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Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
Suyadi
195
Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa
Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada
207
Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia
M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman
213
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia
Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori
221
Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis Stream, West Jawa
Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin
231
Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd.
Indriani Ekasari
243
Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro
Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili
251
Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba dan C. moluccensis)
Dwi Astuti 263
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J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011)
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan masalah biologi yang diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun (Juni dan Desember).
Editor Pengelola Dr. Ibnu Maryanto Dr. I Made Sudiana Deby Arifiani, S.P., M.Sc
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Dr. Ambariyanto, F. Perikanan dan Kelautan UNDIP Dr. Aswin Usup F. Pertanian Universitas Palangkaraya Dr. Didik Widiyatmoko, PK Tumbuhan, Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI
Dr. Dwi Nugroho Wibowo, F. Biologi UNSOED Dr. Parikesit, F. MIPA UNPAD
Prof. Dr. Mohd.Tajuddin Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Monica Suleiman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
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Jurnal ini telah diakreditasi ulang dengan nilai A berdasarkan SK Kepala LIPI 816/ D/2009 tanggal 28 Agustus 2009.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
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J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
KATA PENGANTAR
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA edisi volume 7 nomer 2 tahun 2011 memuat 17 artikel lengkap, tujuh artikel diantaranya telah dipresentasi pada seminar ATCBC di Bali 2010. Penulis pada edisi ini sangat beragam yaitu dari Balai Penelitian Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Sumber daya Genetik Pertanian Bogor, Balai Tanaman Sayuran Lembang, Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner Bogor Kementerian Pertanian, BATAN.
Fak. MIPA-Biologi Universitas Indonesia, Fakultas Kehutanan UGM Yogyakarta, Fakultas Kehutanan dan Fakultas Pertanian IPB Bogor, Sekolah Tinggi Hayati dan Departemen Tehnik Kimia ITB Bandung, Fakultas Pertanian Universi-tas Borneo, Tarakan, UniversiUniversi-tas Negeri Yogyakarta, FakulUniversi-tas Sain dan Tehnologi Universitas Islam Hidayatullah Jakarta, Kebun Raya Cibodas LIPI, Puslit Biologi LIPI, Puslit Oseanografi LIPI, PEKA dan Asosiasi Pelestari Curik Bali, Taman Safari Cisarua Bogor. Topik yang dibahas pada edisi ini meliputi bidang Botani, mikrobiologi, zoologi, remote sensing.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011)
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada para pakar yang telah turut sebagai penelaah dalam Volume 7, No 2, Juni 2011: Drs. Roemantyo, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
Dr. Dwi Astuti, Puslit Biologi-LIPI M.Fathi Royani, MA., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Iwan Saskiawan, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
Drs. Ary Wahyono, Puslit Kemasyarakatan-LIPI Muhamad Irham MSc., Puslit Biologi-LIPI Dr. Enung Fuad, Puslit Bioteknologi-LIPI Drs. Boeadi, Puslit Biologi LIPI (Purna Bakti) Dr. Edi Mirmanto, Puslit Biologi-LIPI
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
DAFTAR ISI
Deforestation in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
Suyadi
195
Study of Pteridophyte Diversity and Vegetation Analysis in Jatikerep Legonlele and Nyamplung, Karimunjawa Island Central Jawa
Fahreza Saputra & Labibah Qotrunnada
207
Javan Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus auratus) Movement in a Fragmented Habitat, at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia
M.Hari Subarkah, Novianto Bambang Wawandono, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Subeno , Sandy Nurvianto, & Arif Budiman
213
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on Small Islands in Indonesia
Akhmad Rizali, Abdul Rahim, Bandung Sahari, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, & Damayanti Buchori
221
Relationship Different Riparian Vegetation Cover with Stream Conditions in Cikapinis Stream, West Jawa
Della Kemalasari & Devi N. Choesin
231
Affect of Canopy Stratum and Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy on Seedling Growth of Calliandra tetragona Beth. and Acacia tamarindifolia (L.) Willd.
