A RESULT ON THE EXISTENCE OF CRITICAL POINTS
by
Gabriela Clara Cri
ş
an
Abstract : The main purpose of this paper is to present a short review on two variants of the so called three critical points theorem. The first variant was given in the context of Finsler manifolds in the paper [2] and the second one is presented in under some locally linking hypotheses.
2001 Matematics Subject Classifications : 58E05
1. Preliminaries on the existence of critical points
Let M be a C 1 Banach manifold without boundary (∂M=Ø) and let T(M) be the total space of tangent bundle of M . A continous function
║ ║:T(M)→R+ is a Finsler structure on T(M) if the following conditions are satisfied:
( i ) For each x
∈
M ,the restriction ║ ║x= ║ ║/Tx
(
M
)
is an equivalent norm onTx
(
M
)
;( ii ) For each
x
0∈
M , and k>1 ,there is a trivializing neighbourhood U ofx
0such that
k
1
║ ║x≤║ ║x0 ≤ k ║ ║x for all x
∈
U .M is said to be a Finsler manifold if it is regular (as a topological space) and if it has a Finsler structure on T(M) .
It is known that every paracompact
C
1-Banach manifold admits Finsler structures on its tangent bundle and that everyC
1-Riemannian manifold is a Finsler manifold .Suppose that M is connected .For x,y
∈
M define( )
x
y
=
{
[ ]
→
M
C
such
that
( )
=
x
( )
=
y
}
Ω
,
σ
:
0
,
1
,
1.
σ
0
,
σ
1
.The length of curve( )
x,y Ω ∈σ
is given by( )
( )
( )dt
t l
t
∫
= 1
0 .
σ
σ
σ
. (1)( )
x y{
l( )
( )
x y}
dF , =inf
σ
:σ
∈Ω , . (2)The pair (M,dF) is a metric space and the induced topology is equivalent to the topology of the manifold of M (see K.Deimling [4] ).
To a given Finsler structure on T(M) there correspond a dual structure on the cotangent bundle
T
*( )
M
given by( )
{
x
:
x
p1
}
,
T
*( )
M
sup
=
∈
=
µ
µ
µ
. (3)Let
f
:
M
→
ℜ
be aC
1-differentiable mapping .A locally Lipschitz continous vector field v : M→T(M) such that for each x∈
M the following relations are satisfied: ( i ) vx ≤2( )
df x( ii )
( )
df
x(
v
x)
≥
( )
df
x 2where
( )
df x is given by Finsler structure onT
x*(
M
)
, is called a pseudogradient vector field off
( in short p.g.f. off
) .If M is a
C
2-Finsler manifold andf
:
M
→
R
is aC
1-differentiable mapping, then)
(
f
∇
≠Ø , where(
∇
f)={v∈
Χ
(
M
)
: v is p.g.f. off
}
. (4)Let us note that if M is a Hilbert manifold with the Riemannian structure , the norms x come from inner product by x
=
,
1x/2, and we can define a p.g.f. off
by p
a
(grad f)(p) , where (grad f)(p) is given via Riesz representation theorem by( )
df
p
(
X
)
=
X
,
(
gradf
)(
p
)
p,
∀
X
∈
T
p(
M
).
Let M be a
C
2-Finsler manifold , connected and without boundary . For aC
1 -differentiable real-valued functionf
:
M
→
R
, let us define by
C(f)=
{
p
∈
M
:
( )
df
p=
0
}
(5)For s
∈
R denote byC
s(
f
)
C
(
f
)
f
1(
s
)
−∩
=
, the critical point set off
at the level s. It is obvious that s a regular value off
if and only ifC
s(
f
)
=
Ø. We also consider the setf
s:
=M
s(
f
)
=
f
−1(
(
−
∞
,
s
]
)
.It is well-known that if s
∉
B(f) thenf
−1(
s
)
is Ø or a differentiable submanifold of M , of codimension 1 , andM
s(
f
)
is a differentiable submanifold with boundary of M , of codimension 0 , and ∂M
s(
f
)
=
f
−1(
s
)
.Suppose that the manifold M and the mapping
f
satisfy the following hypoteses:(a) (Completeness) (M,dF) is a complete metric space, where dF represents the Finsler metric on M defined by (2) .
