i
GRAMATICAL ADJUSTMENT
IN NOVEL KALEIDOSCOPE
I GUSTI AGUNG NGURAH MARHAENDRA DHIPTAYANA
091 835 1027
NON-REGULAR PROGAM
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND CULTURE
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
ii This paper is submitted as a partial
Fulfillment to obtain S1 degree
At the English Department
Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University
Approved by the Examining Board of
English Department,
Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University
Denpasar, December 2015
Chairman, Secretary,
iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, the
Almighty God for His love and blessing that I am encouraged to finish this last
assignment entitled “Grammatical Adjusment in Novel Kaleidoscope”. In this occasion, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty
of Letters, Udayana University, Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A., the Head
of the English Extension Programs, Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati,MA,
Coordinator of the English Extension Program, Drs. I Made Winaya, M.par., and I
Gusti Ngurah Parthama S.S M.Hum as the Secretary of English Non-Reguler
Programs.
My gratitude is also due to Drs. I Ketut Tika, M.A. as my academic
supervisor and all the lecturers for the knowledge imparted to me. I also would
like to dedicate my great thanks to Drs. I Made Winaya, M.Par., as my first
supervisor and, I Nyoman Tri Ediwan, S.S., M.Hum. as my second supervisor for
all their guidance and suggestion in completing this writing.
To my beloved family, for their love, support, patience, and prayer since
the beginning of this study I would like to express my thanks, my special thanks
should go to my lovely for her love, support and understanding and for my friends
also. Thank you so much, without you all, I am nothing.
iv ABSTRACT
The title of this paper is “Grammatical Adjustment in Novel Kaleidoscope”. In this paper I try to analyze and discuss the adjustment of
grammar in the translation taken from novel Kaleidoscope by Daniele Steel. In analyzing the grammatical adjustment in translation, I applied the theory of Mildered L.Larson in her book entitled Meaning Based Translation as my main theory. I also applied the theory of Catford, in his book entitled A linguistic Theory of translation and supported by other theories that are considered relevant to the topic of discussion.
The data of this paper is taken from English novel Kaleidoscope by Daniele Steel and its translation by Therss Susilastuti with the same title. Based on the result of the research and analysis it is found that the grammatical adjustment can be classified into six namely : adjustment from clause into phrase, adjustment from pronoun into noun, adjustment from adjective into noun, adjustment from active into passive, adjustment from passive into active and sentence structure adjustment in translation.
v TABLE OF CONTENS
ACKNOWLEDMENTS ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ... 3
1.3 Aims of the study ... 3
1.4 Scope of Discussion... 3
1.5 Research Method ... 4
1.5.1 Data Source ... 4
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 4
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES ... 5
2.1 Review of Literature ... 5
2.2 Concepts ... 6
2.2.1 Process of Translation ... 6
2.2.2 Kinds of Translation ... 8
2.2.3 Understanding of meaning ... 11
vi
2.2.5 The Understanding of Active and Passive Voice ... 21
2.2.6 The Understanding of Clause and Phrase ... 22
2.2.7 The Understanding of Sentence Structure ... 24
2.2.8 Grammatical Adjustment ... 27
CHAPTER III GRAMMATICAL ADJUSTMENT IN NOVEL KALEIDOSCOPE ... 29
3.1 Grammatical Adjustment From Clause Into Phrase ... 29
3.2 Grammatical Adjustment From Pronoun Into Noun... 32
3.3 Grammatical Adjustment From Adjective Into Noun ... 35
3.4 Grammatical Adjustment From Active Into Passive ... 37
3.5 Grammatical Adjustment From Passive into Active... 39
3.6 Sentence Structure Adjustment In Translation ... 41
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 44
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
In this era, language plays as important role, either is written or spoken
forms. Language is also used to convey ideas, thoughts, experiences and others
that speaker of writer has in their mind.
English language is considered to be an international language which is
used by the people all over the world and Indonesia too. But to understand
English well needs a lot of time and it is not an easy task.
There are many kind of sciences written in English or maybe in another
foreign language. Of course it is difficult to understand. We need to translate the
text into Indonesian so we can find the meaning of the text easily.
Translation is transfer of meaning from one form of language to the other
language. Translation is not an easy task. The translator must keep the meaning of
the source language text in the form of target language or receptor language, so
translation is not an easy thing to do.
