PAUSES, OVERLAPS, AND BACKCHANNELS
IN “MORNING ACTION” PROGRAM ON 104.4 IMELDA FM
RADIO SEMARANG
A THESIS
by
Yulia Kurnianingrum
Student Number: 03.80.0017
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
FACULTY OF LETTERS
PAUSES, OVERLAPS, AND BACKCHANNELS
IN “MORNING ACTION” PROGRAM ON 104.4 IMELDA FM
RADIO SEMARANG
A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Letters Study Programme
by
Yulia Kurnianingrum
Student Number: 03.80.0017
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME FACULTY OF LETTERS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG
A THESIS ON
PAUSES, OVERLAPS, AND BACKCHANNELS
IN “MORNING ACTION” PROGRAM ON 104.4 IMELDA FM
RADIO SEMARANG
by:
Yulia Kurnianingrum Student Number: 03.80.0017
Approved by,
Angelika Riyandari, SS., MA February 15, 2008
Major Sponsor
Heny Hartono, SS., M. Pd February 15, 2008
A thesis defended in front of the Board of Examiners on February 15, 2008 and declared acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Chairperson : Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP. M Hum ………. Secretary : Angelika Riyandari, SS., MA ………. Member : Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd ……….
Semarang, February 15, 2008 Faculty of Letters
Soegijapranata Catholic University Dean,
Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd 058. 1. 1998. 221
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In finishing this thesis, I faced many difficulties that made me down and doubtful of how this thesis would come to an end. However, with supports and guidance from many people, I managed to comprehend with those difficulties and able to finish this thesis.
First of all, I would like to thank and praise my awesome God ALLAH Swt; my savior and my friend, truly friend, for the greatest love and for guiding me to finish this thesis. You always give me strength and hopes.
To my lovely family: My Mom, My Pap, and My brother (be nice and be good), thank you for your attention, patience, support and prayers. I love you so much…! In addition, thank you for my big families in Blora and Madiun.
To my major sponsor, Angelika Riyandari, SS., MA and my co - major
Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd, thank you so much for both of you who never run out of new idea for my thesis. Thank you for helping me and giving me support to finish my thesis, and also for your time and for being patient in correcting this thesis.
To all the lectures of the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University, Mr. Anton, Mr. Budi, Mr. Retang, Mr. Adhy, Mrs. Rossa, Mrs. Wuryani, Mrs. Cecilia, Mrs. Eka and Mrs. Ninik, thank you for teaching me many things so that I got many experiences and knowledge. I also thank to this faculty, so many beautiful memories, I will always miss you!!!
To all of my friends in Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University’03. My best friend Sisca, friendship never dies ….. (I will miss you Buncis), Rizka who always accompanied me at library, Marina, and Pristy. Ladies, thank you for our togetherness. My lovely friend Anca and Reza, they always remind me of what happen in Semarang ….thanks for your love, your patience, your sacrifice and supports so that I can do something positive. Thanks a lot guys!
To all teachers and staffs in CLT who allow me to work there. It really gives me a lot of experiences. Pak Mindar (Hello Sir!), Liman Seto, Mr.&Mrs. Fattah, Mas Budi and my boarding house (thanks for 4 years).
To my K 6789 ZE, thanks for the ride, wherever I go in rain and heat, you always accompany me. We still have a lot of works to do. Let’s do it all together!!!
