ISSN: 1583-3410 (print), ISSN: 1584-5397 (electronic)
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF TEENAGE SMOKERS IN BENGKULU CITY, INDONESIA:
A MIXED RESEARCH APPROACH
Muria HERLINA, Novi Hedrika JAYAPUTRA, Tria Astika Endah PERMATASARI, Adi FAHRUDIN, M. Rezaul ISLAM
On behalf of:
„Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Department of Sociology and Social Work
and
HoltIS Association E
expert projects
publishing
Revista de cercetare și intervenție socială, 2023, vol. 80, pp. 98-115 https://doi.org/10.33788/rcis.80.6
Published by:
Expert Projects Publishing House
Academic Performance and Social
Environment of Teenage Smokers in Bengkulu City, Indonesia: A Mixed Research Approach
Muria HERLINA1, Novi Hedrika JAYAPUTRA2, Tria Astika Endah PERMATASARI3, Adi FAHRUDIN4, M. Rezaul ISLAM5
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the academic performance and social surroundings of teenage smokers in Bengkulu City, Indonesia, utilizing a mixed research methodology that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data was obtained via structured interviews with 130 teenage smokers, while the qualitative data was obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The fi ndings revealed that 51 out of 130 participants achieved a “top 10” rank in their academic performance, and 48 claimed to have achieved a “top 3 rank”. Moreover, 65% of participants reported that their family environment was supportive of their academic achievement, and there was a signifi cant association between family environment and academic performance (OR = 10.795; p < 0.05). Additionally, 55% of participants reported that their peer environment was supportive of their academic achievement, and there was a signifi cant association between peer environment and academic performance (OR
= 10.706; p = 0.030). Furthermore, 58% of participants reported that the community environment supported their academic achievement, but there was no signifi cant relationship between the community environment and academic performance
1 Department of Social Welfare, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, INDONESIA; e-mail: mherlina@unib.ac.id
2 Department of Social Welfare, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, INDONESIA; e-mail: nhjayaputra@unib.ac.id
3 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Central Jakarta, INDONESIA; e-mail: tria.astika@umj.ac.id
4 Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta, Jakarta, INDONESIA;
E-mail: adi.fahrudin@dsn.ubharajaya.ac.id ORCID: 0000-0001-7140-6006
5 Center for Family and Child Studies, Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES; Professor, Institute of Social Welfare and Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BANGLADESH; E-mail:
mislam@sharjah.ac.ae ORCID: 0000-0002-2217-7507 (Corresponding author)
(OR = 6.787; p = 0.148). Finally, 59% of participants reported that the work environment supported their academic achievement, but there was no signifi cant relationship between workplace environment and academic performance (OR = 7.598; p = 0.107). The study recommends that parents and schools should focus on improving their children’s academic performance, particularly in the context of peer relationships.
Keywords: teenage smokers, academic performance, social environment, Indonesia, parenting.
Introduction
Cigarettes are tobacco rolled or wrapped with paper, leaves, or corn husks around a cylindrical shape that is typically 8-10 cm long and smoked by lighting the ends. They are addictive and can lead to addiction and dependence (Geiss &
Kotzias, 2007). Smoking is hazardous to health as it can cause several diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), changes in lung tissue, airways, and lung function, leading to pulmonary obstruction, cancer of various body parts like mouth, nose, throat, pancreas, bladder, cervix, blood, kidney, and lungs, and is a signifi cant risk factor for sudden death (Gagan, 2017). Smoking also has adverse eff ects on heart disease, impotence, skin, joints, and kidneys.
Cigarette smoke can burn protein and destroy Vitamin A, resulting in dry, rough, and scaly skin. Moreover, smoking often leads to symptoms of various diseases such as asthma, colds, fl u, chest infections, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, hyperthyroidism, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy Other harmful eff ects of smoking include dementia, cataracts, macular degeneration, pulmonary fi brosis, psoriasis, gum disease, tooth loss, osteoporosis, and neuropathy (Hidayati, 2019).
