i
THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN DREAM ON WILLY
LOMAN IN ARTHUR MILLER'S
DEATH OF A SALESMAN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By:
Luminto Tri Astono 044214057
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to thank Jesus Crist for His love and guidance for giving me the best day of my life. I believe with His blessing, finally I would finish my thesis.
I would like to dedicate this thesis with all of my deepest gratitude to my beloved family, especially my parents, my beloved father (alm) Matias Bejo Suwarno and mother Marni Milaningsih for love, patience, and supporting me, so that I can finish my thesis, also for my beloved brother, Iwan Handoko and Herman Purwanto for the kindness and support to remind me to finish this thesis. I also dedicate this thesis to my beloved wife, Ony Novita who always supporting me during finishing my thesis.
I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S. Pd, M.Hum. who always helps and gives advice during my undergraduate thesis writing. Without her help and kindness, I might have lots of trouble to do this undergraduate thesis. I also would thank to my co-advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M. Hum. for his carefulness in reading and checking my writing.
My special gratitude goes to my beloved best friends Dedi and Arif, class of 2004; Adi, Sesqo, Bayu, Anto, Ison, Wawan, Deva, Adit, Dani, Ade, Eling, Patrik, Rony, and others that I cannot mention one by one. Rexs community: Mas Arya, Mas Ian, Mas Ibnu, Putra, Dedek, Jawir, Dika, Adi, Agunk, Arif, and Ari. Impact crew: Mas Adi, Mas Aang, Ocek, Semplon, Arik, Peter, Hendra, Edo, Rian, Ingway, Handoko, Yoseph, and Rendi. Fresh Water crew: Mas Rian, Mas Anjar, Mas Agung, Iim, Ayu and Deta, Thank for the unforgettable memories and spending the valuable time.
vii PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ….. iv
MOTO PAGE ... v
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ... 12
2. Theory of American Dream ... 15
3. Relation between Literature and the Society ... 18
C. Review on Historical Background ... 19
D. Theoretical Framework ... 22
A. The characterization of Willy Loman ... 27
viii
ABSTRACT
Luminto Tri Astono. 2011. THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN DREAM ON
WILLY LOMAN IN ARTHUR MILLER'S DEATH OF A SALESMAN.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma Univesity.
This study is concerned with the play entitled Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller which was first published in 1949. The play tells the story of Willy Loman who is a salesman and his struggle in order to reach his American Dream.
The writer chooses to analyze the American Dream in the play Death of a Salesman because by reading the play, the writer is interested in the characterization of major character and how the major character struggle to reach his American Dream.
There are three main problems based on the study of the play. The first is related to characterization. The writer focuses on the way the author describes the main character. The second problem is to identify the American Dream in the 19th century with the play Death of a Salesman. The third problem is to identify how the American Dream influenced the main character that described by the author as the representation of people in the 19th century.
In order to analyze the problem, the writer conducted a library study. The primary data are gathered from the Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. The approach used in analyzing the problem is the socio-cultural approach. Besides some theories of character and characterization, American Dream theories are applied to solve those problems of the thesis. This is due to the fact that this thesis deals with Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and the relation with the American Dream in the 19th century.
The writer found that the character of Willy Loman is ambitious to reach his American Dream, the ambitions that lead Willy into great depression because of the failure to reach the American Dream. The writer also found that Arthur Miller uses character in Death of a Salesman to explore the issues of American Dream in the society in the 19th century. The writer also found that Willy Loman's key of success is being well-liked to get a better life for his family and it is connected with the idea of American Dream.
ix
ABSTRAK
Luminto Tri Astono, 2011. THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN DREAM ON
WILLY LOMAN IN ARTHUR MILLER'S DEATH OF A SALESMAN.
Yogyakarta: Departement of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University
Skripsi ini mengenai drama yang berjudul Death of a Salesman yang di tulis oleh Arthur Miller dan di terbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1949. Drama ini mengisahkan tentang seorang pedagang yang bernama Willy Loman dan perjuangannya untuk mencapai American Dream.
Penulis memilih untuk menganalisis American Dream pada drama Death of a Salesman karena dengan membaca novel ini, penulis tertarik pada penokohan dari pemain utama dan bagaimana tokoh utama tersebut berjuang untuk mencapai ‘American Dream’nya.
Ada tiga pokok permasalahan yang muncul berdasarkan analisis pada drama ini. Pertama yaitu berhubungan dengan penokohan. Penulis fokus pada penggambaran pengarang tentang tokoh utamanya. Permasalahan kedua adalah mengidentifikasi kaitan antara American Dream pada abad ke19 dengan drama Death of a Salesman. Permasalahan ketiga adalah identifikasi bagaimana American Dream mempengaruhi karakter utama yang di gambarkan oleh pengarah sebagai gambaran masyarakat pada abad ke19.
Untuk memecahkan masalah, penulis melakukan penelitian kepustakaan. Dengan data primer yang dikumpulkan dari karya sastra dari Arthur Miller yang berjudul Death of a Salesman. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam menganalisa permasalahan adalah dengan pendekatan social budaya. Disamping beberapa teori tentang tokoh dan penokohan, teori tentang American Dream juga digunakan untuk memecahkan pokok-pokok permasalahan pada tesis ini. Hal ini disebabkan karena tesis ini berkaitan tentang Death of a Salesman karya Arthur Miller dan kaitannya dengan American Dream pada abad ke19.
