For example, a short person might be called Shorty.
b. A conventional relationship between names and nicknames, though this relationship is many-many rather than one-one. Conventional nicknames for
Elizabeth are Betty, Bess, and Liz, etc; for Robert are Bob, Rob, Bobby, and even Bert. However, Bobby is also a nickname for Roberta and Barbara. c. The third principle overlaps with the second, and consist of adding the
diminutive suffix –y to the name or part of the name: Anny, Maddy, Keithy are nicknames for Ann, Madeleine, and Keith respectively.
3. Personal Names for Roles
Although names generally denote specific individuals, there is a small class of names that function as role generics in informal (and not very polite) speech, particularly as vocatives. For examples: George for railway porter in a sleeping car in American English, or Maria for a female street peddler in Mexico, or Mack as an address for a stranger.
4. Proper Names that Shift to Common Nouns
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Asher (1994:3373) states that the most salient things that receive proper names are individual people and places. But, actually, there are other things receive names as well, including individual creatures and objects that are identifiable and important. Included in this category are domestic animals, especially pets; important architectural objects such as large buildings, bridges, and highways, and in a few places, houses; swords (in heroic epics), important events, such as wars, and important weather phenomena, such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Many of these things are named by words and phrases taken from the common vocabulary, but they are proper name.
The subclasses of names for things are as the following: 1. Pet Names
Carroll (1985 in Asher 1994: 3373-3374) states that in each of these domains there are conventions, or patterns, of naming which vary across cultures, For example, names for cats and dogs tend to be single words (commonly drawn fro the stock of human first names), compared to names for racehorses, which tend to have two or three names (commonly have names that connote speed and winning). The examples are Boris for dog or Garfield for cat, and Lucky Lucky Lucky or Winning Streak for horse.
2. Names for Rock Groups
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common categories for selecting names are drugs, dangerous animals, weapons, and abnormality. For example: Scorpions, Iron Maiden, or BrainDamage.
3. Street Names
Street names also follow patterns. In the USA, streets are typically named after famous people, geographical features, trees, presidents, places (cities, states, and islands), numbers, and letters. They are not named after dates for important events, however a practice which is common in Mexico. In societies where streets may be named after numbers and/or letters, then the streets conform to numerical order (of positive whose integers) and the alphabet. For example: Whirley Street (Whirley is name of people)
4. Brand Names
Brand names are often considered to be a subclass of proper names, since they are written with capital letters, but syntactically they act like common nouns; semantically, they do not refer to unique individuals but to classes of objects or to mass substances. However, brand names are like proper names in that they are consciously and carefully applied, and moreover, unlike personal names, they can be copyrighted so that no one else can use them.
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Different with Asher, Sinclair (1990: 17-19) has his own categorization of proper names. They are:
1. People‟s names
People names refer to a particular person, such as Michael Hall, Jenny, or Smith. They are spelled with capital letter.
Discussing about personal names, Sinclair (1990:18) adds that sometimes a
person‘s name can be used to refer to something they create, such as a painting,
sculpture, or book by a particular person by using the person‘s name like a count
noun or music composed or performed by a particular person by using the person‘s name like an uncounted noun. They are spelled with a capital letter. Examples:
I’m reading an Agatha Christie at the moment.
I was looking at their Picassos and Matisses.
… instead of playing Chopin and Stravinsky all the time.
2. Relationship nouns
Sometimes in family level we found the use of nouns which refer to relationship between the people in a family, such as mother, dad, aunt, grandpa, and son. Sinclair states that they can also be used like names to address people or refer to them. As the other proper names, they are spelled with a capital letter.
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3. Titles
Titles are words which show someone‘s social status or job. They are spelled with
capital letter. Title is placed in front of a person‘s name, usually their surname or
their full name. It commonly used in formal way for showing the respect to them. The examples of common title are Doctor, Lord, Captain, Mrs., Miss, Cardinal,
President, Sister, etc.
A few titles, such as King, Queen, Prince, Princess, Sir, Lady can be followed
just by the person‘s first name.
4. Titles used without names
Determiners, other modifiers, and qualifiers are sometimes used with titles, and
the person‘s name is omitted.
Example:
… Her Majesty the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.
… the President of the United States.