Indriani Ekasari
243
Shoot Tip Culture of Nepenthes albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. In Vitro
Lazarus Agus Sukamto, Mujiono, Djukri, & Victoria Henuhili
251
Variasi Gen Mitokondria Cytochrome b pada Dua Jenis Burung Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba dan C. moluccensis)
Dwi Astuti
263
Kajian Pendahuluan: Perpindahan Gen dari Tanaman Kentang Transgenik Katahdin RB
ke Tanaman Kentang Non Transgenik
A. Dinar Ambarwati, M. Herman, Agus Purwito , Eri Sofiari,& Hajrial Aswidinoor
277
Virus Influenza Novel H1N1 Babi di Indonesia
NLP Indi Dharmayanti, Atik Ratnawati, & Dyah Ayu Hewajuli
289
Karakterisasi Produk Biosolubilisasi Lignit oleh Kapang Indigenus dari Tanah Pertambangan Batubara di Sumatera Selatan
Irawan Sugoro, Sandra Hermanto,D. Sasongko,D. Indriani & P. Aditiawati
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011)
Potensi Virus Avian Influenza H5NI Isolat A/Ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/2006 Sebagai Vaksin
R. Indriani, NLP I Dharmayanti, R.M.A Adjid, & Darminto
Variasi dan kekerabatan genetik pada dua jenis baru belimbing (Averrhoa leucopetala Rugayah
et Sunarti sp nov dan A. dolichorpa Rugayah et Sunarti sp nov., Oxalidaceae) berdasarkan profil Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
Kusumadewi Sri Yulita
Pengaruh Dinamika Faktor Lingkungan Terhadap Sebaran Horisontal dan Vertikal Katak
Hellen Kurniati
Merekonstruksi Habitat Curik Bali Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912 di Bali Bagian Barat
Mas Noerdjito, Roemantyo &Tony Sumampau
Struktur dan Komposisi Vegetasi Hutan Semusim Habitat Curik Bali (Leucopsar rothschildi
Stresemann, 1912) di Kawasan Labuan Lalang, Taman Nasional Bali Barat
Roemantyo
Sumbangan Ilmu Etnobotani dalam Memfasilitasi Hubungan Manusia dengan Tumbuhan dan Lingkungannya
221
Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 7 (2): 221-230 (2011)
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant Community Structure on
Small Islands in Indonesia
Akhmad Rizali1,2*, Abdul Rahim3, Bandung Sahari2, Lilik Budi Prasetyo4, & Damayanti Buchori2
1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University 2PEKA Indonesia Foundation (Indonesian Nature for Conservation Foundation) 3Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Borneo University, Tarakan
4Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism,
Bogor Agricultural University
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Dampak Invasiv Species Semut pada Pembentukan Struktur Komunitas Semut di Kawasan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Indonesia. Peneletian tentang pengaruh spesies invasif di kawasan pulau-pulau kecil menjadi perhatian konservasi yang sangat penting,teristimewa pengaruhnya terhadap fauna lokal dan teristimewa untuk semut-semut endemik yang menjadi kajian pada penelitian ini. Pada kajian ini penelitian dilakukan di tiga pulau yaitu Pulau Bokor, Rambut dan Untung Jawa. Semut diambil menggunakan metode pitfall trap. Metode penghitungan dengan model korelasi dan linier digunakan untuk mengukur penyebarannya secara acak di setiap pulau. Diperoleh tiga species invasif dua diantaranya yaitu Solenopsis geminata dan Paratrechina longicornis dapat dijumpai di ketiga pulau tersebut sedangkan untuk Anoplolepis gracilipes hanya dijumpai di Pulau Rambut. A. gracilipes dan S. geminata merupakan spesies yang melimpah dan komposisi keterdapatannya berkorelasi dengan faktor habitat (F2, 52 = 19.469, p<0.001).
Kata kunci: Semut, keragaman jenis, spesies invasif
INTRODUCTION
Alien invasive ant species are major threats to local biodiversity especially indigeneous ants in certain area (Holway
et al. 2002). As anthrophilic species, invasive ants have ability to occupy human-modified habitats, e.g. in urban habitat (Gibb & Hochli 2002), ability for
nesting in human structure (Schultz & McGlynn 2000) and are easily dispersed by humans. Therefore, with its rapid
adaptive mechanism and high competitive ability, invasive ants have negative impacts on the existence of local ants. For example, invasive species
Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) has strongly affected native ant communities in fragmented coastal scrub habitats in Southern California (Suarez et al. 1998).