Literature Review
This study conceives three important concepts such as teenage or adolescent smokers, academic performance, and social environment. Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage in which individuals are particularly vulnerable to the harmful eff ects of smoking (Viner et al., 2012). In Indonesia, teenaged or adolescents are defi ned as residents aged between 10-18 years old, meaning they are considered school-age children who attend elementary, junior high, and high school. Teenage smokers face a higher risk of addiction, health problems, and social consequences such as poor academic performance and negative peer infl uence (Joe et al., 2009).
Teenage smoking is a signifi cant public health concern, as it can lead to long- term health problems and has been linked to a range of health issues, including respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. Academic performance refers to a
student’s ability to achieve learning outcomes and attain good grades in academic subjects. It can be measured through various methods, such as standardized tests, class grades, and assessments. Academic performance can be infl uenced by various factors, including student characteristics, teaching quality, curriculum, and learning environment. On the other hand, social environment refers to the physical, cultural, and social factors that surround individuals and aff ect their behavior and interactions with others. It includes factors such as family, friends, peers, community, and workplace. The social environment can shape an individual’s attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors, and can have a signifi cant impact on their mental health, well-being, and academic performance.
This study used social environments such as family environment, peer environment, community environment, and working environment. Family environment refers to the social and physical context in which family members interact with each other. It includes factors such as family structure, parenting style, communication patterns, and the quality of family relationships. Peer environment refers to the social context in which young people interact with their peers, including friends, classmates, and acquaintances. It includes factors such as peer pressure, social norms, and the quality of peer relationships. The community environment refers to the social and physical context in which people live, work, and play. It includes factors such as neighborhood conditions, access to resources and services, and social norms and values. Work environment refers to the social and physical context in which people work, including the physical conditions of the workplace, organizational culture, and the relationships between employees and their colleagues and supervisors.
Good parenting plays a crucial role in enhancing children’s academic performance (Page, 2016). The psychomotor aspect of academic achievement is closely linked to students’ actions in practicing subject matter in daily life, both at home and in the community (Kpolovie et al., 2014). Smoking among teenagers is a persistent issue worldwide, and many studies have been conducted to determine the reasons behind it. Peer pressure, stress, anxiety, boredom, and parental infl uence are some of the main factors contributing to smoking among students. Studies conducted in Pakistan (Khan et al., 2020) and China (Wang et al., 2021) found that peer infl uence and stress were signifi cant predictors of smoking among students. Similarly, studies in India (Prakash et al., 2021) and Bangladesh (Khaleque & Huque, 2020) revealed that parental smoking and low levels of parental monitoring and support were also predictors of smoking among students.
These fi ndings suggest that both peer infl uence and parental infl uence play a crucial role in shaping the attitudes and behaviors of students toward smoking. Other studies have also identifi ed additional factors that contribute to smoking among students. For example, a study conducted in Iran found that a lack of knowledge about the health risks of smoking and the perception that smoking is socially acceptable were signifi cant predictors of smoking among students (Sreeramareddy et al., 2010). Another study conducted in Malaysia found that exposure to smoking
in movies and other media was associated with an increased likelihood of smoking among students (Wee et al., 2019). These fi ndings suggest that multiple factors, including social norms, media exposure, and knowledge about the health risks of smoking, contribute to smoking among students.
As of 2020, there were an estimated 68.8 million smokers in Indonesia, making it the second-largest tobacco market in the world after China (World Health Organization, 2021). Despite eff orts to reduce tobacco use through policies such as tobacco taxation and smoke-free laws, the prevalence of smoking remains high in Indonesia, particularly among men and young people. according to a study published in 2019, the prevalence of current smoking among Indonesian students aged 13-15 years was 7.4% (Sreeramareddy et al., 2019). Another study published in 2020 found that the prevalence of smoking among university students in Indonesia ranged from 16.7% to 30.3% (Nasution et al., 2020).