5. Titles used as count nouns
Most words which are titles can also be count nouns, usually without a capital letter.
Examples:
… lawyers, scholars, poets, presidents, and so on.
commit to user 6. Other proper nouns
The names of organizations, institutions, ships, magazines, books, plays, paintings, and other unique things are also proper nouns and are spelled with
capital letter. They are sometimes used with ‗the‘ or another determiner. The
determiner is not spelled with a capital letter, except in the names of books, plays, and paintings.
For example:
… Birmingham University
They are sometimes used with ‗the‘ or another determiner:
…the Queen Mary … the University of Birmingham … The Encyclopedia of
Language and Linguistics … A Midsummer Night’s Dream
C. Translating Proper Names
Many translators consider that names have no semantic meaning in language. In other words, they usually only transfer the original form of names instead of translated it. Translator will borrow the original word of source language into target language. Some experts state that proper names are sometimes translated as it is for maintaining the message of the original author or keeping the uniqueness of objects dealing with the referential function of names in presupposing the memorability. As
Tymoczko (1999: 225 in Fernandez 2006: 48) states, ―the referential function of
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names must in ―some way be memorable so as to serve their function as indicators of
unique objects‖.
Proper name brings the cultural value on which the setting is set. However, Puurtinen (in Fernandez 2006: 44-48) argues that names have to be transferred in equivalence word in target language, because some of names represent the description of the characters in the story, especially in fiction story. If there are many strange names in the story, it can be barriers for the young readers. In fictional story, proper names often do not represent the factual characters in a real world. For example in the children story book, various names are created from the imagination of the writer that cannot be found in the reality.
In translating proper names, the translator is demanded to make the translated text natural for the readers. The reason is that proper names have singular references.
They refer to particular person, place, or thing. They can serve as ―culture marker‖
(www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2003/v48/n1-2/006966ar. html accessed in May 2011) indicating from which culture the names come. If the translator just leave the names as they are without any necessary adjustment of the TL culture, it is possible that the translation will sound strange and unacceptable. On the other hand, when the translator changes the names, he/ she does not transfer the message of SL because of omitting the culture brought by the writer.
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comprehend that their role is to convey the message of the author by using the acceptable and readable words. In fact, in translation, there will be two poles which trade-offs one another: accuracy and acceptability.
Those concepts are also happens in translating literary work; in semantic
terms, names have a prominent role in children‘s literature to describe a certain
quality of a particular narrative element and/or create some comic effects. In other words, the readers can see the character of the story or comic by emphasizing the attention to the names representing the vices or virtues. Besides, the translator does not only convey the message but also in effects of humor when they translated such names in comic or humor book. When the translator cannot hold the sense of humor of the story, it means the translation is failed. Meanwhile, in semiotic discussion, proper names can indicate gender, class, religious identity, nationality, and etc related with signs. The translator may translate proper names as it is for holding the meaning (Fernandes, 2006). On the other hand, Puurtinen (1998) states that, children's literature was perhaps expected to be very simple linguistically in order for young readers to fully comprehend the books' content and moral. It means that when the children is faced to the complexity of sentences or words including new and strange terms their reading activity will be annoyed because they will miss the message in the story. It becomes the reason for the translator to change the setting and names
depending on the TT‘s culture in order to help the young readers identify the
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From the pronunciation‘s view, Fernandes states there will be sound symbolic
meanings which can be a barrier for the translator for translating names. There are two kinds of sound symbolic meanings: imitative sound symbolic meaning and phonesthetic meaning (Fernandes, 2006).
Shisler (1997) explains that imitative sound symbolic meanings are related to the use of onomatopoeia. An imitative sound symbol represents a sound actually heard, but its actual component speech sounds may only vaguely resemble the imitated sound. For example: Zzzzz for the sound symbol of the sleeping activity. Meanwhile, phonesthetic meaning has to do with the use sound symbolic elements called phonesthemes. A phonestheme is a sound, sound cluster, or sound type that is directly associated with a meaning. For example: the initial cluster /sl/ which is
connected with ―unpleasantness‖, such as slime, slug, slithery, slobbery, and slog.