Last but not least, thanks for all people and friends that I can not mention one by one. I hope this research will be useful for further research and give many advantages.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES OF TITTLE ... i
PAGES OF APPROVAL ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
ABSTRACT ... ix
ABSTRAK ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.3 Problem Formulation ... 4
1.4 Objectives of the Study ... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4
1.6 Definition of Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pauses ... 6
2.2 Overlaps ... 10
2.3 Backchannels ... 13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data Collection ... 16
3.1.1 Participants ... 17
3.1.2 Instruments ... 17
3.1.3 Procedure ... 18
3.2 Data Analysis ... 19
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 The Occurrences of Pauses, Overlaps and Backchannels in “Morning Action” Program ... 21 4.2 The Conversational Signals in “Morning Action”
4.2.1 Pauses ... 25 4.2.2 Overlaps ... 33 4.2.3 Backchannels ... 37 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 42 5.2 Suggestion ... 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 45 APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Language is a communication tool to convey a message. When people communicate, conversational signals: such as pauses, overlaps and backchannels
can appear unconsciously. It does not only occur when someone communicates face to face, but it can also occur on telephone conversation. Hence, the writer conducted this research to find out the conversational signals which occur more often in radio conversation. This conversation happened among two broadcasters and some callers in “Morning Action" program on 104.4 Imelda Fm Radio Semarang. Besides, this research also tried to find out when pauses, overlaps and backchannels happened during the program.
This research is a qualitative research and to support this research, the data were collected by recording the program during five days. After the data obtained, the writer calculated the frequency of each occurrence, then made the frequency into percentage and analyzed it. Through this way, it is expected that the use of
pauses, overlaps and backchannels by the broadcasters and callers can be portrayed clearly. In collecting the data, the writer used some instruments, such as cassette, tape recorder, and transcription.
The result of this research show that during five days in this program,
overlaps is used the most often compared than pauses and backchannels by the broadcasters. The frequency is 928 times or 51.4 %. It occurs when the broadcasters give comment or response, give questions, and when they greet at the opening and the end of the conversation. Backchannels is used to show that the listener receives the message, at the end of their partners’ turns and the speaker wants to ask something. Pauses occur when the caller needs time to think before they say something, the caller waits for response from others, the caller tries to remember something, the caller wants to make repairs and to show signal uncertainty.
ABSTRAK
Bahasa adalah alat komunikasi untuk menyampaikan suatu pesan. Ketika seseorang melakukan komunikasi, tanpa disadari dalam suatu percakapan muncul beberapa tanda-tanda antara lain: pauses, overlaps dan backchannels. Hal ini tidak hanya terjadi ketika seseorang berbicara melalui tatap muka langsung, tetapi juga melalui telefon. Maka dari itu penulis melakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tanda-tanda tersebut yang sering muncul dalam suatu percakapan di radio. Percakapan ini terjadi antara dua orang penyiar radio dan beberapa penelfon dalam program “Morning Action” di 104.4 radio Imelda Fm Semarang. Selain itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan kapan pauses, overlaps dan
backchannels terjadi dalam program tersebut.
Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif dan untuk mendukung penelitian ini, data diambil dengan merekam program tersebut selama lima hari saat variety show berlangsung, setelah data dikumpulkan, penulis menghitung frekuensi setiap kemunculan dari pauses, overlaps dan backchannels, lalu membuat prosentase kemunculannya dan menganalisa. Dengan cara ini, diharapkan penggunaan pauses, overlaps dan backchannels dapat digambarkan secara jelas.Dalam mengumpulkan data, penulis menggunakan alat seperti kaset, tape recorder, dan transkripsi.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa selama lima hari saat variety show berlangsung, overlaps paling sering digunakan daripada pauses dan backchannels yang dilakukan oleh para penyiar radio. Frekuensi jumlah kemunculannya adalah 928 kali atau 51.4 %. Ini terjadi ketika para penyiar radio memberikan komentar atau tanggapan, memberikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan, dan memberikan salam ketika membuka maupun mengakhiri percakapan. Backchannels digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa pendengar menerima pesan yang disampaikan, digunakan setelah lawan bicaranya berhenti sebentar dan ketika orang yang berbicara ingin menanyakan sesuatu. Pauses terjadi ketika penelfon membutuhkan waktu untuk berpikir sebelum mereka mengatakan sesuatu, penelfon menunggu tanggapan dari yang lainnya, penelfon mencoba untuk mengingat sesuatu hal, penelfon ingin memperbaiki kesalahan dalam berbicara dan untuk menunjukkan tanda ketidakpastian atau keragu-raguan terhadap sesuatu.