The social environment surrounding children, which includes events and community conditions, has a signifi cant infl uence on their development and educational process. This environment is comprised of various factors, including the family, school, and community environment. According to experts such as Annajah (2016) and Riyandi (2017), the cultural environment should refl ect socio-cultural strengths such as family beliefs, organizations, and livelihoods.
Empiricists argue that environmental factors largely determine human growth and development, with the social environment playing a crucial role. The social environment, which includes the family, school, and community, contributes to the achievement motivation of children. Annajah and Falah (2017) found a positive correlation between the quality of the social environment and children’s motivation, with the social environment contributing 19.6% to motivation.
However, other factors can also aff ect achievement motivation, as there is still 80.4% of unaccounted factors that could infl uence motivation.
Numerous studies on teen smokers have been conducted worldwide, looking at the relationship between their social surroundings and smoking habits.
These studies have also been carried out in Indonesia, focusing on the social environments of Indonesian teenage smokers. A recent study conducted in Egypt found that family environment was signifi cantly associated with smoking behavior among university students. Students from families with a history of smoking were more likely to smoke than those without such a history. Moreover, students who perceived their family environment as stressful and unsupportive were also more likely to smoke (Kabbash et al., 2022). In terms of peer environment, a study conducted in China found that the social network of smokers among university students played a signifi cant role in the initiation and maintenance of smoking behavior. Students who had more friends who smoked were more likely to smoke themselves, and the infl uence of these social networks persisted over time (Zhang et al., 2020). Another study conducted in Saudi Arabia found that the community environment was signifi cantly associated with smoking behavior among secondary school students. Students who perceived their communities as less supportive of
anti-smoking eff orts were more likely to smoke than those who perceived their communities as supportive (Almutairi et al., 2020). In terms of work environment, a study conducted in the United States found that workplace smoking policies and norms were associated with smoking behavior among young adults. Employees who worked in environments with less restrictive smoking policies and more permissive smoking norms were more likely to smoke (Hennrikus et al., 2020).
A recent study conducted among university students in Indonesia found that family environment and peer infl uence were signifi cantly associated with smoking behavior. The study found that students who perceived their family environment as permissive to smoking were more likely to smoke than those who perceived their family environment as restrictive. Moreover, students who had friends who smoked were also more likely to smoke themselves, indicating the role of peer infl uence in smoking initiation and maintenance (Santoso et al., 2020). Another study conducted among university students in Indonesia found that the community environment was signifi cantly associated with smoking behavior. Students who perceived their community as less supportive of anti-smoking eff orts were more likely to smoke than those who perceived their community as supportive (Rahayu et al., 2021). In terms of work environment, a study conducted among university students in Indonesia found that exposure to smoking environments in the workplace was signifi cantly associated with smoking behavior. Students who worked in environments where smoking was allowed or where their co-workers’
smoked were more likely to smoke themselves (Maulida et al., 2019).
Another study conducted among university students in Indonesia found that stress was a signifi cant predictor of smoking behavior. Students who reported higher levels of stress were more likely to smoke than those who reported lower levels of stress. In addition, the fi ndings revealed that coping strategies, such as seeking social support or exercising, were associated to smoking behavior adversely, indicating a potential role for positive coping strategies in delaying the onset of smoking and promoting smoking cessation. (Anwar et al., 2019). A study conducted among female university students in Indonesia found that exposure to cigarette advertisements was associated with smoking behavior. Students who reported more exposure to cigarette advertisements were more likely to smoke than those who reported less exposure. The study highlights the potential impact of tobacco marketing on smoking behavior among young adults (Kamaluddin et al., 2021). A cross-sectional study conducted among university students in Indonesia found that knowledge and attitude toward smoking were signifi cantly associated with smoking behavior. Students who had more positive attitudes toward smoking or who had lower levels of knowledge about the harms of smoking were more likely to smoke than those who had more negative attitudes or higher levels of knowledge (Wijayanti et al., 2018).