The meaning must constantly be carried out in the target language and the
form can be adopted. We have seen that each language has its own distinctive
form for representing the meaning. Therefore in translation the same meaning has
2
Translation has often been defined with reference to meaning, a translation
is said to have the same meaning as original or the source language. Its mean that
the translator translates a word of source language and then uses the receptor
language form in natural way in order to reproduce or express the same meaning
as intended by the source language.
But sometimes discovering the meaning with a natural way in the target
language is a problem because one word of source language can be used to
represent several alternative meaning and so it depends on the context. Once
again, the meaning must have the secondary meaning as long as the meaning
conforms with the context. We can say that meaning is one important thing in
translation.
Very often that a single word in the source language will need to be
translated by several words. This principal is not limited to lexical items that it is
also true that the same grammatical pattern may express several quite different
meanings. For example, the English possessive phrase my house may mean the
house I own, the house I rent, the house I live in, the house I built, or the house for
3 1.2Problems of the study
The problem of study are :
1. What kind of adjustment are found in novel Kaleidoscope ?
2. What makes the adjustment in novel Kaleidoscope ?
1.3Aims of Study
There are two aims of study:
1. To find the grammatical adjustment in novel Kaleidoscope.
2. To analyze the grammatical adjustment in novel Kaleidoscope.
1.4 Scope Discussion
This study is focused on the grammatical adjustment found in novel
Kaleidoscope which is can divide into six :
1) Grammatical Adjustment From Clause Into Phrase.
2) Grammatical Adjustment From Pronoun Into Noun.
3) Grammatical Adjustment From Adjective Into Noun.
4) Grammatical Adjustment From Active Into Passive.
5) Gramatical Adjustment From Passive Into Active.
4 1.5 Research Method
There are three points containing in research method such as: data source;
the second, the method and technique of collecting data; the third, the method and
technique of analyzing data. They are described as follows:
1.5.1Data source
The data were taken directly form an English novel entitled Kaleidoscope
by Danielle Steel. This novel was published by Dell Publishing in Canada 1989.
Then it was translated into bahasa Indonesia by Thress Susilastuti entitled
Kaleidoscope too published by PT Gramedia Utama 1977.
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
This study used documentation method to collect the data. First, the novel
was read carefully and then identified the sentences which support the analysis.
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
This analysis will be done by using descriptive qualitative approach. A
qualitative approach is defined as a description of observation which is not
expressed in quantitative terms. Nazir (1998:64) says that descriptive method is a
5
occurrence. The writer also uses library research to select the books, journals, and
1 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURES
2.1 Review of Literature
Talking about translation there are many opinions about translation.
According to Nida (1975:33) “translation is producing in the receptor language that closest natural equivalent of the message of the source language, first in term
of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. Catford (1965:20), also support the
view :
Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by
equivalent textual material in another language.
Furthermore Larson (1988:3) states :
Translation basically a change of form. Translation consist of transferring
the meaning of the source language to the receptor language.
2.2 Concept
2.2.1 Process of Translation
Translation is not an easy task to do because in the process of translation
the translator must keep the meaning of the source language in the form of
receptor language. A Translator should have a good knowledge of the source
2 Transfer
that are the abvious content of the message. The Subtleties of meaning, the
significant emotive values of word and also the stylistic features of the source
language. In relation to this Nida states that.
The translator first analyzes the message of the source language into its
simplest and structurally clearest forms then transfers it at this level, and then
restructures it to the level in the receptor language which is most appropriate for
the audience which he intend to rich (Nida, 1975:79-80)
The process of translation can be represented in this diagram (Nida, 1975:80).
The process of analysis may consist of :
(a) Analyzing grammatical relationship between constituent part.
(b) Identifying of the semantics units. Source Language
Translation Text
Analysis Restructuring
3 (c) Finding the connotative meanings of the grammatical structure and semantics
units.
2.2.2 Kinds of Translation
Translation is a complex problem for many people because when he
translates a text he should keep the original meaning of the text. He can add or
omit a word when he translates a text but he can’t change the meaning.
In the translation process usually a word has its own meaning itself like
general meaning, specific meaning and idiomatic meaning. This meaning also
influence the translation when he translate a text.
According to Larson (1988:17) there are two kinds of translation : literal
translation and idiomatic translation.
