THE SPEECH FEATURES OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS IN FEMALE MADURESE-INDONESIAN BILINGUAL COMMUNITY
IN BANGKALAN, MADURA
A THESIS
By
ANA TIRTASARI St. N: 121211233069
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
THE SPEECH FEATURES OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS IN FEMALE MADURESE-INDONESIAN BILINGUAL COMMUNITY
IN BANGKALAN, MADURA
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Humanities
Airlangga University Surabaya
2016
By
ANA TIRTASARI St. N: 121211233069
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
DECLARATION
This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university and to the best of this candidate’s
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.
Surabaya, 30 December 2015 Writer,
I dedicate this thesis to Allah SWT,
To my beloved father who has rested in Allah’s
best place,
To my beloved born-mother who always prays
for me and supports me spiritually, and
To my great step-mother who has supported
Approved to be examined Surabaya, 30th December 2015
Thesis Advisor
Erlita Rusnaningtias, M.A.
NIP. 197709242005012001
Head of English Department
Deny Arnos Kwary, Ph.D.
NIP. 197501011999031001
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
SURABAYA
This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiners, English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Airlangga Unversity on 12th January 2016
The Board of Examiners are:
Masitha Achmad Syukri, M. Hum.
NIP. 19701222 200501 2001
Erlita Rusnaningtias, M.A.
NIP. 197709242005012001
Viqi Ardaniah, M.A. Linguistics
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to say my sincere gratitude to Allah SWT for all of the blessing, keep me in faith, and never get tired to light my spirit up when I was down until I can finish this thesis well. Next, I would like to express a great appreciation to my thesis advisor, Erlita Rusnaningtias, M.A for her willingness, caring, and patience in guiding me to write and finish this thesis and correcting my works patiently. Thank you so much Mam Erlita, without your help, my completion of this research could never been accomplished, I will always remember your kindness. Next, I would like to thank my academic advisor, Dadung Ibnu Muktiono, M.C.S for his guidance for these years. Thank you so much, Sir, you always shows me the best way to be decided and supports my decision. Then, I would like to thank the rest of lecturers of Airlangga University, especially the lecturers of Faculty of Humanity for their great guidance and knowledge for the past several years.
meet a kind-hearted woman who gave me a great chance to have a better and higher education than my brother and sister. Then, I would give a huge thank to my step-mother who has supported my tuition and lend me a place to live for all these times. Thank you so much for your huge patience and great struggle to live and take the responsibilities of me although we do not even have any blood relationship. Without you, I would never have done such a great experience in my life to be who I am today. For my sister and brother, Risa and Agus, thanks for your support. From both of you, I have learned to keep being a grateful person no matter how hard this life.
The last but not least, I would like to give my special thanks to all of my best friends who have always been a rainbow right after the storms and clouds come to my life and who sometimes be sweet or even be harsh as friends or sisters and scolding like a mother. Still, from them, I have learned so many things, how to take the best side of this life and just enjoy it, thank you Cims: Tania, Achit, Nesa, Anam, Diah, Nada, Intan, Amel, Nurri, Dedeh, Diva, and Marina for your patience, support, love, laugh, and cry, till make me become a stronger person. Next, I thank to the one who fight me to graduate sooner and keep me in faith even it needed so much struggle, especially in TWD class, Della Adilah, thank you so much for your kindness. Then, I thank to the rest of English Department students for the experiences in organizations.
December 30, 2015
“Like wild flowers; you must allow yourself to grow in all the places
people though you never would.”
– E .V –
“Today I will do what others won’t, so tomorrow I can do
what others can’t.”
– A. T –
“Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out
how far they can go.”