This phonesthetic pattern is used in HarryPotter as the name of the founder of the ill-reputed Slytherinhouse ―Salazar Slytherin‖. This phonestheme concept will help the translator in determining the equivalence words in TT when they consider they
should change the setting and names depending on TT‘s culture.
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D. Techniques of Translating Proper Name
According to Särkkä (2007), translating proper names deals with a number of ways in translation. He states that a proper name: first, can be transported wholesale from the target text (allowance being made for possible transliteration or transcription depending on the languages concerned); second, can be partly transported from the source language (SL) and partly translated; thirdly, it can be replaced with more or less different names in the target language (TL) (ibid). Finally, it can be dispensed with altogether. It seems very simple ways for the translator in translating proper name, in fact, in practice it will be many difficulties found.
Almost similar to that concept, Hervey, et al (1995b:21-24) give several alternatives in translating names that can be used by the translator, they are:
1. Exoticism
The names can be taken over without making some changes from the ST to the TT. They are still in their original form without any changes to the TL culture. The weakness of this technique is the condition when the translator used explanation by adding footnotes, glosses or academic explanation which can reduce the text attractiveness.
ST: I had to explain that you need a game system and a TV to play Twisted
Wizard, ...
TT: Aku terpaksa menjelaskan bahwa seseorang membutuhkan perangkat alat
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Wizard, …
The example above is the example of exoticism. The word in bold is a proper name which refers to the names of video games (name of things). It is simply transferred and still in original form.
2. Cultural Borrowing
Cultural borrowing is ―the first alternative to transfer a ST verbatim into the TT‖
(Hervey, 1995b). The translator may choose this strategy when it is impossible to find a suitable expression in the TL for translating the ST expression. The names are borrowed then it can be modified to fit the phonological/ graphological system of the TL.
For example: ST: January
TT: Januari
January is the name of month in Christian calendar that have been used all over
the world, including Indonesia. Januari is the Indonesian standard version of January. This transliteration is used to adjust the pronunciation sounds of
January which is spelled.
3. Calque
Calque is ―an expression that consists of TL words and respects TL syntax, but is
unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on the structure of a SL expression.
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ST: This kid named Preston Mudd got named Athlete of the Month for being
the best player in the basketball unit.
TT: Ada seorang anak bernama Preston Mud yang mendapatkan gelar Atlet
Bulan Ini karena dia merupakan pemain terbaik dalam tim bola basket.
The example above shows that the underlined words are translated literally by their most common meaning in Indonesia.
4. Communicative Translation
―In contrast with cultural borrowing, the translator may opt for communicative
translation. For example, many proverbs, idioms, and clichés have already identifiable communicative equivalents in such cases‖ (Hervey, 1995b).
The example:
ST: „Police News of the Past‟
TT: „Kumpulan Kasus Seru‟
The example above is the title of article. The ST is translated using communicative translation since it is more brief and clear. It slightly different with the original but its meaning can be understood by the readers. The ST is translated literally, limited by the SL grammatical construction. Then, the ST s paraphrased into ‘Kumpulan Kasus Seru’ which is simpler and to the point. 5. Cultural Transplantation
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the ST, making the TT is completely in the target cultural setting. The example of cultural transplantation can be seen through some famous drama/ films, such as
Shakespeare‘s Romeo and Juliet which adapted into the Hollywood musical film
West Side Story, or Shaw’s Pygmalion into My Fair Lady.
Like Harvey, Fernandez (2006: 50) has the concepts in translating names depending on the Hermans‘s concept. He proposes a set of ten produces in the translation of names based on information extracted from PEPCOCFL – The Portuguese-English Parallel Corpus of Children‘s Fantasy Literature. The techniques are:
1. Rendition
This is a ―coincidental‖ procedure and is used when the name is transparent or
semantically motivated and is in standardized language, that is, when the name in a source text is enmeshed in the lexicon of that language, thus acquiring
―meaning‖ to be rendered in the target language.
The example:
ST: A real Sea Dragon is fifty times as big as that little creature.
TT: Seekor Naga Laut sungguhan berukuran lima puluh kali lebih besar
daripada makhluk kecil itu.