2.2.2.1 Literal Translation
Form – based translation attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translation. An interlinear translation is a
completely literal translation. For some purpose, it is desirable to reproduce the
linguistic features of the source text, as for example, in linguistic study of
language. Although these literal these literal translation may be very useful for
purposes related to the study of the source language, they are of little help to
speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source
language text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has a little
4 Example :
Chauve (Papua New Guiena) : Ken daro
Literal Translation : your name call
(Larson, 1998 : 17).
2.2.2.2 Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation use the natural forms of the receptor language, both
in the grammatical constructions and in a choice of lexical items. A truly
idiomatic translation does not sounds like a translation. It sounds likes it was
written originally in the receptor language. Therefore, a good translator will try to
translate idiomatically. This is his goal. However, translation are often mixture of
a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of
the meaning of the text. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A
translator may express some parts of his translation in very natural forms and then
in other parts fall back into a literal form (Larson : 1984 : 18-19).
French : Madame Odette, passager a destination de Dduala est
demandee au telephone.
English : Mrs. Odette, passenger for Dauala, you are wanted on
the phone. (Larson, 1988 :18).
Depending on the purpose of translation we can distinguish types of
5 1. Morpheme by morpheme translation.
SL : Who has been living with ?
TL : Siapa telah dia hidup sedang dengan ?
Lexical morpheme (hidup) in the translation is presented differently from
grammatical morphemes. In this case, since morpheme may most probably have
no corresponding form in the receptor language, morpheme is often given
explanation about its function rather than its equivalent in the receptor language.
We are here not concerned with translation in the normal of the word, it is term
gloss.
2. Word by word translation
SL : Who has been living with ?
TL : Siapa telah dia tinggal dengan ?
The word been in this example is left untranslated because it has no corresponding
form.
3. Sentence by sentence translation
SL : Who has been living with ?
TL : Dengan siapa dia tinggal ?
In this case a sentence is here considered as a unit of grammatical structure, not as
6 4. Contextual translation
Relating to its context a possible translation of this sentence might be like this:
SL : Who has been living with ?
TL : Selama ini dengan siapa ia tinggal di sana ?
To make the sentence fit the context better for example, add selama ini to the
beginning of the sentence and di sana to the sentence and di sana to the end of the
sentence.
2.2.3 Understanding of Meaning
Meaning is the important component in the translation process. If the
translator wants to translate a text into the other language, he must understand
very well what is the meaning of the text.he can change the form of the text. But
he can n ot change the meaning.
Translation is basically a change of form. Translation consist of
transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is
done by going form the first language to the form of a second language by way of
semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be help
constant.
The form which the translation is made will be called the source language
and the form into which it is to be changed will be called the receptor language.
Translation consist of studying the grammatical structure, communication,
7 determine its meaning and the reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon
and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its
cultural context.
As long as one is dealing with merely one language, the problem of
semantic areas are not so acute. What makes the problem infinitely more difficult
is that each languages has a distinctive way of segmenting its experience by
means of words. Moreover, the ways in which these words are related to each
other are also very different. For one thing, there is often a one for many
relationship between language. The English word corner is translated into Spanish
as esquina (an outside corner) and rincon (an inside corner), while the Spanish
word radio corresponds in part to English radio, radium and radius.
According to its relationship meaning could be divided into lexical
meaning, grammatical meaning, contextual meaning and sosiocultural meaning
(Machali, 2000 : 24).
a. Lexical Meaning
Lexical meaning come from the word lexicon means words. Lexical
meaning is meaning which is usually found in the dictionary, like in
Indonesian English Dictionary, example : dog ----> Anjing.
b. Grammatical Meaning
Grammatical meaning is a meaning formed by construction of words in
phrase, clause or sentence, example meaning formed by adding suffix in the
8 and to lend. If to borrow is followed by direct object then to lend is followed
by indirect object.
c. Contextual Meaning
Contextual meaning is a meaning formed by its relationship with the other
words which is used in a text. The example of the meaning bear in these
sentence :
(1) I can’t bear anymore.
(2) She can’t bear children, since womb was removed during a cancer operation.
(3) He shot a bear among the trees.
(Machali 2000 : 24)
So the meaning of bear in these sentence is translated and depends in the
word context itself, the other example of the word context outside the text, can
be seen on this example :
SL : The mustang was the fastest in the race
TL : Kuda mustang itu adalah yang tercepat dalam pacuan tersebut.