Penulis menemukan bahwa tokoh Willy Loman itu berambisi untuk meraih American Dreamnya, ambisi yang akan menuntun Willy Loman menuju keputusasaan yang mendalam karena kegagalan dalam mencapai American Dream. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa Arthur Miller menggunakan tokoh pada Death of a Salesman untuk menggambarkan isu tentang American Dream dalam masyarakat pada abad ke19. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa kunci kesuksesan dari Willy Loman adalah menjadi terkenal untuk meraih hidup yang lebih baik untuk keluarganya dan hal ini berkaitan dengan ide dari American Dream.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
There are so many ideas or inspirations that we can choose to create a play, for example life, society, and family. Those ideas or inspirations can be seen from characters in a play, for example, the struggle of a character to get a better life. The idea or inspiration in the play is usually reflected from the reality on real life, for example the struggle of a character to get a better life may be reflected people's attitudes in a certain society from. People’s attitudes are influenced by the social and cultural values of the society from where they come. Usually people’s attitudes or their developments are influenced by the social interaction and the culture in their place in a certain place and time.
A literary work does not only give us pleasure and satisfaction, but also to enrich our knowledge of the individual and the society. According to Roberts and Jacobs in their book Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing:
Literature helps us grow, both personally and intellectually; it provides an objective base for our knowledge and understanding... it enables us to recognize human dreams and struggles in different societies that we would never otherwise get to know; it helps us to develop mature sensibility and compassion for the condition of all living things (1987:2).
Definitely, literature can stimulate our understanding of life and sensibility of human issues. It also broadens our knowledge of the individual and the society of a particular time and place as portrayed in the work of literature.
has its own form (1971:19). The play is also a piece of prose fiction, but its length American society in their way of life in general. The American Dream also can be says as the declaration of the Independences of every society to get the material wealth if they wants to working hard to reach it. for some others of the society, American Dream is the dream of happy and better life.
Harold Clurman in Lies Like Truth says that Willy Loman is a victim of American Dream. He criticizes the society of America and the false belief of American Dream. He expresses the cause of Willy Loman’s downfall, as he “never acknowledges or learns the error his way. To the very end, he is a devout believer in the ideology that destroys him” (1958: 70). Culrman also says that
Some plays also use the American dream perspective to describe people's idea of ideal life. One of them is Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, one of the famous writers in the world. Death of a Salesman is the story about the family that tries to reach their American Dream, to get a better job and salary. During the 1950s, men began to feel pressured to not just provide income for their family and to give them the luxurious things that the society was coming to believe every household was supposed to have. Every family was supposed to have a house with a new car in the garage, big salary, etc.
Arthur Miller creates Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman as the main character in this play that represents men at that time. According to Willy, the key to success in life is to be “well-liked”. If a man can become popular and get people to like him, it means he has succeeded in his life. Willy is a salesman that always has a dream of being successful and tries to reach it. Unfortunately this dream became the conflict in the family. Sometimes Willy Loman also gets some illusion about his brother named Ben who was very rich when he went to Africa. It is a very interesting play because the writer shows the American dream’s idea from the character, so it can attract us to know more about the story of the play.
reader want to understand the literary work, the reader can be consider in the historical context. By studying the time period in which an author wrote, the reader will be able to make revealing connections between the content and the context.
Charles Busha and Stephen Harter in the book Research Methods in Librarianship: Techniques and Interpretations argued that historical theory is the process of learning and understanding the background and growth of a chosen field of study or profession can offer insight into organizational culture, current trends, and possibilities. They said that “Historical method applies to all fields of study because it encompasses their: origins, growth, theories, personalities, crisis, etc. Both quantitative and qualitative variables can be used in the collection of historical information. Once the decision is made to conduct historical research, there are steps that should be followed to achieve a reliable result” (1980: 91).
Death of a Salesman is a play that was writen in post war years, the time after World War II and the play was published in 1949. The setting of the time was in 1949. The play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller explores issues about American Dream in the 19th century, and the difficulty of achieving economic and personal success after Post World War II. The author creates the character of Willy Loman as one of the pictures of the people in the 19th century that had failure to reach his American Dream.
approach. The writer limits the discussion only to the main character Willy Loman's efforts in reaching his American Dream.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What are the characteristics of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman? 2. How is the American Dream described in Death of a Salesman? 3. How does American Dream influence Willy Loman?
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Definition Terms
The American Dream is a national ethos of people in America. James Truslow Adams (1931: 374) said that The American Dream is a dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. People in America feel that they can get a better life if they can get a lot of money. They think that ideal life of family if they can earn a lot of money in their job, have their own house, have their own car, etc.
The term “American Dream” is used in a number of ways, but essentially the American Dream is an idea which suggests that all people can succeed through hard work, and that all people have the potential to live happy, successful lives. Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition of the American Dream, and this concept has also been subject to a fair amount of criticism. Many people believe that the structure of American society belies the idealistic goal of the American Dream, pointing to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, and ethnic origin which suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for all.
8 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Some writer interests with the point of view of American Dream in Death of a Salesman. Yasinski in Max Notes for Death of a Salesman argued that:
When the play opened, ‘today’ meant 1949, a moment in American history when many people – riding an economy rescued from Great Depression of the 1930s by the domestic industrial boom of World War II (1939-45) – found a more prosperous life within reach. In the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s, many pursued ‘the American Dream’ of hard work rewarded by middle-class signs of success such as a house, a car, a college education, and household appliances (1995: 3).
tragedy. They argue that Willy is not a compelling protagonist but merely a pitiful man, a loud-mouth and cheat”. (1995: 5).
The play Death of Salesman takes place in New York and Boston. When the play opened in that time, many people are trying to rescued from the Great Depression of the 1930s by the domestic industrial boom of World War II (1939 – 1945). They are tries to found more prosperous life with hard work. Yasinski in Max Note for Death of a Salesman “In the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s, many pursued ‘the American Dream’ of hard work rewarded by middle-class signs of success such as a house, a car, a college education, and household appliances. The dream held the possibility for greater personal wealth, even while African – Americans, Hispanic – Americans, Asian – Americans, Native Americans, and new immigrants struggled to gain the civil rights that would give them equal opportunity to chase that dream” (1995: 3). Yasinski also argued that “Death of a Salesman has frequently been understood as a commentary on the American dream and wheter (1) the dream’s economic prosperity is truly available to anyone who works diligently, and (2) the importance the dream places on material wealth invites selfishness and social injustice.” (1995: 3)
suggesting that if America continues on the path of the ‘thing’, society will further break apart and turn becoming increasingly invested in commodities. She also said that Miller’s play highlights the tragic consequences of an increasing materialism and obsession with all that is material, and the different version of the American Dream. He presents illustrate not only the breaking apart of the individual, but the instability and fracture of society as a whole”.