The example shows that when the proper names in the ST are enmeshed in the TL, then the meaning is rendered in the TL. Creature names Sea Dragon is
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This procedure bears resemblance to Vinay and Darbelnet‘s concept of
―borrowing‖ as the simplest type of translation. In this procedure, the names are
reproduced in the translated text exactly as they appear in the source text without suffering any sort of orthographic adjustment. From a phonological perspective, however, Nord (2003: 187) points out that these names often acquire a different pronunciation in the TL.
For example, the personal name Daniel in SL is translated into Daniel in Bahasa
Indonesia as TL. In novel ―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖ we found Mr. Ira in SL
which was translated into Mr. Ira in TL, even though the translator has possibility to change the word Mr. (Mister) with the equivalence word in TL
―Tuan‖.
3. Transcription
This is a procedure in which an attempt is made to transcribe a name in the closest corresponding letters of a different target alphabet or language. In other words, this procedure occurs when a name is transliterated or adapted at the level of morphology, phonology, grammar, etc., usually to conform to the target language system.
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For example, the personal name Andy in English is translated into Andi in Bahasa Indonesia, and the name of month December is translated into Desember. 4. Substitution
In this type procedure, a formally and/ or semantically unrelated name is a substitute in the target text for any existent name in the source text. In other words, the TL name and the SL name exist in their respective referential worlds, but are not related to each other in terms of form and/ or semantic significance. For example: in Harry Potter there is personal names „Harvey‟ and ‘Harold’ (ST)
which is translated into „Ernesto’ and „Eduardo’ in the Brazilian Portuguese language as TT. The translator of Harry Potter series is not only replaced the two SL names, but also took into consideration the alliteration (i.e. the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words that are close together) present in the original.
5. Recreation
This type of procedure consists of recreating an invented name in the SL text into the TL text, thus trying to reproduce similar effects of this newly-created referent in another target cultural setting. It is important to stress that recreation differs from substitution in the sense that in recreation the lexical item does not exist in the SL or in the TL.
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is translated into a goles and not capitalized. The decision is in line with the Brazilian grammar rule.
6. Deletion
This procedure is a drastic way of dealing with lexical items, but even so it has been often used by translators. Deletion (ø) as a translation procedure involves removing a source-text name or part of it in the target text. It usually occurs when such names are apparently of little importance to the development of the narrative, and are not relevant enough for the effort of comprehension required for their readers.
Example:
ST: …, but Mom said I had to finish my Christmas thank-yous before I went
out anywhere. (p. 137)
TT: …, tetapi Mom bilang aku harus menyelesaikan semua kartu ucapan
terima kasih sebelum aku pergi ke mana pun. (p. 136)
From the example above, we know that the translator applies deletion technique because he omits the word in TT. One can see that there is the other proper noun
which is name of event ―Christmas‖ in the ST. Thephrase ―my Christmas
thank-yous‖ that should translate into TT as semua kartu ucapan terima kasih Natal is
translated the phrase into semua kartu ucapan terima kasih. The translator deleted
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development. The inexistence of the word ―Natal‖ in TL did not reducing the
message/ meaning of ST. 7. Addition
This procedure is the one in which extra information is added to the original name, making it more comprehensible or perhaps more appealing to its target audience. Sometimes it is used to solve ambiguities that might exist in the translation of a particular name.
Example:
ST: …, and that he‘s suspended from Patrols for a week. (p 181)
TT: …, dan dia dibebas-tugaskan dari tim Pengawas selama seminggu.
In the example above, Patrols is translated into tim Pengawas. The word tim is added for the structural acceptability in the TT.
8. Transposition
This procedure is defined as the replacement of one word class with another without changing the meaning of the original message. For Chesterman (1997), this procedure also involves structural changes, but it is often useful to isolate the word-class change as being of interest in itself.‖
Example:
ST: …, but if I can get voted as a Class Favorite, I‘ll go out on a high note.
TT: …, tapi jika aku bisa sampai terpilih sebagai Favorit di Kelas, aku akan
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In example above, there is a replacement of word class of ‗a Class Favorite‘
which s translated into ‗Favorit di Kelas’. In SL it includes into noun, but in its
translation it becomes an adjective for the word ‗Favorit‘ and noun for the word
‗Kelas‘. Meanwhile ‗di‘ (TT) itself is kind of preposition which is similar with the
word ‗in‘ (SL).
