Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

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Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

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11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 2

The Origin of Public Policy

• Kebijakan = Policy,

berasal dari bahasa

Yunani, Sansekerta dan

Latin

• Polis (negara kota),

menjadi politia (negara),

policie (menangani

masalah-masalah

publik) = administrasi

pemerintahan, politics,

policy.

• Kode Hammurabi (abad 18 SM)

• Arthashastra (Kautilya, 300SM)

• Plato (427-327SM)

• Aristoteles (384-322 SM),

Politics, dan Ethics

• Machiavelli (1469-1527).

• Max Weber

(3)

Kebijakan Publik???

• Aktivitas menciptakan pengetahuan tentang

dan dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan

(Bauer & Gergen, 1968).

• Meneliti sebab, akibat, dan kinerja kebijakan

dan program publik.

• Membuat perubahan, membentuk

masyarakat (publik) yang berkualitas.

(4)

Alternatif Kebijakan

• Dipengaruhi oleh konteks institusional,

value

,

persepsi, perilaku, dan kepentingan mereka yang

terlibat

• Pendekatan analisis:

– Class Analytic, sumber kebijakan publik berasal dari power

dan dominasi di antara klas sosial (Marxist).

– Pluralist, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari konflik, tawar-menawar, dan koalisi di antara kelompok sosial guna melindungi kepentingan masing-masing.

(5)

Sasaran Umum

Antara Lain:

• pertumbuhan ekonomi dan daya saing

(

economic growth and

competitiveness

).

• peningkatan kualitas hidup (

quality of

life

).

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11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 6 Kebijakan

Publik

Stabilitas Hankamnas Investasi

Siklus pengaruh kebijakan publik

Demokratisasi Pertumbuhan

(7)

Strategi implementasi tingkat

operasional

• Meningkatkan manfaat dari TIK,

• Membantu masyarakat dan organisasi untuk menyesuaikan perkembangan terbaru dan memberikan perangkat serta model untuk merespon secara rasional tantangan yang muncul seiring dengan perkembangan TIK,

• Memfasilitasi tersedianya infrastruktur komunikasai dan informasi yang terjangkau oleh segenap anggota masyarakat,

• Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan produk - produk telematika, • Mendorong inovasi dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan

teknologi,

• Mendorong terjadinya penyebar-luasan informasi, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas serta mengurangi birokrasi intra dan antar

(8)

Strategi implementasi tingkat

operasional

• Identifikasi prioritas dalam pembangunan TIK,

• Memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat

untuk lebih mudah mengakses informasi,

• Menyediakan sumber daya TIK bagi institusi

pendidikan dan pemerintahan,

• Mendukung konsep belajar seumur hidup,

(9)

Elemen - elemen Kebijakan TIK

• Pembangunan Infrastruktur

• Pengembangan pengetahuan dan

ketrampian (

skills

)

• Legislasi dan regulasi

• Koordinasi dan pengembangan institusi

• Akses TIK

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Realitas versus Ideal

• kebijakan yang baru saja diterbitkan oleh pemerintah

seringkali menjadi tidak sesuai dengan realita yang

sedang terjadi di masyarakat

(11)

Faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi

kebijakan TIK nasional

• Infrastruktur

• Produk dan pelayanan

• Monopoli Telekomunikasi

• Keberagaman kesiapan instansi pemerintah dalam

memanfaatkan TIK

• Gaya dan Struktur Manajemen pemerintahan

• Ketersediaan anggaran

• Teledensity dan penetrasi Internet

(12)

Infra

structure Application Content

Financial

Perubahan Manajemen Publik

“USED of ICT”

GOOD

GOV.

“Building up a knowledge-based

Indonesia Telematika society

in the year 2020”

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The Nature of Government :

Citizen as Stakeholder

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-business to Support

S

“Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematikasociety in the

year 2020”

ICT Supporting Structure

Infrastructure : ICT and Telecommunication (ICT) infrastructure, Human Resources, ICT industry Infrastructure

Regulatory : Telematika Law

Organization : National ICT Coordinating Agency Financial : A new paradigm in funding mechanism

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E-Education Community-based_ICT

BASIC

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11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 16 “Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematika

society in the year 2020”

VISION MISSION _OBJECTIVE _STRATEGY _POLICY

VISION

MISSION

• Providing universal information equally access to the entire society thoroughly

• Enhancing coordination and making optimal and efficient use of information

• Enhancing efficiency and productivity

• Enhancing quality and quantity of human resources

• Enhancing the utilization of information technology infrastructure including the implementation of the required regulations

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

_{The achievement of 'E-Government for Good}

Governance'