Habitat fragmentation facilitates the establishment of invasive ants (Holway
et. al. 2002). In small island, habitat fragmentation and occurrence of invasive
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ants can have a great negative impact on local species since the survival of species is very restricted by the availability of limited nature resource and space (Donlan & Wilcox 2008). Invasive species in small island are able to displace indigeneous species and shape biotic homogenization which makes populations of native species especially prone to extinction (e.g. Cole et al. (1992), the
occurrence of Hypoponera opaciceps
and Solenopsis papuana caused disappearing native ants in Hawaii Islands). As consequences, this invasion may affect to change the ecological function on whole ecosystem in the small island.
This research investigated the implication of invasive ant to local ant community in Thousand Islands Archipelago, Indonesia that has never been conducted in this area. The archipelago is located in the northern sea of Jakarta Bay and consisted of 160 unique islands with size less than 1 km2 (Alamsyah 2003). Although, this number does not include several islands that have been disappeared several years ago (UNESCO 1997). Several islands of the Sanctuary have been dramatically modified and used for living and tourism and those will bring new threats for many ant species (some of which may be endemic) through habitat modification and migration of invasive species from other places. Previous study by Rizali
et al. (2008) indicated that human activities have aided the distribution of invasive alien ant species Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata
in several small islands of Thousand Islands.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Ecological observation was conducted in three different islands of Thousand Islands Archipelago (Figure 1) i.e. (1) Untung Jawa Island (represents high populated island), (2) Rambut Island (represents as unique habitat where from 160 islands, only this island marine birds breed and live), and (3) Bokor Island (represents as unexplored island characterized by very diverse habitats and as a protected area) (Figure 1; detail see Table 1). To determined the habitat types on each island, Quick bird maps were used for mapping and quantify the islands characteristics with GIS software.
To assess the impact of invasive ants on local ant species, pitfall trapping and leaf litter sampling were carried out in 5 m x 5 m plots. The number of plots on each island differs based on habitat types (Table 1) and randomization using GIS tool (with minimum distance among plots is 75 m).
Plot observations were carried out two days on each island from March to May 2008 (Table 1). In each plot, four pitfall traps were positioned 5 m apart on a diagonal line across the sample plot. All specimens were stored in small vials with 70% alcohol and given a label in the field before being sorted and identified in the laboratory. Ants were identified
using relevant taxonomic literature (e.g. Bolton 1994) and the reference collection of Seiki Yamane(Kagoshima University,
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Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant
Figure 1. Map of study sites in the Thousand Islands Archipelago (Kepulauan Seribu) off Jakarta, Indonesia (inset). (a) Bokor Island (represents as unexplored island character-ized by very diverse habitats and as a protected area), (b) Rambut Island (represents as protected area with swamp forest), and (c) Untung Jawa Island (represents as high populated island).
Island No. plot Description Date of sampling
Bokor 16 Natural forest with dense canopy dominating with Dysoxylum amooroides, Sterculia futida, and Allophylus cobbe. Area 16,34 ha include sea shore
17& 18 March 2008 8 & 9 April 2008 16 & 17 May 2008 Rambut 17 Natural forest with dominance mangrove
plants (Dysoxylum amooroides, Guettarda speciosa, Allophylus cobbe. Area 45,80 ha but only around 20 ha that possible for plotting. This island is island marine birds
14 & 15 March 2008 10 & 11 April 2008 18 & 19 May 2008
Untung Jawa
25 High populated island and tourist island. Area 39,12 ha, dominancy by settlement and with planted tree Annona squamosa, Thespesia populena and Artocarpus communis
12 & 13 March 2008 12 & 13 April 2008 13 & 14 May 2008
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Rizali et al
Japan) regarded as one of the most complete collections of identified Asian ants in the world.
Diversity partitioning modified from
Clough et al. (2007) was used to
determine the difference of ant communities among islands. The total observed
ã-obs, for each island can be
partitioned as ã-obs = á + â
P+ â
Iwhere
á is the mean á-diversity per plot on each
island, â
Pis the between-plots
â-diversity, and â
Ithe mean
between-islands â-diversity
The correlation between invasive ant and ant diversity were assessed using Spearman rank correlation. The occurrence of invasive ant (presence-absence) was compared with number of individual and species richness of the other ants within island and between islands. Impacts of invasive ants and the habitat types (island) were tested simultaneously in general linear models (GLMs) with island as a fixed variable and plots nested within island. All analyses were done with STATISTICA 6.0 (StatSoft 2001).