Methodology
This study utilized a mixed research approach, which combines both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the social phenomena being studied. Mixed methods research is a valuable approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex research questions. One justifi cation for using mixed methods is that it can help researchers to triangulate their fi ndings by cross-validating results obtained through diff erent methods. Additionally, mixed methods can provide a more complete picture of a research problem, as it allows for both in-depth exploration and statistical analysis. The benefi ts of mixed methods research include the ability to generate more robust and nuanced fi ndings, greater fl exibility in data collection and analysis, and the potential for richer and more diverse data sets. Qualitative research was used to gain a deeper understanding of the research subject and social phenomena in a specifi c socio- cultural context. For the quantitative aspect of the study, 130 adolescent smokers from nine sub-districts in Bengkulu City were randomly selected to participate in the structured interview using a questionnaire. Each sub-district had 15 youth smokers. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth case interviews with 11 informants until saturation was reached, meaning no new information was obtained. Observation and documentation surveys were also utilized to gather data.
The data analysis process involved transcribing and collecting data, describing raw data, managing data reduction, categorizing and conducting thematic analysis, and constructing the relationship between categorization/content analysis and narrative analysis. By using a mixed research approach, the study was able to complement and support each method in obtaining a more comprehensive and detailed picture of the social phenomena studied (Evi & Sudarti, 2016; Sugiyono, 2021). The University of Bengkulu Ethical Committee’s guidelines were followed in conducting this study, and ethical considerations were given to all participants.
Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and a consent form was prepared and presented to them before data collection. The researchers provided a clear explanation of the research objectives and the benefi ts of participating in the study. The confi dentiality and privacy of the participants were also maintained throughout the research process.
Results
Characteristics of respondentsThis study, which utilized a combined method approach, was conducted for a three months duration in 2021. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire from 130 randomly selected respondents, while qualitative data was
gathered from in-depth interviews with 11 participants. The results of the study revealed that there was a correlation between the education level and the age of the respondents, with an increase in the number of respondents at the elementary school level (2 people), junior high school level (3 people), and senior high school level (5 people) observed through qualitative data analysis (Table 1). The fi ndings also revealed that adolescents as young as below 10 years old have smoked, with 4 respondents in the 4th grade of elementary school, 2 in the 1st grade of elementary school, and 1 in the kindergarten level, indicating that even children as young as 6-7 years old have engaged in smoking behavior.
Table 1. Characteristics of Adolescent Smokers Respondents (N=130)
Table 2. Characteristics of Adolescent Smokers Informant (N=11)
Variable N %
Age (years)
< 10 7 5.4
10-12 29 22.3
13-15 51 39.2
16-18 43 33.1
Educa on
Primary school grade 4 and below 7 5.4
Primary school 31 23.8
Junior high school 54 41.5
Senior high school 38 29.2
Variable N %
Age (years)
< 10 1 9.1
11-13 3 27.3
14-16 2 18.2
17-19 5 45.5
Educa on
Not completed in primary school 1 9.1
Primary school 3 27.3
Junior high school 3 27.3
Senior high school 4 36.4
Table 2 illustrates the quantitative analysis results which indicate that the adolescent smokers in Bengkulu City have an age range of 17-19 years old, with 2 individuals being 19 years old and still in high school due to absenteeism. The majority of the respondents did not complete their education, with only a few having completed up to grade 2 of senior high school and grade 5 of elementary school.