Murphy and Abbotson in their studies Understanding Death of a Salesman, a student case book to issues, sources, and historical documents state that Death of a Salesman is a unique achievement as a play. It is a compelling drama about an American family whose members are unable to communicate the love that they feel for each other or the existential despair that each of their experiences. It is a modern tragedy, moving relentlessly and inevitably from its opening scene to Willy Loman's death. It is an experimental piece of drama and theater, a melding of the two styles that were prevalent on the stage at the time it was written and produced, realism and expressionism, and symbolism into a unique theatrical idiom (1999: 1).
noticed Willy speaking to himself. Then, we see this for ourselves when we enter into his fantasy world--the memories of the past crowd into Willy's mind. He remembers his cousin Ben who went off into the jungle and came out a rich man; he remembers Biff as a boy (when he had hopes of being a football star); and he remembers the day Biff visited him at work, only to find him in a hotel room with a woman. Topham mentioned that back in the present day, Willy's life slowly falls apart: he is sacked from the job he has been working for years and Biff, who has been trying to get a job, realizes that he is entirely unsuited to work because he has believed in a fantasy life that his father told him. In the final moments of the play, Willy, who had previously attempted to commit suicide, wildly drives off in his car, crashes off a bridge, and dies. The final miniature act or "requiem" (as Miller calls it), is set at Willy's funeral.
(http://classiclit.about.com/od/deathofasalesman/fr/aa_death.htm: april 23rd, 2010).
Harold Bloom in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, analyze the play is an American play that written for American people. He implies that American Dream is not real, and Willy Loman’s problem is quite common in American society. He depicts the play as “it reverberates, echoes, resonates. It rhythms roll deep down toward and into American desires and delusions” (1988: 47). He emphasizes American images presented here to call it a real social play.
success in business” (1951: 74). According to Downer, Willy Loman fails to realize the meaning of his actions, therefore misses the chance to understand the realism of his life. Referring to the foundations of American Dream in that particular society, it is true when he said that “For American and societies similarly organized, Death of a Salesman is tragedy, but for other societies, it is a lesser thing, a case history, perhaps” (1951: 75).
Learning about the review studies above, the writer then states that this undergraduate thesis will not be totally similar to the previous studies. This undergraduate thesis will try to convey any possible messages revealed through the analysis of the character in the play under study. Another thing that differentiates the study with the previous is that the writer also relates the extrinsic element with the intrinsic one in revealing the possible message.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
A character in literary works is usually defined as the creation of imaginary persons that seem life-like and the characterization is the whole things that are related to the character. Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction state that a character as an individual that appears in the story brings their human personalities such as interests, desires, emotions, moral principles. Still according to Stanton, a central character is the one who is relevant to every event in the story, usually the events cause some change either in him or in our attitude toward him (1965: 17-18).
narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as having moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say or the dialogue and what they do or the action. A character may remain essentially stable or unchanged in outlook and disposition, from beginning to the end of a work. This kind of character is called a flat character, but one may experience a radical change, either through a gradual process of motivation and development, or as the result of a crisis. This is called a round character (1981: 23).
In Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, Kennedy and Gioia explain that a character is an imagined person who inhabits a story (1998: 50). Readers usually recognize human personalities that become familiar in the main character of a story.
tend to stay the same throughout a story, but round characters often change – learn or become enlightened, grow or deteriorate (1998: 51).
In her other book, E. M. Forster explain more detail about the definition of the character. Forster divided character into two categories; they are flat and round characters. Flat character has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at most a few distinguishing marks, and tend to stay the same throughout a story. Round characters present us with more facets, greater depth in their portrait, more generous detail and often change – learn or becoming enlightened, grow or deteriorate. Round character may appear to us only as he appears to the other characters in the story (Forster, 1927: 61).
According to Reaske, drama is a work of literature or a composition which describes life and human activity by means of presenting various action and dialogues between characters (1966: 47). The essence of drama is the development of character and situation through speech and action of characters.
without explanation of the author, the reader understand the character. Thirdly, the representation from within character, it means that emotion of the experience reflected in the character (1986: 81). Holman and Harmon also says that a character might to be static or dynamic.
A static character is one who changes little if at all.. Sometimes a static character gives the appearance of changing simply because our picture of the character is revealed bit by bit. A dynamic character, on the other hand, is one who is modified by actions and experiences, and one objective of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions (1986: 83).
Perrine in his book Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense also note that characterization must observe three principles in order to be convincing. First, the character must be consistent in their behavior. They do not behave one way in one occasion and in a different way on another unless there is clearly a sufficient reason for the change. Second, the characters are clearly motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is any change in their behavior. Third, the characters must be plausible or lifelike. They must be neither paragons or virtue nor monster of evil (1974: 69).