(b) (Boundedness from below) If B=inf {f (x) : x
∈
M} then B>-∞
.(c) (The Palais-Smale condition) Any sequence
( )
x
n n≥0 in M with the properties that( )
(
f
x
n)
n≥0is bounded and( )
df
xn→
0
has a convergent subsequence( )
,0
≥ k nk
x with
x
p
k
n
→
.The above conditions (a)-(c) are sometimes called compactness conditions because if M is a compact manifold they are automatically verified. It is clear that the point p, which appears in condition (c) of Palais-Smale, is a critical point of f , p
∈
C(f) .Let v∈∇
( )
f be a p.g.f. of f and let x∈M be a fixed point .Because v is locally Lipschitz the following Cauchy problem( )
( )( )
=
−
=
x
t
t0
.
ϕ
υ
ϕ
ϕ (6) ,has a unique maximal solution
ϕ
v:
(
ω
−v( ) ( )
x
,
ω
+vx
)
→
M
, whereω
−v( )
x
<0<ω
+v( )
x
. Denote byϕ
tv( )
X
the above solution and by t→
ϕ
tv( )
x
the corresponding integral curve of (6). Taking into account the hypotheses (a)-(c) it follows thatω
+v( )
x
=
+∞
, i.e.{ }
ϕ
tυ t≥0 is a semigroup of diffeomorphisms of M (see K.Deimling [4].For a vector v∈Χ
( )
M let us consider the sets Z(v)={p∈
M
:
v
p=
0
},( )
{
x
M
( )
x
x
t
(
( ) ( )
x
x
)
}
Fix
v v vt v
+ −
∈
∀
=
∈
=
ϕ
ω
ω
ϕ
:
,
,
. It is easy to see that theC(f)=
( )f Z(v)
v∈∩∇ (7) C(f)=
( )
( )
v f
v∈
∩
∇Fix
ϕ
(8)If x
∉
C
(
f
)
, thenf
( )
ϕ
tv( )
x
<
f
(
x
)
for t>0 andf
( )
ϕ
tv( )
x
>
f
(
x
)
for t<0 .The following three critical points type result was proved in the paper [2]. Theorem 1: Let M be a
C
2-Finsler manifold, connected and without boundary , andlet
f
:
M
→
R
be aC
1-differentiable real-valued mapping . Assume that thehypotheses (a)-(c) are satisfied and there exist two local minima points off
f
. Thenf
posses at least three distinct critical points.The following two corollaries are obtained from the above important result.
Corollary 1: Let M be a
C
2-Finsler manifold, connected and without boundary, andlet
f
:
M
→
R
be aC
1-differentiable real-valued mapping . Assume that thehypotheses (a)-(c) are satisfied and
f
has a local minimum point which is not aglobal minimum point. Then
f
posses at least three distinct critical points.Corollary 2: Let
M
m be a m-dimensionalC
2-manifold which is closed (i.e. M iscompact and without boundary) and connected . If
f
:
M
→
R
is aC
1-differentiablereal-valued mapping with two local minima points, then
f
posses at least fourdistinct critical points .
Remark : The following exemple shows that exist smooth functions
f
:
R
2→
R
having two global minima points and without other critical points,
Hence some supplementary hypotheses are necessary to be imposed. The polynomial function
f
( )
x
,
y
=
(
x
2−
x
−
1
)
2+
( )
x
2−
1
2 has global minima at the points (1,2) and (-1,0) and it has no other critical points.2.Existence of critical points under some linking conditions
Definition 1:Let X be a Banach space with a direct sum decomposition
2 1
X
X
X
=
⊕
.The functionf
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
has a local linking at 0 , with respect to the pair of subspaces(
X
1,
X
2)
, if , for some r>0 ,( )
( )
0
,
,
.