(Machali, 2000 : 72)
It’s better to translate the text with the context following it, so the meaning
of mustang could be clearly seen in the target language text.
d. Sosiocultural Meaning
Sosiocultural meaning is a meaning formed by the culture where the
language it used. Example : selamat makan, there is no sentence like that in
9 French we can say bon appetite which has the same meaning. Sosiocultural
meaning has also a special social contain, like in the word lunch and luncheon
in English. Usually the word luncheon is used by the high class people.
Larson also divided the meaning into the referential meaning and the
connotative meaning. The referential meaning is a meaning based, like in the
example above which can be seen in the lexical meaning, grammatical
meaning, and contextual meaning. But the connotative meaning, has an extra
meaning like a sosiocultural meaning. The word kursi in Indonesia has a
referential meaning but also has a connotative meaning.
Example : Ia baru saja mendapatkan kursi yang empuk dalam perusahaan itu.
Proyek – proyek miliaran banyak yang diserahkan kepadanya. (Machali, 2000 :25)
In addition to these chains of many meanings, one must also reckon with
differences of classification. For example, but in many languages bamboo is
only grass. In some of the language of New Guinea, a cassowary is not
considered a bird, for though it doesn’t have feathers and lay eggs it does not
fly.
Talking about verbal consistency in translating, we focus primary attention
upon the way in which specific words are translated, but words are not the
only formal features involved in formal consistency. One may, for example
have formal consistency of words, phrase, and clause order (word other is
more difficult to retain than phrase or clause order), length of sentence and
10 A words is a bundle of meaning components, the translator needs to be
able to analyze the lexical items (words) of the source text in order to translate
them. Dictionaries unpack the meanings of words. That’s why a good translator will use all the dictionaries and lexicon available in his study of the
source language text. Since language combine meanings differently, there will
be many words which will not have an exact one word equivalent in the
receptor language. (Larson, 1988:59).
2.2.4. Word Classes
In English there are some word classes namely : noun, verb, adjective,
adverb and pronoun. In English word classes is very important. All of them
will be explained below.
A. The Understanding of Noun :
According to Richard (1990 : 4) in his book entitled Learning About
Nouns, Pronouns and Adjective. A noun is a word that names a person,
place or thing (object) animal, idea, action, quality, feeling or event. The
term “noun” means “name”.
The example of nouns are : child, mother, school, nursery, company,
11 A.1 Proper Noun
In relation to this, Richard (1990:5) in his book states that :
A proper noun is a word that names a specific person, place, or thing and
always begins with a capital letters. Example : Adam, Eve, Tigris, Ary, Mary.
A.2 Common Noun
We see from Richard (1990:5) in his book states that :
A common noun is a word that names any kind of person, place, or thing. A
common noun never begins with a capital letters except at the beginning of a
sentence or when used with a proper noun. Examples of common noun : man,
woman, river, lake, city, day, month, quarterback, battleship, etc.
A.3 Singular and Plural
According to Quirk (1973 : 83-84) states that :
Variable nouns have two forms, singular and plural, the singular being the
form listed in dictionaries. The vast majority of nouns are variable in this way
and normally the plural (-s suffix) is fully predictable both in sound and
spelling by the same rules as for the –s inflection of verb. Spelling created numerous exceptions, however.
(a) Treatment of-y :
Beside the regular spy-spies, there are nouns in –y to which s is added : with proper nouns : the Kennedys, the two Germany
12 (b) Nouns of unusual form sometimes pluralize in ‘s :
letter names : dot your i’s
numerals : in the 1980’s (or, increasingly, 1890s)
abbreviations : two MP’s (or, increasingly, MPs)
(c) Noun in –o have plural in –os, with some exceptions having either optional or obligatory –oes
Plurals in –os and –oes : archipelago, banjo, buffalo, cargo, commando, flamingo, halo, motto, tornado, volcano.
Plurals only in –oes : echo, embargo, hero, negro, potato, tomato, torpedo, veto.
B. The Understanding of Verb
Every sentence must have a subject and a predicate, and every
predicate must have a verb. The verb is the heart of predicate.