2. The American Dream
liberty, and happiness. People began to come up with all sorts of hopes and aspirations for the new and largely unexplored continent. Many of these dreams focused on owning land and establishing prosperous businesses which would theoretically generate happiness, and some people also incorporated ideals of religious freedom into their American Dreams. The term “American Dream” is used in a number of ways, but essentially the American Dream is an idea which suggests that all people can succeed through hard work, and that all people have the potential to live happy, successful lives. Many people developed the definition of the American Dream, and this concept has also been subject to a fair amount of criticism. Many people believe that the structure of American society belies the idealistic goal of the American Dream, pointing to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, and ethnic origin. The idea of an American Dream in 1600s is when people begin to come with all sorts of hopes and aspirations for the new and largely unexplored continent. Many of these dreams focused on owning land and establishing prosperous businesses which would theoretically generate happiness, and some people also incorporated ideals of religious freedom into their American Dreams. In general, the American dream can be defined as being the opportunity and freedom for the society to achieve their goals and become rich and famous if only they work hard enough. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-american-dream.htm: July 10th, 2011)
each according to ability or achievement (1931: 404). Therefore, according Truslow, the notion of having the opportunity of achieving something without being restricted by social borders developed out of a need of “being able to grow to fullest development as man and woman” (1931: 404). James Truslow Adams also states:
The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position (1931: 214-215).
According to Cullen in The American dream: A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation, the American Dream is not a single concept, but rather comprises various ideas and ideals that can even be contradictory. The American Dream has become a kind of a national motto or key word (2003: 5). Cullen explains that it is “the most immediate component of American identity and the American Dream remains a major element of our national identity, and yet national identity is itself marked by a sense of uncertainty that may well be greater than ever before” (2003: 6).
3. The Relation between Literature and the Society
According to Michael E. Price in his book Stories With a Moral: Literature and Society in Nineteenth-Century Georgia, state that “literature illuminates past social reality and literature also communicates the richness of the human experience” (1953:1). He also states that “the vital contribution that linguistic theorists have made to our understanding of the social development of the American within the world capitalist system has been to draw attention to the dynamics of ideological communication”. (1953:7).
reflect social changes that are already taking place. According to the second, people are socially controlled through their reading habits. The control theory maintains that literature, like art in general, has been used effectively as a means of bringing about social change through the centuries (1972: 27).
C. Review on Historical Background
Charles Busha and Stephen Harter divide six steps for conducting historical research: (1) the recognition of a historical problem or the identification of a need for certain historical knowledge, (2) the gathering of as much relevant information about the problem or topic as possible, (3) if appropriate, the forming of hypothesis that tentatively explain relationships between historical factors, (4) the rigorous collection and organization of evidence, and the verification of the authenticity and veracity of information and its sources, (5) the selection, organization, and analysis of the most pertinent collected evidence, and the drawing of conclusions, and (6) the recording of conclusions in a meaningful narrative (1980: 91).
Many people through the 19th century have immigrated to America, some legal and some illegal but in either case they were searching for a dream. The Market Revolution of the early 19th century expanded on the already existing capitalistic society that was quickly exploiting the lower income masses of the working class. Jeremy Thornton in New Industries, New Jobs: British Immigrants Come to America, 1830s-1890s says that:
The American Dream can be described as a concept for the society in order to reach their dream, a dream of being wealth and rich during the Great Depression after World War II. This concept leads the society of America to reach their goals in life through working hard. The first term of American Dream is used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which is written in 1931.
The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position (1931: 214-215).
character of Willy Loman as one of the pictures of the people in the 19th century that had failure to reach his American Dream.
D. Theoretical Framework
The reason why those theories and reviews of related study are chosen is because they have contributions toward this study. This theory is used to understand the personality of the character in the story. It also helps the study to analyze the development of the character, the emotions, desires, and interest.
Theory of characters is taken to explore what kind of person Willy is. In the beginning, the writer shows Willy Loman as a hard worker and wants to reach his dream, but in the middle of the story, his behavior changes and finally he decides to kill himself. This is a good reason why the theory of characters is included in this study, because the theory will help understand more about Willy Loman.
Secondly, the theory of American Dream, and the historical theory will helps the study to understands about the American Dream in the 19th century in America, how it influenced the way of thinking, the attitude of people in that era. This theory will help to understand more about why the author creates Willy Loman as the representation of the people in the 19th century.
23 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is the play Death of a Salesman, the relation between Willy Loman as the main character with the American Dream that is used in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. This literary study deals with Death of a Salesman, a play written by Arthur Miller, and was published in 1949. Death of a Salesman explores the struggles of ordinary people to achieve the “American dreams”. These dreams and the struggles necessary to attain them, as well as coming to terms with the dreams that are out of reach, are the focus and driving force behind this story of every persons struggle to attain goals that are not always in tune with societies thoughts or ideas on a person’s place in life. The internal difficulties of the family and the detrimental effects of these problems on the family is a major theme of the play.
B. Approach of the Study
In the Theory of Literature, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren explain about the works and society,
There are much the common approaches to relate between the works and society is the study of literature as social documents. The study of the works can deliver the reader to the understanding that the works are the pictures of social reality. A literary works can be assumed as a social document. The works can be made to the yield the outlines of social history. (1956: 9-11)
According to Wellek and Warren, they argue that “a period is not a type or a class, but a time section defined by a system of norms embedded in the historical process and irremovable from it” (1956: 262). They also argue that “an individual work of art is not an instance in a class, but a part which, together with all the other works, makes up the concept of the period; it thus modifies the concept of the whole” (1956: 265).
In Transitions in Prelinguistic Communication the authors says that "Vygotsky described learning as being embedded within social events and occurring as a child interacts with people, objects, and events in the environment" (1998: 287).
This study applies the approach to interpret the sociocultural-historical aspect of the main character in the play. Moreover, when talking about sociocultural-historical approach, it is always in connection with a character. Character involves patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Therefore, sociocultural-historical approach will help the writer to reveal the issue of this study since it views a literary works based on sociocultural-historical interpretation.
C. Method of the Study
There are some steps that can be applied as the method in composing this thesis. The writer used library research that would supply two sources, primary and secondary sources, to support the analysis of the chosen topic. The primary source was the short story itself, Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. Meanwhile, the secondary sources are from the internet sites and some books.
The first step the writer did was to read the short story for several times. After that, the writer formulated the problems that enabled the writer in achieving the main purpose of this study. The next thing to do was conducting the library research and the internet research to collect all the supporting data that were needed such as the theories and the approach. It is also necessary to take notes or to quote any relevant and supportive information related to the problems that are formulated in the problem formulation.