Results of Quantitative Data
Out of 130 respondents, 51 reported receiving a “top 10” rank in their learning achievement, while 48 claimed to have received a “top 3 rank “ and 31 admitted to not receiving any ranking. The study found that the majority of family environments were supportive of academic achievement, with 65 respondents (65.0%) reporting such support. Statistical analysis using the Chi-Square test revealed a signifi cant relationship between family environment and learning achievement, with an odds ratio (OR) of 10.795 and a probability (p-value) of 0.029 (< 0.05). This indicates that the more supportive the family environment, the higher the learning achievement. Similarly, the majority of school environments were found to be supportive of academic achievement, with 62 respondents (62.0%) reporting such support. Statistical testing showed a signifi cant relationship between school environment and learning achievement, with an OR of 9.762 and a p-value of 0.045. This suggests that the more supportive the school environment, the higher the learning achievement. These fi ndings are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Relationship between Social Environment and Learning Achievement of Adolescent Smokers
Social Environment
Achievement OR p-value
Not Rank Top 10 Rank
Top 3 Rank Total
N % N % N % N %
Family 10.795 0.029
No Support 6 4.3 7 6.6 5 7.1 18 18.0
Enough Support
17 11.2 16 17.4 14 18.4 47 47.0
Support 8 15.5 25 24.0 32 25.5 65 65.0
School 9.762 0.045
No Support 5 4.1 7 6.3 5 6.7 17 17.0
Enough Support
18 12.2 18 18.8 15 20.0 51 51.0
Support 8 14.8 23 22.9 31 24.3 62 62.0
Out of 130 respondents, 55% of them reported that their peer environment was supportive of their academic achievement. Statistical testing revealed that there was a signifi cant relationship between peer environment and learning achievement, with an odds ratio (OR) of 10.706 and a probability (p-value) of 0.030. This means that a more supportive peer environment is associated with higher learning achievement. Similarly, the majority (58%) of the respondents reported that the community environment supported their academic achievement, but statistical testing showed that there was no signifi cant relationship between community environment and learning achievement, with an OR of 6.787 and a p-value of 0.148. This suggests that the community environment has no impact on learning achievement.
The statistical tests conducted on various social environments reveal that 59 respondents (59.0%) reported that the work environment supports student achievement. However, statistical analysis showed that the OR value is 7.598 with a p-value of 0.107, indicating that there is no signifi cant relationship between the workplace environment and learning achievement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the work environment does not aff ect the learning achievement of adolescent smokers in Bengkulu City. In summary, the study found that out of the fi ve social environments studied, three were signifi cantly related to learning achievement: the supportive family environment, the school environment, and the peer environment.
However, the community and work environments did not have a signifi cant eff ect on learning achievement.
Peer 10.706 0.030
No Support 7 5.2 7 8.1 8 8.6 22 22.0
Enough Support
19 13.1 19 20.3 17 21.6 55 55.0
Support 5 12.6 22 19.6 26 20.8 53 53.0
Community 6.787 0.148
No Support 6 4.5 8 7.0 5 7.5 19 19.0
Enough Support
17 12.6 17 19.6 19 20.8 53 53.0
Support 8 13.8 23 21.4 27 22.8 58 58.0
Work 7.598 0.107
No Support 5 3.6 5 5.5 5 5.9 15 15.0
Enough Support
18 13.4 21 20.7 17 22.0 56 56.0
Support 8 14.1 22 21.8 29 23.1 59 59.0
Total 51 51.0 48 48.0 31 31.0 130 100.0
Figure 1. Schematic Adolescent Smokers: Learning Achievement and Social Environment in Bengkulu City. Source: Authors
Results of qualitative analysis
After interviewing 11 adolescent smokers as informants, it was discovered that they fi rst became familiar with cigarettes at the age of 7. This was when they tried their father’s cigarettes, which tasted deliciously sweet when licked. They then attempted to emulate their fathers by burning the ends of the cigarettes and smoking them. Initially, they coughed after inhaling the smoke and were not used to it. However, as time went on, they became addicted to smoking and would experience dizziness if they did not smoke (Subject 1, 7 years old, 1st-grade elementary school). Informant Subject 2, a 16-year-old 3rd-grade junior high school student, claimed that smoking helped to relieve stress. They often smoked while hanging out with friends and playing games on their cell phones. They also mentioned that they were treated by friends and would feel dizzy and unmotivated if they did not smoke. Subject 3, a 19-year-old who dropped out of 1st grade of high school, stated that if they did not smoke, they would have a headache and feel angry, lazy to eat, and would take their mother’s money without permission to buy cigarettes. Additionally, they reported sleeping late at night, waking up late, and not attending school.