9. Phonological Replacement
This is a procedure in which a TT name attempts to mimic phonological features of a ST name by replacing the latter with an existing name in the target language which somehow invokes the sound image of the SL name being replaced. The latter involves adaptation of a SL name to the phonology/morphology of a target language while the former involves the replacement of a SL name with a TL name which is phonemically/ graphologically analogous to it.
This technique is detected especially in the translations of the Harry Potter series. The proper name Jim McGuffin is translated into Jorge Mendes or Myrtle is translated into Murta in Brazilian Portuguese as TT. These examples show that names apparently unmotivated were replaced with names that have a similar orthography and phonology.
10.Conventionality
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For example the proper name Archimedes in ―Artemis Fowl‖ as SL is translated into Arquimedes in Brazilian version as TT. It shows that a historical and a geographical name in the source texts (i.e. Archimedes) were replaced with conventionalized forms in the target culture, namely Arquimedes.
From the concepts above, we find various techniques used by the translator in translating proper names. It is important to say that combinations among all the procedure above are possible, as names can be rendered, copied, transcriber, or substituted and deleted.
E. The Quality of Translation
A translator is demanded to produce a good quality translation. The translator has to ensure that the result has fulfilled the requirements of qualified translation. The translation is good or not cannot be subjectively judged. There are certain criteria to assess the quality of translation including accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
The concept of accuracy, acceptability, and readability is determined by the receptor language with its own assessment.
1. Accuracy
Accuracy has relation to the expression of the SL message or content to the TL. Dealing accuracy, Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997: 3) state that:
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The quotation above points out on the preservation of information content of ST in TT. Larson (1998: 529 – 530) says that ―sometimes in restructuring the translator is working hard at getting across the meaning and in so doing adds information which was not really in the source text.‖
In proper names translation, the level of accuracy will decrease when the translator give such additional information or omit/ delete some information of SL. The process of adding or omitting information of SL has a possible risk in reducing the accuracy level of translation.
The translation of proper name is accurate if the message is accurately delivered, such as using the correct equivalence word in TL, referring to the correct reference, and the translation is match for the context situation so that it is not ambiguous. On the contrary, the translation of proper name is inaccurate if the message is not delivered. It may be caused by the translation is incorrect, or the message is omitted or ambiguous.
2. Acceptability
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of ―reading as the original‖. Larson suggests naturalness test to see if the form of the
translation is natural and the style is appropriate.
From statement above, we found that in proper names translation, acceptability will be fulfilled when the translator can find the equivalence words/ terms in TL for every single proper name in SL in order to make the translation natural. When the readers feel that the translation does not like translation works, it means the acceptability of the book is fulfilled. The translation of proper name sounds natural, such as the use of the common cultural terms, or common words in TL, etc.
From the information above, it can be stated that accuracy is concerned on SL dealing with the transferring of message or idea of the text followed by the rules and its norms. In fact, the translators usually hold on to the TL in order to convey the idea of text in SL flexibly and understandably by the reader because it is not about transferring words or finding the equivalence words (Suryawinata, 2003: 61 in Sumardiono, 2009). Meanwhile, acceptability includes grammatical, cultural matters, and norms setting out the audiences of TL. It can be said that translation always trade-offs between two such principal accounts: accuracy and acceptability (Sumardiono, 2009). Both of them will give the impact in readability.
3. Readability
Readability deals with the readability level of the translation. Readability
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understand if it is easy to read. Richards et al states that readability concerns on how easily written materials can be read and understood (in Nababan, 2003: 63). It means, readable translation will not make the target reader get confused and there are no ambiguous words. Richards et al then classify three factors influencing the translation readability, they are: the average length of sentence, the number of new words used, and the grammatical complexity of TL. Nababan (2003: 78) adds other factors that determine the level of readability, they are: the content of the text and writing style.
F. The Novel in Cartoons “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”
The interesting novel in cartoons entitled ―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖ written by Jeff Kinney is one of the translated novels published in Indonesia. The novel can be described as a combination of novel and cartoons as the illustration of the story in this novel. As we know, novel is kind of fiction book. It is a book of long narrative in literary prose. Different with the common novel, the writer of ―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖ inserts picture as illustration of the story in order to attract the reader of this novel who are kids or preteens. The cartoons in this tick novel ease the reader to understand the story.