Differences in ant community structure were quantified using Sørensen’s index for similarity based on presence/absence of species, which was calculated with the Biodiv97 macro for Microsoft Excel (Messner, pers. comm.). The similarity matrix was then reduced to a two-dimensional ordination using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) performed with STATISTICA 6.0 (StatSoft 2001).
RESULTS
Ant diversity partitioning between islands
In total from three islands, we found 62,902 individual belongs to 32 species of ant (Table 2). The most abundance and highest ant species richness was found in Untung Jawa (27 species). However, five other ant species were not found in this island and only found in Bokor and Rambut. Based on diversity partitioning shown similar pattern that the highest mean á is also found in Untung Jawa (Figure 2). Although, Bokor has lowest mean
á, the â
between islands is highest compare with the others (Fig 2). This means that there still many of ant species in Bokor unexplored from this research.Spatial distribution and abundance of invasive ant species
Three invasive ant species were re-corded during this observation i.e.
Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis, and Solenopsis geminata.
P. longicornis and S. geminata were
found in all islands, whereas A.
gracilipes was only found in Untung Jawa (Table 2 and 3). Based on the oc-currences of invasive ant per plot on each island, P. longicornis seems to have ability to spread on whole habitat within island (Table 3). In contrast, S. geminata seems does not have ability to spread especially in Bokor which is only 8 plots recorded from 16 plots in total (Table 3).
The most abundance of invasive ant was found in Untung Jawa which is
domi-225
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant
Species Bokor Rambut Untung Jawa
Mar Apr May Tot Mar Apr May Tot Mar Apr May Tot
Dolichoderinae 1. Dolichoderus thoracicus 5 2 9 16 2. Iridomyrmex anceps 3 3 9 31 9 49 30584 5476 8802 44862 3. Tapinoma melanocephalum 6 5 11 23 41 55 119 221 204 414 839 Formicinae 4. Anoplolepis gracilipes 1747 2559 1451 5757 5. Camponotus reticulatus 1 1 1 1 6. Camponotus sp.47 of SKY 40 30 48 118 23 35 56 114 26 41 17 84 7. Oecophylla smaragdina 1 1 1 3 6 3 6 15 8. Paratrechina longicornis 35 93 116 244 279 309 386 974 822 314 1101 2237 9. Paratrechina sp.17 of SKY 8 8 5 21 10. Paratrechina sp.24 of SKY 3 6 20 29 4 5 23 32 190 128 123 441 11. Polyrachis acuata 1 1 5 5 Myrmicinae 12. Cardiocondyla nuda 1 1 9 3 12 13. Crematogaster difformis 1 1 5 9 8 22 1 1 14. Crematogaster sp.10 of SKY 1 1 1 3 1 4 3 8 1 2 3 15. Monomorium destructor 28 14 54 96 117 94 209 420 150 36 70 256 16. Monomorium floricola 1 8 9 6 3 4 13 421 136 149 706 17. Monomorium monomorium 1 1 10 3 16 29 47 30 93 170 18. Monomorium sp.04 of SKY 4 1 5 19. Oligomyrmex sp.10 of SKY 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 7 20. Pheidolesp.01 117 143 194 454 191 164 254 609 93 26 49 168 21. Pheidole sp.02 2 4 6 22. Pheidole sp.03 3 3 23. Solenopsis geminata 11 6 12 29 31 29 30 90 2053 897 1057 4007 24. Solenopsis sp.02 12 16 7 35 8 1 6 15 17 3 7 27 25. Strumigenys emmae 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 26. Tetramorium pacificum 7 23 48 78 1 2 1 4 27. Tetramorium smithi 32 22 7 61 48 2 13 63 28. Tetramorium walshi 1 23 28 52 160 173 199 532 1014 833 1291 3138 Ponerinae 29. Anochetus graeffei 1 1 2 4 2 5 7 1 8 9 30. Hypoponera sp.01 2 2 2 3 5 31. Odontomachus similimus 33 56 60 149 220 228 283 731 11 16 19 46 32. Ponera 1 1
Table 2 Number of individual and ant species diversity per month in each island in Thousand Island Archipelago; Tramp species are printed in bold. SKY = from the reference collection of Seiki Yamane (Kagoshima University, Japan).
nated by A. gracilipes (Figure 3). Based on box-plot analysis, abundance of inva-sive ant per plot every month in Untung Jawa is always higher than other islands. While, Bokor has lowest population of invasive species especially S. geminata
which only 29 individual collected from three months sampling in this island. Impact the occurrence of invasive species
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Rizali et al
Figure 2.Alpha and beta- (between-plot and between-islands) and ãobs-diversity values for
the ant species richness in the Thousand Islands Archipelago; Error bars are ± 1 SE of the means.