Subject 4, an 18-year-old who dropped out of high school in 2nd grade, had a diff erent experience. At 15 years old, he joined his father as a fi sherman in cold weather where everyone smoked, and eventually became addicted. He now buys cigarettes using his income from selling fi sh. Subject 5, a 16-year-old in 3rd-grade junior high school, also started smoking due to the cold weather while working
with his uncle on a fi shing boat. Although his father gets angry, he continues to smoke and uses his income to buy cigarettes. Subject 6, a 13-year-old in 6th grade, helps her mother sell vegetables at Panorama Market and uses her pocket money to buy cigarettes, although she feels guilty about it. Subject 7, a 17-year-old in 2nd-grade senior high school, buys cigarettes and hides them from his family. He smokes in his room or at a shop after school and sometimes with friends, but he doesn’t fi nd it benefi cial. He earns money by selling gallons of mineral water, and his brother pays him.
During another interview, Subject 8, a 13-year-old in 6th grade, admitted to being addicted to smoking. He often takes his brother’s money to secretly smoke behind the house. Recently, he has lost interest in studying and thinks that his addiction is the reason. If he doesn’t smoke, his mouth tastes sour, and he often skips school to smoke with friends or play games at the internet cafe. On the other hand, Subject 9, a 14-year-old in 1st-grade junior high school, used to be a good student in elementary school, but now he doesn’t focus on his studies anymore because his friends smoke cigarettes. He was caught by his father while studying with his friends and was threatened to be sent to a boarding school. He occasionally smokes now out of fear. Subject 10, an 11-year-old in 5th-grade elementary school, had a similar experience. When his father found out that he smoked, he was afraid of being sent to a boarding school in Padang, where his father’s friend is the administrator. He promised not to smoke again, but he sometimes repeats the behavior when he sees his brother smoking. Subject 11, who is 18 years old and in high school, shared that he struggled with irregular sleeping patterns and loss of motivation to exercise due to his involvement with smoking marijuana through cigarettes, infl uenced by his smoking friends. As an only child, his uncle became suspicious and reported him, leading to him being caught and monitored. After undergoing therapy in Bandang for a month, which involved being kept away from his smoking friends, adopting healthy eating habits, going on vacations, and taking medicine and vitamins, Subject 11 has been compliant with his treatment plan. The family and Subject 11 have agreed to quit smoking, and he plans to attend college away from his smoking friends. Even when off ered cigarettes by an uncle, who tested him, Subject 11 refused as he wanted to continue his recovery. Additionally, he has taken up sports and now plays tennis with his father.
Discussion
Adolescent smoking behavior is infl uenced by their social environment, which includes external factors that trigger smoking. The family or parents and peers, such as associations, have the most signifi cant impact on adolescents and their smoking behavior (Wijaya et al., 2022). There are four social environmental factors: (1) Social grouping, refers to groups of people based on kinship relationships, such as family relations, clans, and ethnic groups. (2) Social arrangement, which
is a set of rules that guides interactions and relationships between individuals or groups, such as family arrangements. (3) Social institutions, which involve controlling the residential environment for the survival of the community in the social environment, with recognized members of certain organizations having rights and obligations over available natural resources. (4) Social needs, which are the desires of individuals to fulfi ll their life needs, such as the need for interaction with others, become important factors in the social environment (Aziz, 2022).
Our study found the family environment plays a signifi cant role in shaping children’s academic excellence, which is similar to the fi ndings of Setiana and Tahlil’s (2017). They found a relationship between the physical and family environments and adolescent smoking behavior (p = 0.023), a relationship between the social environment and adolescent smoking behavior with learning achievement (p = 0.001), and a relationship between the family cultural environment and adolescent smoking behavior (p = 0.006). These fi ndings suggest that the physical social environment, family culture, and social environment all play a part in infl uencing adolescents’ smoking behavior. According to Rosyid et al., (2019), learning achievement is a refl ection of a student’s performance and is measured through symbols, numbers, letters, and sentences. The study also found that most parents apply democratic parenting, and most students have good learning achievements. Pranoto et al., (2020) claimed that despite various policies set by the school, students still have opportunities to smoke. This is due to teachers smoking in schools, which makes students feel more comfortable smoking at school and insuffi cient supervision that allows some students to smoke in the school canteen The infl uence of the school environment on student achievement is signifi cant.