– T.S. Eliot –
“You are never too old to set a new goal or dream a new
dream.”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ……… i
Inside Title Page ………... ii
Declaration page ……….... iii
Dedication page ………. iv
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ……… v
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page ……….... vi
Acknowledgements ………... vii
Epigraph ………...……….. ix
Table of Contents ……….………... x
List of Appendices …….……….……… xi
List of Tables ……….……… xii
Abstract ………. xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study ……….... 1
1.2Statement of the Problem ……….. 7
1.3Objective of the Study ……….. 8
1.4Significance of the Study ……….. 8
1.5Scope and Limitation ……… 9
1.6Definition of Key Terms ……….. 10
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Related Theories ……….. 12
2.2 Related Studies ……… 30
CHAPTER 3 METHOD OF THE STUDY 3.1 Research Approach ……….. 33
3.2 Participants …………...……….. 34
3.3 Location ……….. 36
3.4 Technique of Data Collection ……….. 37
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ………. 39
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………. 41
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION ………... 95
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 The Pitch of Children ……….……….. 101
APPENDIX 2 The Pitch of Adolescents ...……….. 103
APPENDIX 3 The Pitch of Adults ……....……….. 105
APPENDIX 4 The Pitch of Elderly ……...……….. 107
APPENDIX 5 Indonesian and Madurese Affixation of Children Speech .……….. 109
APPENDIX 6 Indonesian and Madurese Affixation of Adolescents Speech ..….. 112
APPENDIX 7 Indonesian and Madurese Affixation of Adults Speech .………… 115
APPENDIX 8 Indonesian and Madurese Affixation of Elderly Speech .……….. 119
APPENDIX 9 Word Formation of Children Speech ….……….. 123
APPENDIX 10 Word Formation of Adolescents Speech ….………. 124
APPENDIX 11 Word Formation of Adults Speech ….……….. 125
APPENDIX 12 Word Formation of Elderly Speech ….………....……. 126
APPENDIX 13 Syntactical Features of Children……… 128
APPENDIX 14 Syntactical Features of Adolescents .……… 133
APPENDIX 15 Syntactical Features of Adults ..……… 138
APPENDIX 16 Syntactical Features of Elderly .……… 143
APPENDIX 17 Data 1 Convention Transcription of Children Speech ….………. 149
APPENDIX 18 Data 2 Convention Transcription of Adolescents Speech ……… 155
APPENDIX 19 Data 3 Convention Transcription of Adults Speech ………. 159
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2 The Relationship between diglossia and bilingualism ………... 29
Table 4.1 The Pitch Levels of Child Group ……….. 43
Table 4.2 The Pitch Levels of Adolescent Group ………... 44
Table 4.3 The Pitch Levels of Adult Group ……….. 45
Table 4.4 The Pitch Levels of Elderly Group ……….... 46
Table 4.5 Indonesian and Madurese affixation preferentially used by children ….... 49
Table 4.6 Word formation features exclusively used by children ………... 53
Table 4.7 Indonesian and Madurese affixation preferentially used by adolescents... 54
Table 4.8 Word formation features exclusively used by adolescents………. 58
Table 4.9 Indonesian and Madurese affixation preferentially used by adults ……... 59
Table 4.10 Word formation features exclusively used by adults ………... 62
Table 4.11 Indonesian and Madurese affixation preferentially used by elderly ….... 63
Table 4.12 Word formation features exclusively used by elderly ………. 68
Table 4.13 Indonesian and Madurese affixation of different age groups ………….. 69
Table 4.14 The lexical items differences in using nouns ……….. 84
Table 4.15 The lexical items differences in using verbs ………... 84
Table 4.16 The lexical items differences in using adjectives ……….... 85
The Speech Features of Different Age Groups in Female Madurese-Indonesian Bilingual Community in Bangkalan, Madura
Ana Tirtasari, Student of English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Airlangga University
Abstract
In all communities, there are several factors caused language variation, social
circumstances is included. One of the most influential social factors is age. Frequently, the
younger groups tend to use different variation from the older group. This study attempts to
describe the speech features of children, adolescents, adults, and elderly in female
Madurese-Indonesian bilingual community in Bangkalan, Madura. This study focused on the
differences of speech features that are pitch, morphological features, syntactical features, and
lexical items. This is a case study. The writer uses qualitative approach and concerns the
theory of age-graded features of speech proposed by Holmes. The data were collected by four
steps that are observing the informants speech, eliciting several topics of conversation,
recording their speech by using hidden recorder, and translating the recorded data. The results
of this study show that people from different age groups have different language varieties. In
general, children, adults, and elderly tend to use non-standard variety. Meanwhile,
adolescents tend to use standard variety.