,
,
,
0
2 1r
u
X
u
u
f
r
u
X
u
u
f
≤
∈
≤
≤
∈
≥
Remark: If mapping
f
has a local linking at 0 , then 0 is a critical point off
. Consider two sequences of subspaces:,
...
,
...
2 21 2 0 1 1 1 1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
⊂
⊂
⊂
⊂
⊂
⊂
such that=
∪
,
=
1
,
2
.
∈
X
j
X
N n j n jFor every multi-index
α
=
(
α
1,
α
2)
∈
N
2, we denote byX
α the space 1 22
1 α
α X
X ⊕ . Let us recall that
α
≤β
⇔α
1 ≤β
1,α
2 ≤β
2.We say that a sequence
( )
α
n∈
N
2 is admissible if, for everyα
∈
N
2 there is Nm∈ such that
n
≥
m
⇒
α
n≥
α
.For every
f
:
X
→
R
, we denote byf
α the function f restricted toX
α. We shall use the following compacteness conditions .Definition 2: Let c
∈
R
andf
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
. The function f satisfies the( )
PS *c condition if every sequence( )
n
u
α such that( )
α
n is admissible and( )
,( )
0, → ' →
∈ n n n n
n X f u c f u
uα α α α α , contains a subsequence which converges to a critical point of f .
Definition 3: Let
f
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
. The function f satisfied the
( )
PS
* condition if every sequence( )
n
u
α such that( )
α
n is admissible and( )
,( )
0sup
, →∞ ' →
∈ n n n n
n X f u f u
uα α α α α , contains a subsequence which
converges to a critical point of f .
Remarks: 1) When 1
:
=
,
2:
=
{ }
0
n
n
X
X
X
for every n∈N, the( )
PS *c conditions is a usual Palais-Smale conditions at the level c.2) The
( )
PS
* conditions implies the( )
PS *c conditions for every c∈
R
. Let us recall some standard notations in this context:( )
{
}
( )
{
}
( )
( )
{
: , 0}
.Lemma 1: Let f be a function of class
C
1 defined on a real Banach space X . Let0
,
,
>
⊂
X
ε
δ
S
and c∈
R
be such that, for every[
]
(
2
ε
,
2
ε
)
1
−
+
∈
f
−c
c
u
∩
S
2δ,
the following inequality holds( )
4
/
,
'
≥
ε
δ
u
f
then there exists
η
∈C(
[ ]
0,1×X,X)
such that (i)η
( )
0,u =u,∀u∈X,(ii) f
(
η
( )
.,u)
is non increasing ,∀
u
∈
X
,
(iii)
f
(
η
( )
t
,
u
)
<
c
,
∀
t
∈
] ]
0
,
1
,
∀
u
∈
f
c∩
S
,
(iv)
η
(
1
,
f
c+ε∩
S
)
⊂
f
c−ε,
(v)
η
( )
t,u −u ≤δ
,∀t∈[ ]
0,1,∀u∈X.Definition 4: Let A, B be closed subsets of X . By definition,
A
p
∞B
if there is2
N
∈
β
such that , for everyα
≥
β
there existη
α∈
C
(
[ ]
0
,
1
×
X
α,
X
α)
such that (i)η
( )
0
,
u
=
u
,
∀
u
∈
X
α,(ii)
η
( )
1
,
u
∈
B
,
∀
u
∈
A
∩
X
α.
Lemma 2 Let
f
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
and c∈
R
,ρ
>
0
. Let N be an open neighborhood ofc
K
. Assume that f satisfies( )
PS *c . Then, for allε
>0 small enough ,ε
ε ∞ −
+ c
c
f
N
f
\
p
. Moreover the corresponding deformations[ ]
α αα
η
:
0
,
1
×
X
→
X
satisfy( )
, ,[ ]
0,1, α,α
ρ
η
t u −u ≤ ∀t∈ ∀u∈X (9)( )
(
t
,
u
)
c
,
t
] ]
0
,
1
,
u
f
\
N
.
f
η
α<
∀
∈
∀
∈
αc (10)Proof The condition
( )
PS *c implies the existence ofγ
>
0
and2
N
∈
β
such that, for everyα
≥
β
andu
∈
f
α−1(
[
c
−
2
γ
,
c
+
2
γ
]
) (
∩
X
α\
N
)
2γ,
f
α'( )
u
≥
γ
.