27 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the study will answer the problems which are formulated in the previous chapter. It consists of two parts. First part is the analysis the character and the personality of Willy Loman. Then, the second part, the analysis focuses on the relation of the American Dream in the era of Post-World War II period with the play Death of a Salesman. And thirdly, the study will focus on the influence of American Dream. How the American Dream influenced Willy’s mind to reach the success as the representation of American society.
A. The Characterization of Willy Loman
In these parts, the study focuses on the main character in Death of a
Salesman named Willy Loman, especially on the ambition of Willy Loman in
order to reach his dream. Willy Loman, the main character in the story, is a
business man who works in New England area. He is 63-year-old man who loves
his wife and children and was dedicated to his career in his search for success as a business man. To Willy, success is basically being a well liked person, but in
reality he fails. He is no longer a good salesman, he does not earn enough money,
he does not manage to communicate with his family, his sons’ lives are a
disappointment to him and he disrespects his own family by having a mistress.
Willy as a complicated character. He is also a character who easily influenced to any specific feelings such as anger and offence.
Willy has a wife named Linda and two sons named Biff and Happy. One day, Linda wants to give Willy an American type of cheese.
LINDA : (trying to bring him out of it): Willy, dear, I got a new kind of American-type cheese today. It’s whipped
WILLY: Why do you get American when I like Swiss? LINDA: I just thought you like a change..
tells his sons that being well-liked person is more important than smarts person. He explains, "The man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want" (1949: 23). He thinks that if we are well-liked, doors of opportunities leading to great success will open. Willy feels that personality and presentation are the most important aspect of creating opportunity for a man.
Another Willy’s ambition is to be like Dave Singleman. Willy described about Dave Singleman as a successful salesman "pick up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving his room, he made his living..." (1949: 81). When Singleman died, customers from all over his region came to his funeral. Willy dares to believe that his funeral will be similar to Singleman's funeral. In fact, he has been a travelling salesman, the lowest of positions in Wagner Company for thirty four years. Willy has earned a lower income.
Willy is pride to himself and he is unable to face the truth about him, he lies to himself and the other that he is well liked in all the towns he visits and by all the customers that he calls on, he said that “I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England” (1949: 14). It is Willy's self definition that he is the vital of the business in New England from his career as a salesman. It shows that he is proud to himself and he believes that he is the vital in his company and New England, but in reality he is not a successful salesman in his carrier.
grows angry and he tells to Howard that "You can't eat the orange and throw the peel away-a man is not a piece of fruit" (1949: 82). Here, Willy feels that Howard (the son of the father who had formerly promised Willy that he would be rewarded for his service to the company) has gone back on the word of his father by forgetting the salesman in his golden years, throwing away the peel after eating the orange, so to speak Howard ends the meeting by firing Willy.
After he got fired, Charley, his good neighbor, knows that Willy is dealing with a serious problem. That is why he comes to Willy's house in order to cheer him up. He wants to lend Willy some money and offer him a job which would give Willy fifty dollars a week because he has a great concern for Willy. But, because of Willy's emotional and arrogant attitude, Willy always thinks that he knows everything better than anyone, and it is why he feels emotional (anger) to Charley, a man who wants to help him.
CHARLEY (talking a deck from his pocket): Yeah, I got them. Someplace. What is it with those vitamins?
WILLY (dealing): They build up your bones. Chemistry. CHARLEY: yeah, but there's no bones in a heartburn.
WILLY: What are you talkin' about? Do you know the first thing about it? WILLY: Don't talk about something you don't know anything about. (they
are playing. Pause) (1949: 42).
WILLY: Yeah, heh? When the game is over, Charley, You'll be laughing out of the otherside of your face. They'll be calling another Red Grange. Twenty-five thousand a year.
CHARLEY (kidding): Is that so? WILLY: Yeah, that's so
CHARLEY: Well, then, I'm sorry, Willy. But tell me something. WILLY: What?
CHARLEY: Who is Red Grange?
WILLY: Put up your hands. Goddam you. Put up your hands! (Charley chuckling, shakes his head and walks away, around the left corner of the stage. Willy follows him. The music rises to a mocking frenzy)
WILLY: who the hell do you think you are? Better than everybody else? You don't know everything, you big, ignorant, stupid.. Put up your hands! (1949: 89).
In the conversation above, it is show that Willy's losing control and show no respect to his friend. In fact, Charley wants to help Willy since Willy get financial problems. Charley only tries to help Willy escape from his hard time, but because of Willy's self esteem, Willy feels offended when Charley offering a job for him. He replies that “I got a job; I told you that (after a slight pause. What the hell are you offering me a job for?” (1949: 43).
In the next conversation, it is showing another of the ambition of Willy Loman as the successful salesman, and his perspective that a man will be successful if he is well-liked in his life.
believes that well liked is the key of success. Willy’s point of view that success by being well-liked, and by saying that Charley is liked but not well-liked, Willy wants to say that Willy’s successful is not same as Charley, because according to Willy, Charley is successful man, but not very successful like Willy.
Willy shows his ambition as a successful man when he says that "Someday I'll have my own business, and I'll never have to leave home anymore and they know me, boys, they know me up and down New England. I can park my car in any street in New England, and the cops protect it like their own” (1949: 31), and this is what he defines as being successful.
According to Willy, well-liked is the key to pursuit of material wealth and this is also one of the ambition of Willy Loman. He has an illusion of himself as this successful businessman that everybody respects and the other know him well, but in reality he is not respected at all and in fact that nobody knows him anymore.
WILLY: You and Hap and I, and I’ll show you all the towns. America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they know me, boys, they know me up and down New England. The finest people. And when I bring you fellas up, there’ll be open sesame for all of us, ‘cause one thing, boys: I have friends. I can park my car in any street in New England, and the cops protect it like their own. This summer, heh? (1949: 31).