This novel ―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖ is one of the international for a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award — along with the Harry Potter books. The first book has been sold more than a million copies, and it is reprinted in more than 20 foreign languages — including Bahasa Indonesia, where the title is translated into:
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This novel has a character that everyone can relate to Greg Heffley, a pre-teen with an older brother, Rodrick, and a younger brother, Manny, and a best friend
commit to user CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Type and Design
This research is descriptive-qualitative research. According to Creswell (1994: 1), qualitative research is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting.
In this research, the researcher applies the descriptive method. Bogdan and Biklen state that the descriptive method is collecting the qualitative data, analyzing it, and writing the result (in Creswell, 1994: 171). In line with that statement, Sutrisno Hadi in Kumala (2006: 21) states that descriptive research is a research in which the researcher only collects the data, analyzes, and concludes it without making a general conclusion. The data collected are in the form of words, sentences or pictures having more meaning than number or frequencies. The data of research are all the proper names in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and its Indonesian translation “Diary si Bocah Tengil”.
This research is designed as single embedded-case study. A research is called single case study when the research is focused on one phenomenon. Merriam and Yin (in Creswell, 1994: 12) state that in case studies, the researcher explores a single entity or phenomenon which is bounded by time and activity (a program, event,
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process, institution, or social group) and collects detailed information by using variety of data collection procedures during sustained period of time. Sutopo (2002: 111) also states that in embedded research, the researcher has chosen and determined the variables that become the major focus of the research before entering the field of study. In this case, the researcher focused on the translation techniques applied in translating the proper names in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and translation quality in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
B. Data and Source of Data
There are two kinds of data in this research. The first data is the proper names found in the source language novel and their translations in the target language novel. Those proper names and their translations are in the form of words and phrases, which is underlined from the sentences both in the source language novel and the target language novel. The data source of the first data is taken from the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and its Indonesian translation entitled “Diary si Bocah Tengil”. The data sources are taken because the novel is a popular children
literature which has a simple story and it also contains many proper names in the form of words and phrases that are translated interestingly into unique and uncommon proper names.
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informants who consist of raters and respondents. The questionnaire is used as an instrument to assess the translation quality of the first data that is filled and scored by the informants. Then, the researcher also conducts depth interview to the raters and respondents to get the valid data.
From those scores and result of the interview, the researcher, then, compares with the analysis data done by the researcher herself, then analyzes and draws the result.
Criteria for raters who assess the accuracy of translation in this research are: 1. Mastering both Indonesian and English language
2. Having sufficient experience and knowledge in translation 3. Having good competency in translation theory
4. Having willingness to involve in this research
Criteria for respondents who assess the acceptability and readability of translation in this research are:
1. kids (for 9-15 years old)
This novel is about life transition of a kid who faces the new and different environment: middle school after finishing his elementary school. People in those ages are the possible target readers.
2. having ability to read well
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C. Sampling Technique
This research employs purposive sampling technique. This technique is used by the researcher in which the data of the research are taken in purposive way. According to Patton (1998: 100), purposive sampling technique is used as a strategy when one wants to learn something and comes to understand something about certain cases without needing to generalize to all such cases. As stated earlier, the data of the research are all of the proper names in novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”.
This sampling technique is also called as criterion-based sampling (Goetz & LeCompte in Sutopo, 2002: 56). In conducting this research, the researcher took data which fulfill the objective of the research. Besides, the informants chosen are the ones fulfilling the criteria set by the researcher.
D. Method of Data Collections
Data collection is a series of interrelated activities aimed at gathering good information to answer emerging research question (Creswell, 1998: 110). The researcher employs three kinds of method in collecting the data; content analysis, questionnaire, and depth interview.
1. Content Analysis
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Reading the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and comparing the original text
and the translated text.
Finding out the data found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. The data are
all of proper names either in words or phrases.
Listing and organizing the data based on the classification of proper names. Organizing the data based on the translation technique of Lincoln Fernandes,
such as addition, deletion, transposition, etc. Giving number to the data, such as:
209/WK-216-1/BT-217-1/PN
209 : the number of datum
WK-216-1 : The source language novel, “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” with page number 216 and line number 1
BT-217-1 : The target language novel, “Diary si Bocah Tengil”
page number 217 and line number 1
PN : classification of proper names, for example PN for personal names, OP for other proper nouns, NT for name for things, T for title, TN for title without name, RN for relationship noun.