It suffices then to choose
δ
:=min{
γ
/2,ρ
,4}
,0<ε
≤δγ
/4 and to apply Lemma1 to.
\
:
X
N
S
=
αLemma 3 Let
f
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
be bounded below and let d:=infX f. If( )
PS *dholds then d is a critical value of
f
..
ε
ε ∞ −
+ d
d
f
f
p
(11)From the definition of d ,
f
αd−ε is empty for all α andf
αd+ε is non-empty for α large enough . This contradicts (11).Lemma 4: Let
f
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
be bounded below . If
( )
PS *c holds for all c∈
R
, thenf
is coercive .Proof. If
f
bounded below and not coercive then c:=sup{d∈
R
:
f
d is bounded} is finite . It is easy to verify thatK
c is bounded . Let N be an open bounded neighborhood ofK
c. By Lemma2 , there existε
>0 such thatε
ε ∞ −
+ c
c
f
N
f
\
p
. (12)Moreover we can assume that the corresponding deformations satisfy (9) with ρ=1. It follows from the definition of c that
f
c+ε/2\
N
is unbounded and that( )
R
B
f
c−ε⊂
0
,
for some R>0 . It follows from (9) and (12) that, for all α large enough ,f
αc+ε\
N
⊂
B
(
0
,
R
+
1
)
.
But thenf
c+ε/2\
N
⊂B(
0,R+1)
.This is a contradiction .
The main result in this section is the following: Theorem 2 Suppose that
f
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
satisfies the following assumptions (A1)
f
has a local linking at 0 ;(A2)
f
satisfies( )
PS
*;(A3)
f
maps bounded sets into bounded sets ;(A4)
f
is bounded from below and d:=infX f.<0 .Then
f
has least three critical points .Proof . 1) We assume that
dim
X
1 anddim
X
2 are positive , since the other cases are similar . By Lemma3 ,f
achieves its minimum at some pointv
0. Supposing K:={0,v
0} to be the critical set off
, we will be led to a contradiction . We may suppose that r< v0 /3 and( )
0,
d/2f
r
v
B
⊂
. (13)By assumption (A2) and Lemma2 , applied to
f
and tog
:
=
−
f
, there exists]
0,−d/2[
∈
ε
such that(
)
εε
B
r
∞f
−f
\
0
,
/
3
p
, (14)(
)
εε
B
r
∞g
−( )
∞ −=
+ε d ε
d
f
r
v
B
f
\
0,
p
Ø . (16)Moreover , we can assume that the corresponding deformations exists for
(
m
0,
m
0)
≥
α
and satisfy (9) with ρ= r/2 . Assumption (A2) implies also the existence ofm
1≥
m
0 and δ>0 such that , forα
≥(
m1,m1)
,[
]
(
ε
ε
)
α( )
δ
α
+
−
⇒
≥
∈
f
−d
f
u
u
1,
' . (17)2) Let us write
α
:=( )
n,n where n≥m1 is fixed . It follows from (13) and (16) that( )
/20
,
d df
r
v
B
X
f
α+ε⊂
α∩
⊂
α . (18)Using (14) and (17) , it is easy to construct a deformation
σ
:
[ ]
0
,
1
×
S
n2→
X
α, where S{
u Xnj u r}
j
n := ∈ : = , j=1,2, such that
( )
(
)
] ]
2,
1
,
0
,
0
,
u
t
u
S
nt
f
σ
<
∀
∈
∀
∈
andf
(
σ
( )
1
,
u
)
=
d
+
ε
,
∀
u
∈
S
n2. (19) By (18) there existsψ
∈
C
(
B
n2,
X
α)
, where Bnj :={
u∈Xnj : u ≤r}
, j=1,2 such thatψ
( ) ( )
u =σ
1,u ,u∈
S
n2,( )
( )
/20 2
, d
n X B v r f
B α α
ψ
⊂ ∩ ⊂ . (20)Set
Q
:
=
[ ]
0
,
1
×
B
n2 and define a mapping0
:
∂
Q
→
f
αΦ
by( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
,
1
,
.