Manah et al., (2017) mention that learning achievement can be measured by test scores, grades, averages, and degrees, indicating knowledge acquired through formal education. Therefore, a supportive social environment at school is crucial for academic success. Narayani et al., (2021) found that parents’ involvement in their children’s learning during the COVID-19 pandemic had a signifi cant relationship with student learning discipline and outcomes, emphasizing the importance of parental support. Similarly, Damang et al., (2019) found that parental control, self-control, and peer attitudes aff ect male students’ smoking behavior, but not the eff ect of advertising. Meanwhile, Ulfah (2016) highlighted the impact of teachers’
attitudes and behaviors on student motivation and achievement, particularly in their approach to lessons.
The social environment, particularly the infl uence of peers, has an impact on both smoking behavior and academic achievement among children. The fi ndings of this study indicate a signifi cant relationship between the peer environment and smoking behavior and academic achievement (p-value = 0.030 < alpha 0.05), as demonstrated by the responses of students in Indonesia with a majority expressing negative social infl uences (59.8%) and the majority of students being smokers (53.3%) (Mayenti, 2019). Similarly, Ferdita et al., (2020) found that smoking behavior hurts student achievement, as nicotine build-up resulting from smoking
can decrease motivation, concentration, and memory, ultimately aff ecting academic performance. Pratama et al., (2021) also found that peer interaction plays a major role in infl uencing adolescent smoking behavior, as adolescents seek acceptance among their peers and may engage in smoking to conform to social norms.
The study results suggest that there is no signifi cant relationship between hackers at school and children becoming smokers, indicating that the community environment plays a signifi cant role in adolescent behavior. This fi nding is consistent with the fi nding of Sugiyono (2021) who found that most junior high school smokers had negative feelings towards smoking (53.2%) and satisfactory academic performance (67.9%). Our study found a signifi cant relationship between smoking behavior and academic achievement (ρ-value = 0.0001). Additionally, a 14-year-old student named Subject 9 described how he lost focus on studying after befriending fellow smokers, which resulted in him being caught by his father and threatened to be sent to a boarding school. However, he noted that the community where he lives is accustomed to people coming home late at night, and the sound of motorcycles is common. Herlina (2018) found that local culture supports smoking, with cigarettes provided at celebrations and marriage ceremonies, and betel holders containing cigarettes.
Our study did not fi nd signifi cant relationship between the workplace environment and learning achievement, as indicated by a statistical test result of 0.107 with a p-value of 0.107 > alpha 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that the workplace environment does not support learning achievement. However, this fi nding diff ers somewhat from the narrative of informant Subject 4, an 18-year-old who dropped out of high school in grade 2. At the time, she was about 15 years old and began smoking because everyone around her smoked when her father went fi shing in cold weather. Over time, she became addicted and experienced symptoms such as a sour taste in her mouth, dizziness, and erratic behavior if she didn’t smoke. Now, she works as a fi sh seller and can buy cigarettes with her income, no longer relying on her parents’ money. However, she regrets not heeding advice to not smoke while in school, as she now suff ers from coughing and a lack of appetite. Subject 4’s story suggests that the workplace environment can infl uence smoking behavior, which can lead to underachievement and even dropping out of high school due to decreased focus and concentration. This is supported by the narrative of Subject 6, a 13-year-old in 6th grade who helps her mother sell vegetables at Panorama Market. To combat sleepiness, Subject 6 sometimes smokes to stay awake, though she feels guilty because her mother has no friends to help with the selling. Subject 6 wants to help her mother despite having three older sisters and being the only son.