Verb is a word that express action, condition, or state of being it tells what
is happening, what is or what seems to be. (Richard, 1991:4)
According to Quirk (1973:26-27) in his book he states that :
13
Form Symbol Examples Functions
(1) base V call rink put
(a) all the present tense except 3rd person singular : I/you/we/they
call every day
Pretend that you are going to meet your friend that you never seen for
a couple of years. You are talking to him on the telephone and describing
your self to him so he can recognize you in crowd, in order to give a clear
14 Richard, 1990 : 23 an adjective is a word that is use to describe a noun or a
pronoun.
Examples : Your daughter is pretty.
I have something interesting for you. D. The Understanding of Adverb.
In order to tell others what you see, hear, feel, smell, taste, or think,
you must use verbs. Then, if you want to give a clear description of each
action, you will need to use adverbs.
An adverbs is a word that tells something about a verb, an adjective, or an
another adverb. (Richard, 1991:21).
Examples : That was a very funny.
She has a really beautiful face.
According to Richard, 1991:22 there are six kinds function of adverbs.
D.1 Some adverbs modify verbs.
These adverbs tell how, when, where, or how many times the action takes
place. Example : (a) They acted wisely.“Wisely” tells how they acted. D.2 Some adverbs modify adjectives.
These adverbs tell how little, how much, or to what degree. Examples : (a)
That is a veryexpensive ring. “Very” suggest how much that ring cost. D.3 Some adverbs modify another adverbs.
These adverbs also tell how much or how little. Example : The frightened dog
ran away very quickly. “Very” modifies the adverbs “quickly” by telling how
15 D.4 Some adverbs ask question
Adverbs that ask a question are called interrogative adverbs. They are how, when, where, and why. They are used to ask questions. Example : (a) How are you feeling?
D.5 Some adverbs affirm or deny
Yes, absolutely, certainly, truly, surely are affirmative adverbs. These adverbs may stand alone when used to answer a question : Do you plan to go?
Answers : Yes, absolutely, certainly. Each means “I plant to go”.
No and not are negative adverbs. No may stand alone when used to answer a
question. Question : Do you plant to go ? Answer : No. This means “I do not
plant to go.
D.6 Some adverbs joined clauses together
Adverbs that joined clauses together are called together “conjunctive”
adverbs. Examples : after, before, consequently, since, therefore, until, when,
whenever, and wherever.
E. The understanding of pronoun
According to Richard, 1990:16) a pronoun is a word that takes the
place of noun. We use pronoun rather than repeating nouns again and
again.
There are five major classes of pronouns (Richard, 1990:16-22) :
E.1 Personal pronun
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows by its form the “person” of the noun
16 E.2 An indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not specify its antecedent. Often its
antecedent is unknown. Some indefinite pronouns are singular, examples :
another, anybody, anyone, etc. Other indefinite pronouns are plural, examples : both, few, many, all, several.
E.3 A relative pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun which connect its antecedent with a group of
words which give more information about it. The relative pronouns are : that, which, who, whom, and whose.
E.4 An interrogative pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question, like : what, which, who, whom, and whose.
E.5 A demonstrative pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun which points out a person, place or thing.
There are only four demonstrative pronouns : this, that, these, those.
2.2.5 The Understanding of Active and Passive Voice
In English, voice is the arrangement of words in a sentence to show the
relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb, Transitive
verb have two voice : (a) active voice, (b) passive voice.
(a) If the subject of a sentence acts upon an object, the verb is in the active
voice : Example of active voice : “John kicked the ball”. In this sentence,
17 kicked is in active voice because the subject (John) acted upon the object
(ball). (Richard,1991 :8)
(b) If the subject of a sentence receives the action, the verb is the passive
voice. Example : “The ball was kicked by John”. In this sentence, the verb
kicked is the passive voice because the subject is being acted upon. (Richard,
1991 :8)
In English, the passive voice is formed by by placing some form of the
verb “be (“is, “was, “etc) in front of the main verb of a verb phrase. The main
verb in the passive voice takes on the past participle form (the verb plus “ed” or “en”) for examples :
Active Voice : Tina wrote a letter.
Passive Voice : A letter was written by Tina. Active Voice : Amy solved the puzzle.
Passive Voice : The puzzle was solved by Amy. (Richard, 1991:8)
2.2.6 The Understanding of Clause and Phrase
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An
independent clause is a clause that may stand alone as a simple sentence :
Example : I let you out of Egypt.