2. Questionnaire and Depth Interview
There are two types of questionnaire; the open and close format. The closed
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acceptability, and readability by giving an appropriate scale based on certain criteria. The researcher then distributed the questionnaires containing the scales for translation accuracy to the raters. Meanwhile, questionnaires containing the scales for translation acceptability and readability were distributed to the
respondents. The open format is a questionnaire for the informant’s comments in
the form of scaled questionnaire. Both of raters can give comments in the columns provided by the researcher. The depth interview is done when the raters are finishing the questionnaire. If there is score which is extremely different with the evaluation conducted by the researcher, the researcher will give several questions for ensuring the result. The aim is for avoiding the significant difference between the researcher and raters or among raters. For assessing the scores of acceptability and readability, the researcher is interviewing the respondents by giving the questions after they have read the part of novel prepared by researcher.
The accuracy level of translation is analyzed based on several indicators. They give mark or score to each datum based on the indicator below:
Table 3.1
The scale of translation accuracy
Scale Description
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referring to the correct reference, and the translation is relevant to the context of situation so that it is not ambiguous.
2 Less accurate, if the translation of proper name is less accurate. The translation is correct, but some message in the proper name is not delivered or omitted, such as any fault/ missing in mentioning personal name for particular object.
1 Inaccurate, the translation of proper name is inaccurate. The message is not delivered. It may be caused by the incorrect translation, or the omitted message.
Table 3.2
The scale of translation acceptability
Scale Description
3 Acceptable, if the translation of proper name sounds natural and almost does not feel like a translation, such as the use of the common cultural terms, or common words in TL, etc.
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Dad, and uncommon name of street or brand, etc.
1 Unacceptable, if the proper name sounds unnatural, strange, and uncommonly used in TL. It may be caused by the uncommon terms or words.
Table 3.3
The scale of translation readability
Scale Description
3 Readable, if the translation of proper name is easy to understand. The readers read fluently because the word or phrase is understandable. They have no difficulty when they read the proper name in sequence of sentences. They can answer questions given by interviewer after they have read once. 2 Less readable, the translation of proper name seems difficult to understand
in the beginning. The readers stop for a while when they read the proper name in sequence of sentences because the translation is less understandable, and they repeat it once again. They also can answer the questions given by interviewer after they have read twice.
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E. Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher analyzes two kinds of data in conducting this research. The first data is the proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and their translations in “Diary si Bocah Tengil”, while the second data is the scores obtained from the questionnaires. To analyze the data, the researcher conducts these following techniques:
1. Reading both the novel’s original and translation to find proper names.
2. Underlining proper names in the form of words and phrases found in the sentences.
3. Classifying the proper names based on the type of proper names. (Personal names or names for thing and their subclasses) based on the theory of Asher and Sinclair.
4. Analyzing the translation technique applied by the translator in translating proper names into Indonesian by applying the theory of Lincoln Fernandez.
5. Analyzing the accuracy, acceptability and readability of the data before the researcher delivers the questionnaire and conducts depth interview to raters and respondents.
6. Giving the questionnaires and interviewing the raters and respondents to get the result.
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analyzed by the researcher for obtaining the accuracy of translation, meanwhile the result questionnaire and interview of respondents is analyzed by the researcher for finding out the acceptability and readability of translation.
8. Analyzing the finding by relating the data to the theoretical context of study based on the questionnaire and interview.
F. Research Procedure
This research was conducted in the follows ways:
1. Reading both the novel’s original and translation to find proper names.
1. Underlining the proper names in the form of words and phrases found in the sentences.
2. Identifying and classifying proper names based on their types and translation technique.
3. Classifying the proper names based on the type of proper names. (Personal names or names for thing and their subclasses) based on the theory of Asher and Sinclair.
4. Coding all data in order to make the data classification and the data analysis easy to understand.
5. Analyzing the translation technique applied by the translator in translating proper names into Indonesian by applying the theory of Lincoln Fernandez.