The study revealed that many adolescent smokers in Bengkulu City were categorized as light smokers who consumed only 1-2 cigarettes, accounting for 72% of the sample. Meanwhile, the remaining 28% were identifi ed as heavy smokers who consumed more than one pack per day. This fi nding is consistent with a study conducted by Luji and Lubis (2019) who showed that 73.9% of male
students in class XI were categorized as light smokers, while 23.9% were classifi ed as moderate smokers and only 2.2% were heavy smokers. The study, however, did not provide information on the number of cigarettes smoked for each category.
Furthermore, Siahaan and Malinti (2022) reported that the relationship between smoking habits and sleep disorders in adolescents are found most moderate and heavy-smoking adolescents experienced poor sleep quality, with 91% reporting disrupted sleep patterns. This fi nding suggests that smoking behavior is related to sleep quality and that adolescents who smoke are more likely to experience disrupted sleep patterns. This fi nding is supported by the account of Subject 3, a 19-year-old who dropped out of high school, and reported feeling dizzy, angry, and lazy to eat when not smoking. Subject 3 also admitted to taking his mother’s money to buy cigarettes and experiencing disrupted sleep patterns, leading to late waking times and missed school. Additionally, Subject 3 reported feeling short of breath and lazy to take a bath, which aff ected his overall health and hygiene.
Conclusion
The study on adolescent smokers in Bengkulu City identifi ed fi ve indicators in their social environment, with three of them having a signifi cant impact on their learning achievement - family, school, and peer environments. However, the community and workplace environments did not show a signifi cant relationship with their learning achievement. The majority of adolescent smokers were light smokers, consuming one to two cigarettes per day, while the remaining 24% were heavy smokers who consumed more than one pack per day. Among the adolescent smokers, 37% were in the top three ranks, 39% were in the top ten, and 24% did not receive any ranking. The study also revealed that adolescent smokers began smoking at the early age of seven, mostly out of curiosity after seeing their father’s cigarettes. They typically acquired cigarettes by taking money from their family or through work, but one informant was found to be a marijuana user. Two informants continued their studies in high school, while two others stayed in junior high school, and one informant dropped out in the second year of high school. To improve adolescent achievement at school, parents should pay more attention to and supervise their children, especially in their peer environment. Additionally, schools should strictly enforce rules against smoking and set an example for students by complying with them.
The study on academic performance and social environment of teenage smokers in Bengkulu City, Indonesia has signifi cant policy implications for the country.
Policy makers in Indonesia can use the fi ndings of the study to develop and implement targeted interventions that aim to reduce the prevalence of teenage smoking and promote healthier lifestyles among young people. The fi ndings of the study suggest that teenage smoking is a prevalent issue that has serious consequences for academic performance and social environment of teenagers.
The study revealed that teenage smokers were more likely to experience social isolation and engage in risky behaviors, such as drug use and delinquent activities, compared to non-smokers. Additionally, teenage smokers were found to have lower academic achievement and were more likely to have disciplinary problems in school. These fi ndings have important implications for policy makers in Indonesia who are responsible for developing and implementing policies to prevent teenage smoking. One of the key policy implications of the study is the need to increase awareness among teenagers about the harmful eff ects of smoking on their academic performance and social environment. This can be achieved through targeted education campaigns that aim to educate teenagers about the dangers of smoking and the benefi ts of a healthy lifestyle.
Another policy implication of the study is the need to strengthen the enforcement of existing tobacco control laws in Indonesia. The study revealed that teenage smokers had easy access to cigarettes and were able to purchase them without any diffi culties. This suggests that existing tobacco control laws are not being eff ectively enforced and that more needs to be done to prevent the sale of tobacco products to minors. Finally, the study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address the social and environmental factors that contribute to teenage smoking.
The study found that peer pressure and social isolation were signifi cant factors that contributed to teenage smoking. This suggests that interventions that focus on building positive social connections among teenagers, such as after-school programs and peer mentoring programs, could be eff ective in reducing the prevalence of teenage smoking.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to LPPM Bengkulu University for funding this research. They would also like to extend their thanks to the Bengkulu City Government and the study participants for their cooperation and support.
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