,
,
1
0
,
,
,
,
,
0
,
,
2 2 2 n n nB
u
t
u
u
t
S
u
t
u
t
u
t
B
u
t
u
u
t
∈
=
=
Φ
∈
<
<
=
Φ
∈
=
=
Φ
ψ
σ
Lemma 4 implies the existence of R>0 such that
f
0⊂
B
( )
0
,
R
.Hence there is a continuous extensions of Ф ,
Φ
~
:
Q
→
X
α, such that( )
~
:
sup
( ).
sup
, 0 0f
c
f
R BQ
Φ
≤
=
(21) By assumption (A3) ,
c
0 is finite .3) Let η , depending on α ,be the deformation given by (15) . We claim that Ф(∂Q) and
S
:
=
η
( )
1
,
S
1n link nontrivially . We have to prove that , for any extension(
Q Xα)
C , ~
∈
Φ of Ф ,
Φ
~
( )
Q
∩
S
≠
Ø . Assume , by contradiction , that( ) ( )
1,
2~
,
1
u
≠
Φ
t
u
η
(22)2 2 1
1
B
n,
u
B
nu
∈
∈
. Using homotopy invariance and Kronecker property of the degree , we have(
,
,
0
)
deg
(
,
,
0
)
0
deg
F
0Ω
=
F
1Ω
=
, (23) where( ) ( ) ( )
: 1, ~ , . ,:
2 1
2 1
u t u
u F
B B
t
n n
Φ − =
× = Ω
η
We obtain from (9)( )
t,u1 ≠u2η
(24 for all,
2,
[ ]
0
,
1
2 1
1
∈
B
u
∈
S
t
∈
u
n n . It follows from (15) that (24) holds for all[ ]
0
,
1
,
,
2 21
1
∈
S
u
∈
B
t
∈
u
n n . Let us define on[ ]
0,1×Ω the map( ) ( )
u
:
t
,
u
1u
2G
t=
η
−
.Using (23) and homotopy invariance of the degree , we have
(
,
,
0
)
deg
(
,
,
0
)
deg
(
,
,
0
)
0
deg
0
1 20
1
Ω
=
Ω
=
−
Ω
≠
=
G
G
P
nP
n , a contradiction .4) Let us define
c
f
( )
( )
u
Qu
Φ
=
∈ Γ ∈ Φ~
sup
inf
:
~ , where(
) ( ) ( )
{
Φ∈C Q X Φu =Φu ∀u∈∂Q}
=
Γ: ~ , α :~ ,
It follows from (21) and from the preceding step that
ε
≤
c
≤
c
0.Assumption (A2) implies the existence of m2 ≥m1 and γ>0 such that , for
(
m2,m2)
≥
α
,[ ]
(
ε
)
α( )
γ
α
⇒
≥
∈
f
−c
f
u
u
0 '1
,
. (25)By the standard minimax argument ,
c
∈
[ ]
ε
,
c
0 is a critical value off
α , contrary to (25) .Corollary3: Assume that
f
∈
C
1( )
X
,
R
satisfies (A2) and (A3) . Iff
has a globalminimum and a local maximum then
f
has a third critical pointReferences
[1] Andrica , D. , Critical Point Theory and Some Applications , University of Ankara , 1993 .
[2] Andrica , D. , Note on critical point theorem , Studia Univ. Babes-Bolyai , Mathematica , XXXVIII.2 , 65-73 (1993) .
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