Items Island
Bokor Rambut Untung Jawa (a) Plot
Total of plots 16 17 25
Plots with invasive ant 15 17 25
A. gracilipes 18 P. longicornis 14 15 25 S. geminata 8 14 22 (b) Species richness Total of species 22 26 27 Non-invasive 20 24 24 Invasive 2 2 3 (c) Number of individual Total of individual 1,330 3,843 62,902 Non-invasive 1,057 2,779 50,901 Invasive A. gracilipes 5,757 P. longicornis 244 974 2,237 S. geminata 29 90 4,007
Table 3. Proportion of (a) plots with and without invasive ant species, (b) species richness and (c) number of individual of invasive and non-invasive ant that found in each island in Thousand Island Archipelago.
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Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant
of invasive ant have correlations with ant abundance and species richness on each plot within island. Based on Spearman rank correlation, the presence of A. gracilipes has correlation with ant abun-dance (r=0.71, p<0.05) and ant species richness (r=0.46, p<0.05) on each plot. The similar pattern also found in S. geminata that has correlation with ant abundance (r=0.51, p<0.05) and ant spe-cies richness (r=0.38, p<0.05). We also found that A. gracilipes and S. geminata
can co-occur which has correlation both in abundance and ant species richness (r=0.38, p<0.05).
Figure 3. Box-plot of three invasive species on each island per month and all months sampling in the Thousand Islands Archipelago
From the GLM analysis, the occur-rences of invasive species have no sig-nificant effects to ant communities (p>0.05). Island (habitat types) is the main factor that affects ant species com-position (F2, 52 = 19.469, p<0.001). However, based on NMDS analysis, the similarities of ant species composition between plots per month on each island are differed and unstable (Fig 4). There are other factors that affect ant species composition on the islands.
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Rizali et al
DISCUSSION
Untung Jawa as high populated is-land consists of high population of inva-sive species. The highest abundance of invasive species in this island depicted that habitats in Untung Jawa are suitable for invasive species which can co-exist with human. The human structure and their activities can support the nesting sites and food for invasive species (McKinney & Lockwood 2001; Olden et. al. 2004). Although invaded by invasive species, Bokor and Rambut both as pro-tected area and with low intensity of hu-man disturbance have very low abun-dance of invasive species. Habitat con-ditions on these islands may have contri-bution to protect from increasing popu-lation by invasive species.
For example, S. geminata as hot cli-mate specialist, this species can well adapt in habitat such as settlement area, forest edge, and agriculture area (Ness & Bronstein 2004), whereas Bokor and Rambut have only few area suitable for this species due to covered by forest (Figure 1, Table 1). Therefore, this spe-cies is able to act efficiently in open area (Perfecto & Vandermeer 1996), such as Untung Jawa, S. geminata has correla-tion with both abundance and species richness of other ants. It means that the occurrence of this species may affect the other ant species.
Another finding, A. gracilipes was only found in Untung Jawa. The exist-ence of settlements and human activi-ties in this island may role as an impor-tant factor for A. gracilipes to well adapt and has high abundance. In previous
search, this species was also only re-corded in the islands that have settlement and human activities inside (Rizali et al. 2008). Even if the island have a lot of Homopteran insects, this species could well adapt and will have high densities due to associations with them (Hill et al. 2003). Agroforestry habitat such as cacao plantation was also possible as suitable habitat for A. gracilipes due to habitat disturbance and suitable of mi-croclimate (Bos et al. 2008). In Untung Jawa, the occurrence of this species has correlation with other ant species. The high abundance of this species in Untung Jawa may have negative impact to local ant communities due to very competitive and has occupation mechanism.
The different pattern was found for
P. longicornis. Although this species is less abundance than other invasive spe-cies, they could widely spread in differ-ent habitat within island as well as dif-ferent island. Based on McGlynn (1999) and Brown (2000), P. longicornis have ability to spread and well adapt in vari-ous habitat condition. In Thvari-ousand Is-land Archipelago, the occurrence of this species seems have no effect to local ant communities.