Another characteristic of Willy Loman is that he has high pride to himself. He believes that a man who makes an appearance in the business world and can create personal interest is the man who gets a head.
WILLY: “That’s just what I mean, Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That’s why I thank Almighty God you’re both built like Adonises, because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer. "Willy Loman is here!" That’s all they have to know and I go right through” (1949: 33). Willy needs to appear more successful than he ever was. He tried to impress his family, friends, and even himself. Willy would convince his sons into believing that he was well respected by all the people he did business with, even though he was not well liked. Another Willy’s high self-esteem is when he tries to impress Ben and make himself better, Willy say that “Business is bad, it’s murderous. But not for me, of course” (1949: 51).
Willy also likes to lie to himself, his family, and friend to make him better and to impress the other, and it is because of his point of view that he is a successful man, so he lies to the other. He lies to his wife that he is very well liked in Hartford although that he realize that people do not know him anymore and laugh at him, but because of his illusion about his success, he can not accept the reality.
WILLY: Oh, I’ll knock ‘em dead next week. I’ll go to Hartford. I’m very well liked in Hartford. You know, the trouble is, Linda, people don’t seem to take to me. [They move onto the forestage]
LINDA: Oh, don’t be foolish.
LINDA: Why? Why would they laugh at you? Don’t talk that way, Willy.[Willy moves to the edge of the stage. Linda goes into the kitchen and starts to darn stockings.]
WILLY: I don’t know the reason for it, but they just pass me by. I’m not noticed (1949: 36).
Willy cannot except that he is unsuccessful salesman. Willy lies to himself and the other people. Willy lives in a world of illusions. He says to himself that he is well liked in all the towns he visits and by all the customers that he calls on. He always believes that he is vital to the New England territory and will someday receive a promotion for his hard work. He even lies to himself, and then his boss, about how much he actually earns. Because he wants to prove to himself that he is well-liked.
In the story of Death of a Salesman, shows that Willy also has high imagination because sometimes he talks with his illusion brother named Ben who already died.
BEN: And good luck with your—what do you do? WILLY: Selling.
BEN: Yes. Well… [He raises his hand in a farewell to all.]
WILLY: No, Ben. I don’t want you to think… [He takes Ben’s arm to show him.] It’s Brooklyn, I know, but we hunt too.
BEN: Really, now.
WILLY: Oh, sure, there’s snakes and rabbits and—that’s why I moved out here. Why, Biff can fell any one of these trees in no time! Boys! Go right over to where they’re building the apartment house and get some sand. We’re gonna rebuild the entire front stoop right now! Watch this, Ben! (1949: 50).
In the conversation above, Willy tries to impress Ben, Willy lies and begins to believe what he is saying that he is a successful salesman.
WILLY: In 1928 I had a big year. I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in commissions.
WILLY: I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in the year of 1928! (1949: 82).
The conversation above is about Willy’s conversation with Howard, his boss, about moving to a job in New York. Willy clearly believes that he is a good salesman and gets a high average in 1928. This is an example of Willy that in fact he unable to face reality that now he cannot get a hundred and seventy dollars anymore.
Willy Loman is a loyal and responsible, especially to his firm. It is show when he said to howard that “I put thirty-four years into this firm..” (1949: 82). From what Willy said, it is show that he is loyal with his firm, that he had been in that firm for thirty four year and still want to stay in that firm.
In the conversation below show that Willy is lie to his son that he is well-liked in Boston. Willy tells to his son that he is a well-like salesman as his ambition, however, in the reality show a different story.
WILLY: [continuing over Happy’s line]: They laugh at me, heh? Go to Filene’s, go to the Hub, go to Slattery’s. Boston. Call out the name Willy Loman and see what happens! Big shot!
BIFF: All right, Pop. WILLY: Big!
BIFF: All right! (1949: 43).
Willy cannot make sales and his entire old buyer that he used to sell to be retired. Willy struggles with the reality that he was unsuccessful in completing his dream, and refuses to stop trying.
room, he made his living..." (1949: 81). According to Willy Loman, as a result of Dave Singleman’s success life, he died honorably. Willy said that "He died the death of a salesman, in his green velvet slippers..." (1949: 81) and he also said that when Dave Singleman died, hundreds of salesman and buyers were at his funeral. It is show that Willy’s ambition is to be successful salesman when he is going old. Willy wants to be a salesman only by pick up his phone, call the buyers, and no need to go around the city to get the buyer. Also, he wants to be well-liked as Dave Singleman and when Willy died, hundreds of salesman and buyers come to Willy’s funeral.
Willy’s ambition is also to be richer man like his brother, Ben, who went to Africa, and he found diamonds in the mines and as a result he became rich. Willy influenced of Ben’s success, he believed that he must totally with his work if he want to be a successful man. He says about Ben that “The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it! Walked into a jungle and comes out, the age of twenty-one, and he's rich!” (1949: 41). Ben not only found an opportunity to be successful man, but he also gets almost that he want. Ben is the older brother of Willy Loman, and he was the model for Loman family for success. Ben's success influenced Willy his whole life.
B. The American Dream that is Described in Death of a Salesman
Miller in the 19th century. The play Death of a Salesman explores the issues surrounding the illusion of the American Dream, and the difficulty of achieving economic and personal success in post-World War II society. In the era of the 19th century, the American Dream has always involved a clear sense of the goals to be pursued and means by which they might be achieved. American dream means the dream of becoming rich overnight. The American dream’s goal in the 19th century is receive a lot of money, have a big house, a costly car and other material things. The American Dream is an ideal of finding happiness and satisfaction through hard work.