_{The achievement of 'E-Business to Support Small}

and Medium Enterprises (SME)'



_{The achievement of 'Community-based ICT'}



_{The achievement of 'ICT for Education'}



_{The achievement of 'E-Democracy'}

OBJECTIVE

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11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 18  _{“E-Government for Good Governance”}

 _{To apply transparency and accountability in public}

resources management

 _{To enhance efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness}

in governmental administration

 _{To apply the on-line government}

STRATEGY (1)

VISION MISSION OBJECTIVE POLICY

_{“E-Business to Support SME”}

 _{To provide a virtual market for market players}

 _{To empower, elucidate, and train SMEs to enhance}

their capabilities in utilizing ICT and E-Business particularly

 _{To develop a strong local ICT industry}

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_{'Community-based ICT'}

 _{To provide information access infrastructure and}

information application for public society at the entire capital city of regency and at sub district area

 _{To provide fund and government investment program to}

support the community empowerment in utilizing ICT

 _{To facilitate the acculturation process to become a}

society that able to utilize ICT

 _{To promote and enhance the ICT research, which has}

an orientation to the market needs and ICT activities.

STRATEGY (2)

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11/10/07 Maswig for Mkom Univ-BL 20 _{'ICT for Education'}

 _{To provide access for distance learning dedicated to the entire}

communities that need it

 _{To utilize ICT on training process in both government and}

private sectors

 _{To enhance teaching quality with ICT supported}

VISION MISSION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY POLICY

STRATEGY (3)

_{'E-Democracy'}

 _{To apply a frictionless interaction between the society}

and their representatives in the government

administration

 _{To apply transparency in the legislative institution}

activities

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VISION MISSION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY POLICY

A. Applying the Funding Mechanism

with a New Paradigm

B. Strengthening the ICT Support and

Base

C. Establish the Central Coordinating

Agency (CCA) for National ICT

Development

D. Motivate the ICT Industry

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Strategy of E-government for Good

Governance (1)

The achievement of transparency and accountability in the public resources management is reflected by :

 _{The availability of information in the matter of resources}

management in the government bureaucracy units for public (procurement, financial reports, assets, etc)

 _{Access availability for public to perform social control}

 _{Availability of widely spread information (land use, government}

policy, statistics, etc)

The increment of efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in the government is reflected by :

 _{Coordination that occurs among business units}  _{Information and ICT resources sharing}

 _{Interoperable and secured inter organization systems}

 _{Information utilization as a commodity to increase the}

government income

The achievement of on-line government is reflected by availability of

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e- Public Infrastructure

Commercial Services

(National Payment System Infrastructure, Credit Checking, Rating, Personnel/Company Credit Conduit, Credit/Loan Information, etc)

Value Added Public Service (e-government, e-procurement, e-employment,

e-fulfillment, access control) Basic Public Service

(National Identity (KTP), Passport, Health Information, Tax Number, Election Card, Student Card Identity)

Public Service Infrastructure National ID + Public Key Infrastructure

Back-end system – application -front-ends smart-card

Existing Physical Network (PSTN - Mobile - Fixed Wireless

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Indonesia Country Gateway

In the coming years Indonesia will initiate a number of action programs to accelerate the utilization of ICT in various sectors. In the initial stage, efforts will be given to set up information links among institutional clusters (domestic and foreign) facilitate by an e-link network.

Present e-access to : • Various Government

• Private Existing Homepage • E-Mail Contact

(Under Construction)

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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia

• 1970-1986, tidak ada kebijakan yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagi pengembangan teknologi informasi,

• 1985-1990, wacana kebijakan yang mengatur standar profesi TI di instansi pemerintah,

• 1993-1994, Inpres 16, penggunaan Personal Komputer produk dalam negeri,

• 1994-1996, Badan Koordinasi Otomatisasi Administrasi Negara (Bakotan)

• 1997, Keppres Nomor 30 tentang pembentukan Tim Koordinasi Telematika Indonesia (TKTI)

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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia

• 1998, Presiden Habibie melanjutkan TKTI dan memperbaharui mandat yang diberikan kepada tim,

• 1999, Undang – Undang 36/1999 tentang Telekomunikasi, • 1999, Undang – Undang 40/1999 tentang Pers

• 2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000 menunjuk Wakil Presiden sebagai Ketua TKTI,

• 2001, Inpres Nomor 1 tentang Kemayoran sebagai wilayah pengembangan Telematika,

• 2001, Inpres Nomor 2 tentang penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia dalam aplikasi komputer,

• 2001, Inpres Nomor 6, tentang Kerangka Kebijakan

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Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia

• PP 52/2000, penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi

• PP 53/2000, spektrum frekuensi dan orbit satelit

• KepmenHub 20/2001, jaringan telekomunikasi

• KepmenHub 21/2001, jasa telekomunikasi

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Inpres 6/2001

• Teknologi Telematika untuk mempersatukan bangsa dan memberdayakan masyarakat;

• Teknologi Telematika dalam masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat; • Pengembangan infrastruktur nasional;

• Peran sektor swasta dan iklim usaha;

• Peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi Telematika;

• Pengembangan E-Government atau Government On-line; dan • Peningkatan dan penguatan Tim Koordinasi Telematika

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Permasalahan di sekitar kebijakan TIK

(Indonesia)

• kepemimpinan nasional dan daerah (

e-leadership

),

• kebijakan pada setiap jenjang pemerintahan yang

dapat menjadi petunjuk operasional,

• anggaran pembangunan yang mencukupi untuk

dialokasikan di sektor TIK,

• kemampuan dan kesediaan koordinasi antar-instansi

pemerintah,

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Hubungan TIK Dengan Sektor Lain

Ekonomi

Aplikasi TIK Untuk Bidang Terkait.

Contoh:

Sistem Informasi Pertanian Sistem Informasi Pendidikan Sisminbakum

Kajian Bidang tertentu yang berhubungan dengan dampak TIK

Contoh:

- Kajian Ekonomi TIK (Economic of ICT) - Hukum TIK

- Dampak Sosial TIK

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Dampak kebijakan TIK

• Implikasi Ekonomi

+ Kontribusi terhadap GNP,

• Implikasi Sosial

– hubungan antara kebijakan di bidang TIK dengan pengurangan angka kemiskinan,

– kontribusi bagi peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat, yang sifatnya phisik dan nonphisik,

– dampak negatif dari Internet seperti penyimpangan perilaku sosial,

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Dampak kebijakan TIK

• Implikasi Budaya

– mengubah sikap budaya menjadi masyarakat yang bercirikan knowledge based economy,

– proses perubahan budaya berjalan sangat pelan dan dalam jangka panjang cenderung tidak dapat dirasakan bila sudah ada pengaruhnya.

• Implikasi Pertahanan dan Keamanan

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How ICT Eradicate Poverty?

1. Government intervention in the form of policy is needed to facilitate business model.

2. Facts show price of ICT services is above the affordability of poor.

3. Little needs/demands from poor to ICT services

4. Need subsidy scheme, so that poor can afford price of ICT services

5. Given social condition of poor, the subsidy will be in the form of cost recovery for supply side rather than direct subsidy to the poor.

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ICT Regulation and Public Policy

Universal services Public facilities Public information Unrestricted use Technique to prevent hacking

All channel open access Service to target market

Private facilities Private, proprietary Copy right

Security of records Screening information User / consumer

Competition

Freedom of expression Surveillance Provider / producer

Facilitating Constraining

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Tools of Evaluation

• Outcome Parameters:

– Common ICT performance indicators

– Government ICT investment – New ICT Patents

– ICT contributions to GDP – Perceived benefits by

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Key Elements of ICT Policy

• Good National ICT Policy should

consists of

– Future Business Scope Definition – Future Positions

– Objectives

– Strategic Moves – Change Plan

– Commitment Plan

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ICT and Government

Business Alignment

Government Business Strategy • Business Scope

• Distinctive Competencies • Business Governance

Government ICT Strategy • Technology Scope

• Systemic Competencies • ICT Governance

Organizational Infrastructure & Processes

ICT Infrastructure & Processes • Infrastructure

Strategic Fit Cross-Dimensional

(38)

ICT Indicators

Information from a wide variety of sources can help to measure and inform the impact and direction of the strategy.

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Telephones

Wartel

• 2004: 313,027 • 2005: 332,795

TUKK:

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Internet

Internet Kiosk?

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12 Obstacles to Policy Execution

1. Inability to manage change effectively or to overcome internal resistance to change; 2. Trying to execute a policy that

conflict with the existing power structure;

3. Poor or inadequate information sharing between individuals or government institutions

responsible for policy execution; 4. Unclear communication of

responsibility and/or

accountability for execution decisions or actions;

5. Poor or vague policy;

6. Lack of feelings of “ownership” of a policy or execution plans among key stakeholders;

(49)

12 Obstacles to Policy Execution

7. Not having guidelines or a model to guide policy-execution efforts; 8. Lack of understanding of the role

of organizational structure and design in the execution process; 9. Inability to generate “buy in” or

agreement on critical execution steps or actions;

10. Lack of incentives or

inappropriate incentives to support execution objectives; 11. Insufficient financial resources to