(Richard, 1991 :23)
A dependent clause is a clause that depends on another clause for its
18 Even though this clause contains a subject (You) and the predicate (were
slaves), its meaning is not complete until is joined to an independent clause.
So the sentence become : “I led you out of Egypt whenyou were slave”. Phrase is a group of words which can not be analyzed into subject and
verb.
Kinds of Phrase
In English there are five of kinds of phrase they are : Noun Phrase, Verb
Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase.
A. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase is a phrase in which the noun is as the head.
Example : John Found a new secretary in his office.
A new secretary is categorized as noun phrase. B. Verb Phrase
Verb Phrase consist of either a noun verb or more.
Example : She writes several letters everyday. She is writing a long letters home.
Writes and is writing are belong to the verb phrase. C. Adjective Phrase
A phrase in which adjective is as the head is called adjective phrase.
Example : That’s is very important.
Adjective phrase can function as a subject and objectcomplement.
Example : She looks quite young.
19 D. Adverb Phrase
Adverb phrase is a phrase in which the adverb as the head.
Example : We had to drive very slowly.
Most of the adverb phrase function as adverbial.
E. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase is a phrase which consist of preposition followed by a
prepositional complement which is usually a noun phrase or clause.
Examples : There will be 1400 delegates at the conference
: By singing the treaty both nations have made an effort towards peace
2.2.7 The Understanding of Sentence Structure
The sentence is the principal means by which we write and speak our
thoughts and by which we read and listen to those of others. Every sentence
contains two main parts, a subject and a predicate. The subject tells who is
speaking, who is spoken to, or what is spoken about. Although the subject
may consist entirely of a ‘naming’ word, it often includes one or more
descriptive word. And predicate tells something about the action, condition, or
state of the subject.
Kind of Sentence
There are three kinds of sentence. They are : simple sentence, compound
20 Simple Sentence
Simple sentence is a group of word which expresses a single independent
thought. Quirk states that simple sentence is a sentence consisting of only one
clause. The simple sentence consist of one independent clause which element
such as V (verb) and O (object) were constituents of sentence and also of
clauses within sentences.
Compound Sentence
Compound sentence is a group of words which expresses two or more
connected and co-ordinate thought. A compound sentence consists of two or
more coordinated main clauses. The clauses of compound sentence provide
classic instances of a paratactic relationship, that’s is they have equivalent
function.
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is like a simple sentence in that it consist of only one
main clause, but unlike a simple sentence it has one or more subordinate
clauses functioning as an element of the sentence. The complex sentence is
used when we wish to show the relationship between those unequal paints. A
complex sentence contains one independent clause and least one independent
subordinate clause. A complex sentence is often the only way to express a
complicated and involved thought. A sentence or clause can be described as
21 as
This particular division of the sentence helps us to understand, for
example, how interrogative and negative sentences are formed, how certain
adjuncts are positioned, and how certain types of emphasis are achieved.
Sentence elements
A sentence may alternatively be seen as comprising five units called
Elements of sentence (or, as we shall see below, clause) structure : Subject,
Verb, Complement, Object, Adverbial, here abbreviated as S, V, C, O, A :
For examples :
A. Mary is in the house S V A
Sentence
Subject Predicate
auxiliary predication
Had He
operator
He Had
given the girl an aplle
22 B. Mary is kind
S V a nurse C
C. Somebody caught the ball S V O
D. I put the plate on the table S V O A
E. We have proved him wrong S V O a fool
C
F. She gives me expensive presents S V O O
G. The child laugh S V
2.2.7 Gramatical Adjustment
We know that between English and Indonesian are not semantically and
grammatically related. If we want to translate an English text into Indonesian
we should give more attention into the grammar. Each language has its own
division of the lexicon into classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronoun,
adverb. Different language will have different classes and subclasses.
Grammatical constructions also vary between the source language and the
23 following simple sentence from Gahuku (Papua New Guinea) is given with a
morpheme by morpheme literal translation.
nuli mako al – it – ove loko taoni – loka v – it – ove.
lemon some get – will – I saying town – to go – will – I (Larson, 1988 : 21)
It will readily be seen be seen that a somewhat understandable translation into
English requires a complete reversal of the order : I will go to town saying, “I will get some lemons”. A more idiomatic translation would read : I will go to
town to get some lemons. In order to have an understandable English form,