Arthur Miller tries to describe the society in that era by the character in Death of a Salesman. Each of the character in Death of a Salesman always pursues his American Dream, a dream or obsession to reach the successful thing in their life. The author creates the character in the play that with hard work, they can achieve everything that they want, such as a big house, large salary, a car, and being famous in the society.
that inspires Arthur Miller to write Death of a Salesman and he described Willy Loman as the representation of a man that tries to reach the American Dream.
The play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller explores issues about American Dream in the 19th century, and the difficulty of achieving economic and personal success after Post World War II. The author creates the character of Willy Loman as one of the pictures of the people in the 19th century that had failure to reach his American Dream. Willy represents of every low-man in America. The American Dream that every man or woman can make his or her own fortune, influences Miller to create Willy as an old salesman that wants to be a successful and well-liked businessman in America. Willy is represents as people that believe that America is a beautiful state and a place where they can achieve their dream of being wealthy and successful.
WILLY: You and Hap and I, and I’ll show you all the towns. America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they know me, boys, they know me up and down New England. The finest people. And when I bring you fellas up, there’ll be open sesame for all of us, ‘cause one thing, boys: I have friends. I can park my car in any street in New England, and the cops protect it like their own. This summer, heh? (1949: 31).
he is well liked and takes a personal interest in his business. In reality, Willy is mocked by another salesman, rejected by his customers and his boss, and also got financial problem. He said that “because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer. Willy Loman is here! That’s all they have to know, and I go right through” (1949: 33).
Arthur Miller also presents a successful version of the American Dream through Willy’s brother named Ben, who becomes rich through investing in diamond mines in Africa. Miller wants to show of the American Dream of being wealthy as people in America want to reach. Ben said that “when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle, and when I was twenty-one I walked out and by God I was rich” (1949: 48). Ben’s wealth is an example of the successful man with his American Dream, because he can reaches the wealthy and becomes successful in his life. The author symbolizes the jungle and Africa is a place where he must work hard to reach his American Dream and the diamonds as the point of the success of American Dream.
The idea of author’s criticizes with his play Death of a Salesman came when the American economy was booming. Society was becoming very materialistic, and the idea that anyone could “make it” in America was popular, and to be successful, rich and well-liked are just some of the criteria that need to be achieved in order to have attained the standard of living that the American Dream promotes.
The play Death of a Salesman explores of serious issues about the American Dream, such as what makes life meaningful by achieve the American Dream, as well as the importance of family’s love and the necessity for each person to find his place in society and in the order of things.
LINDA: then make Charley your father, Biff. You can’t do that, can you? I don’t say he’s a great man. Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He’s not in the finest character that ever lived. But he’s a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. He’s not to be allowed to fall into his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must be finally to each person. You called him crazy (1949: 56).
Miller also creates Ben, Willy’s brother to be the represent of a man who achieves the American Dream. Ben is the represents as the successful American society in that time, a character who receives his American Dream by his hard work. Ben decided to go to Africa to chase diamond in order to achieve his American Dream of being wealth, because he believes that if he found the diamonds, he will get a lot of money and he can get everything that he wants such as a car, a big house, etc. Miller created Ben to describe the American people who get his American Dream. A dream that being wealth and can get everything that they wants.
C. The Influence of American Dream to Willy Loman
In this part is about how the American Dream influence the character of Willy Loman and how he deals his life with the point of view in American Dream. This study analyzes on how Willy Loman faces his life with his point of view about his American Dream.
against his eyes. I have such thoughts, I have such strange thoughts” (1949: 14).
Willy’s argument above shows how Willy works hard for his family and to achieve his dream. Linda, Willy’s wife, suggests in response of Willy’s argument that he asks the company to let him work in town, but Willy with his pride said that “I’m vital in New England”. It shows the ambition of Willy Loman to achieve his American Dream by working hard although that every day he is always on the road every week, but he enjoys his job, because he believes with his work as a salesman, he can achieve a better life for his family.
In the play Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is represented as a hardworking, an individual who trying to find his position in society, a position as a respected salesman, and as a good husband and father. The conversation above shows that Willy as a hard worker.
LINDA: well, you just have to take a rest, Willy you can’t continue this way.
WILLY: I just go back from Florida.
LINDA: But you didn’t rest your mind. Your mind is overactive, and the mind is what counts, dear.
WILLY: I’ll start out in the morning. Maybe I’ll feel better in the morning. (She is taking of his shoes). This goddam arch supports are killing me. (1949: 14)
everything in the morning because he thinks that life starts in the morning and he will get better in the morning to do his work.
The author also describes Willy as an old salesman who wants to be like the ideal salesman as Dave Singleman. He wants to ‘succeed’ in business by being recognized as a success and being admired same as Dave Singleman. According to Willy, he likes the idea of many people coming to Dave funeral, its happened because Dave Singleman is one of famous salesman and being well liked in his community and society. Willy’s business dreams are based on the idea of being well liked because he believes that if a man is being well-liked, he can easily to do his job and it will make a man easily to achieve his American Dream as wealth, a big house, a fancy car, and of course achieve a better life.
Willy tries to compare with Charley’s son named Bernard. Willy tries to compare point of view about success with his believes of being success because they have different point of view about being success in order to achieve the American Dream. According to Bernand, a man who can get success is a man who gets the best marks in the education, but according to Willy, a man who has personal interest is a man who gets ahead and can rule in the business world.
WILLY: That’s just what I mean. Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That’s why I thank Almighty God you’re both built like Adonises. Because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see buyer. “Willy Loman is here!” that’s all they have to know, and I go right through.
BIFF: did you knock them dead, Pop?
WILLY: Knocked ‘em cold in Providence, slaughtered ‘em in Boston (1949: 33)
Willy tries to influence Biff with his point of view about success. He said to his son that Biff must to be a well liked person in the future. Willy believes that his son also can fulfill his ambition as a success person in the future if he is being well liked. According to Willy, Biff’s dream will be achieved and get a better life if Biff is a well liked person.