However, the occurrence of inva-sive ant in certain habitat may have di-rect and indidi-rect effect to local ant com-munities. Invasive ant that have ability in occupying and dominating in new habi-tat, as consequence cause disappearing of local ant communities and even be-come extinct due to can not compete with invasive species (Holway et al. 2002). Habitat disturbance and habitat fragmen-tation also have important role in
support-229
Impact of Invasive Ant Species in Shaping Ant
ing the existence of invasive ant (Suarez
et. al. 1998). In conclusion, the combi-nation of both invasive species and habi-tat fragmenhabi-tation will significantly effect on decreasing local ant species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Iyus Rahman and Nina Herlina for support and coopera-tion during field research. This research project was funded by the Biodiversity, Ecology and Health Fund, Wildlife Trust, USA (Ref Log #: 07-08-259, 2006/2007 Grant Award).
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Received: Juli 2010
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No.2 (2011)
PANDUAN PENULIS
Naskah dapat ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris. Naskah disusun dengan urutan: JUDUL (bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris), NAMA PENULIS (yang disertai dengan alamat Lembaga/ Instansi), ABSTRAK (bahasa Inggris, maksimal 250 kata), KATA KUNCI (maksimal 6 kata), PENDAHULUAN, BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA, HASIL, PEMBAHASAN, UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH (jika diperlukan) dan DAFTAR PUSTAKA.
Naskah diketik dengan spasi ganda pada kertas HVS A4 maksimum 15 halaman termasuk gambar, foto, dan tabel disertai CD. Batas dari tepi kiri 3 cm, kanan, atas, dan bawah masing-masing 2,5 cm dengan program pengolah kata Microsoft Word dan tipe huruf Times New Roman berukuran 12 point. Setiap halaman diberi nomor halaman secara berurutan. Gambar dalam bentuk grafik/diagram harus asli (bukan fotokopi) dan foto (dicetak di kertas licin atau di scan). Gambar dan Tabel di tulis dan ditempatkan di halam terpisah di akhir naskah. Penulisan simbol α,
β, χ, dan lain-lain dimasukkan melalui fasilitas insert, tanpa mengubah jenis huruf. Kata dalam bahasa asing dicetak miring. Naskah dikirimkan ke alamat Redaksi sebanyak 3 eksemplar (2 eksemplar tanpa nama dan lembaga penulis).
Penggunaan nama suatu tumbuhan atau hewan dalam bahasa Indonesia/Daerah harus diikuti nama ilmiahnya (cetak miring) beserta Authornya pada pengungkapan pertama kali.
Daftar pustaka ditulis secara abjad menggunakan sistem nama-tahun. Contoh penulisan pustaka acuan sebagai berikut :
Jurnal :
Hara, T., JR. Zhang, & S. Ueda. 1983. Identification of plasmids linked with polyglutamate production in B. subtilis. J. Gen. Apll. Microbiol. 29: 345-354.
Buku :
Chaplin, MF. & C. Bucke. 1990. Enzyme Technology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Bab dalam Buku :
Gerhart, P. & SW. Drew. 1994. Liquid culture. Dalam : Gerhart, P., R.G.E. Murray, W.A. Wood, & N.R. Krieg (eds.). Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology. ASM., Washington. 248-277.
Abstrak :
Suryajaya, D. 1982. Perkembangan tanaman polong-polongan utama di Indonesia. Abstrak Pertemuan Ilmiah Mikrobiologi. Jakarta . 15 –18 Oktober 1982. 42.
Prosiding :
Mubarik, NR., A. Suwanto, & MT. Suhartono. 2000. Isolasi dan karakterisasi protease ekstrasellular dari bakteri isolat termofilik ekstrim. Prosiding Seminar nasional Industri Enzim dan Bioteknologi II. Jakarta, 15-16 Februari 2000. 151-158.
Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi :
Kemala, S. 1987. Pola Pertanian, Industri Perdagangan Kelapa dan Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia.[Disertasi]. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Informasi dari Internet :
Schulze, H. 1999. Detection and Identification of Lories and Pottos in The Wild; Information for surveys/Estimated of population density. http//www.species.net/primates/loris/ lorCp.1.html.
J. Biol. Indon. Vol 7, No. 2 (2011)
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