WILLY: Don’t say? Tell you a secret, boys. Don’t breathe it to a soul. Someday I’ll have my own business, and I’ll never have to leave home any more
HAPPY: Like Uncle Charley, heh?
WILLY: Bigger than Uncle Charley! Because Charley is not—liked. He’s liked, but he’s not–-well liked. (1949: 30).
Willy believes in his American Dream of being wealthy and successful. He believes that someday he will do his own business and never have to leave home anymore. One day he will get what he wants and what his achievements is to prove that he can reach his American Dream, the same as or more than the other people that a man can be said success if he has his own business with big income, big house, and a car. Willy shows his ambition to be successful man when he say that "Someday I'll have my own business, and I'll never have to leave home anymore and they know me, boys, they know me up and down New England. I can park my car in any street in New England, and the cops protect it like their own” (1949: 31), and this is what he defines as being successful. The American Dream influence Willy’s dream to reach a lot of income, a big house, a fancy car, and a better life.
Willy’s achievement is to reach his dream as a successful salesman to get a lot of salary and get a better life with his family. He believed that he will get everything soon with hard work. One day, he said to his wife, Linda, about his ideal family in the future because he believes that if he can make his family better than right now, he will get the ideal family and life happy with his family. He said to Linda,
LINDA: (laughing). That’d be wonderful. But not enough sun gets back there. Nothing’ll grow anymore.
WILLY: you wait, kid, before it’s all over we’re gonna get a little place out in the country, and I’ll raise some vegetables, a couple of chickens.. LINDA: You’ll do it yet, dear.
Willy walks out of his jacket. Linda follows him.
WILLY: And they’ll get married, and come for a weekend. I’d build a little quest house ‘Cause I got so many fine tools, all I’d need would be a little lumber and some peace of mind. (1949: 72).
Willy dreams to live in a peace country side. He believes that he will get a lot of salary and his family will have good life. He believes that it will happen in the future if he works hard as a salesman because he have principle as a salesman and he knows how to achieve his dream by his personal impression as a salesman. It is one of Willy’s big ambitions to achieve his American Dream as a salesman.
WILLY: In 1928 I had a big year. I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in commissions. peonis would come out and the daffodils. What fragrance this room! LINDA: Well, after all, people had to move somewhere.
WILLY: No, there’s more people now. (1949: 17).
into the depression because he realizes that the society around of him has been change, his son has nothing to be proud of, and also the biggest event that bring him to desperate is that he realizes that he does not make any salary anymore because he got fired. He was so embarrassed because in the past he has strong will and believes that he will be successful when he becomes well-liked, but in reality he knows that he achieves nothing. Slowly, in his mind changes from his believes that he will be successful one day that he always pride to his family and his friend changes into angry and disappointed.
Willy knows that as a salesman he must be well liked and have good impression from other people in order to achieve his American Dream, a dream where he get a lot of salary, a big house, and live happy with his family. According to him, good impression and being well liked is the key of his success as a salesman. In order to reach his dream as a good salesman, he work hard for this, but in reality he realizes that people ignore and laugh at him.
WILLY: I know when I walked in. they seem to laugh at me.
LINDA: Why? Why would they laugh at you? Don’t talk that way, Willy. Willy moves to the edge of the stage. Linda goes into the kitchen and
starts to darn stockings.
WILLY: I don’t know the reason for it, but they just pass me by. I’m not noticed. (1949: 21).
friend because he realizes what he was believed is contradictory with the reality. It is make Willy fall into great depression because he cannot reach his dream.
One day, on the way out of the restaurant, Willy is looking for his two sons and the waiter tells Willy that his boys left with the two women and said that they will see him at home. After that, Willy asks the waiter named Stanley, where he can buy seeds for his garden. Miller tries to represent the seed as the symbol of the Willy’s failure in order to achieve his American Dream. He tells Stanley, "I've got to get some seeds. I've got to get some seeds, right away." (1949: 122). The seed is the symbol of Willy’ dream that he have been done in entire his life for his family, and when he said “nothing planted, I don’t have a thing in the ground” (1949: 122), he realize that what he have been do in his entire life is useless and he achieve nothing for his family. He is desperate because actually he wants to leave something for his son to help them to achieve their dream to be a successful man, but nothing is left for his son. Willy is fail to achieve his American Dream, a dream of being wealth, successful, and gets a better life for his family.
Hammering is heard from outside the house, off right. Biff turns toward the noise.
LINDA: (suddenly pleading) Will you please leave him alone? BIFF : What’s he doing out there?
LINDA: He’s planting the garden! BIFF : (quietly: Now? Oh, my God!
Biff moves outside, Linda following. The light dies down on them and comes up on the center of the apron as Willy Walks into it. He is carrying a flashlight, a hoe, and a handful of seed packets. He raps the top of the hoe sharply to fix it firmly, and then move to the left, measuring off the distance with his foot. He holds the flashlight to look at the seed packets, reading off the instructions. He is in the blue of night (1949: 125). With his desperation, Willy plants seed in the night. His behavior shows that he goes losing his mind because usually people do the activity of planting seeds in the morning or noon. In the night, everyone goes to bed except Willy, who tells Linda that he will come upstairs in two minutes. Moment later, there is the sound of a car starting up and driving off. Willy believes that if he die, his family will gets the money insurance and he believes that this money will be useful for his family, especially for Biff to start his new life.
51 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, many people try to achieve the American Dream, but few actually do so. As with any goal, the American Dream takes hard work and dedication. In Death of a Salesman, all aspects of this goal are examined. As we see this goal can be achieved, but the dream must be a true and attainable dream which is worth working for. It also must be a dream that will be helpful and useful in the professional world.
Every people will try and do the best to be successful and become like what his dream. Some people would do anything to achieve their success, although that sometimes they aside the good or bad ethic to achieve it. Every people have their own target and definition of success in their life and many factors will influence the way of their success.
