Tips Praktis
MENULIS TUGAS AKHIR
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TUGAS AKHIR
Pekerjaan individual mahasiswa dengan bimbingan dari pembimbing yang ditunjuk oleh Prodi PWK, denganmempertimbangkan usulan dari mahasiswa dan beban bimbingan dosen pembimbing
Topik penelitian tergantung pada minat mahasiswa, topik riset Kelompok Keahlian yang ada (Perencanaan dan Perancangan Kota, Perencanaan Wilayah, dan Perdesaan, Sistem InfratrukturDAFTAR PERIKSA PROPOSAL T.A.
(Analogi dari Protokol Tesis)
1.
Apakah latar belakang memperkuat persoalan riset2.
Apakah persoalan riset diyatakan dengan benar3.
Apakah tujuan riset menjawab persoalan yang dinyatakan4.
Apakah manfaat penelitian dinyatakan dengan baik5.
Apakah literatur yang dibaca sesuai dengan persoalan riset yang dikemukakan6.
Apakah literatur ditulis secara kritis7.
Apakah metodologi dipilih dengan benar, sesuai dengan persoalan riset (mis. pemilihan sample, jumlah sample,)8.
Apakah ada alasan mengapa metodologi tersebut yang dipilih (mis. Mengapa kualitatif, mengapa kuantitatif)4
MATERI POKOK T.A.
Materi pokok yang perlu pemikiran dalam menuliskannya:
1.
Judul2.
Abstrak3.
Pendahuluan• Latar belakang
• Persoalan studi/riset/penelitian • Tujuan, sasaran, manfaat
• Lingkup penelitian (materi, obyek, wilayah) • Metodologi penelitian
4.
Tinjauan literatur5.
Gambaran obyek/kasus penelitian6.
Analisis7.
Kesimpulan8.
Rekomendasi studiJudul
1.
Judul netral, tidak spesifik menunjukkan bidang PWK (e.g. kajian, persepsi, dll)2.
Judul mencerminkan proporsi materi TA, sudah menunjukkan bidang PWK, tapi belum fokus pada output (e.g. analisis,identifikasi, studi/kajian, dll)
3.
Judul menunjukkan bidang PWK, bersifat intervensi, danmencerminkan output yang akan dihasilkan (arahan, kebijakan, pernyusunan, rencana pengembangan, pembangunan,
pengembangan, perancangan, kelayakan teknis/biaya/ekonomi, dll)
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Pendahuluan
Ringkasan TA yang akan disajikan
Iklan dari hasil TA
Ringkas, tpi tidak ada batas minimum kata
langsung ke pokok materi
Berisi garis besar TA (latar belakang, persoalan, tujuan, metoda, dll) mudah dipahami
Tujuan utama adalah untuk memperkenalkan riset dengan menyajikan konteks atau latar belakang riset
After reading an introduction, the reader should be able to answer most of these questions:
What is the context of this problem? In what situation or environment can this problem be observed? (Background)
Why is this research important? Who will benefit? Why do we need to know this? Why does this situation, method, model or piece of equipment need to be improved? (Rationale)
What is it we don’t know? What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill? What needs to be improved? (Research Problem)
What steps will the researcher take to try and fill this gap or improvethe situation? (Objectives)
Is there any aspect of the problem the researcher will not discuss? Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation? (Scope)
Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/her objectives? (Limitations)
In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach,8
Persoalan umum:
Too much detail, and hence too long. Repetition of words, phrases or ideas. Unclear problem definition.
Research problem should match the title of your thesis (you'd be surprised how many don't !) as well as its methodology and objectives. Poor organization.
COMMON PROBLEMS
Too much detail, and hence too long.Remember, this is the introduction, a kind of overview. Although you will cover important points, detailed descriptions of method, study site and results will be in later sections. Look at the proportion of a
research paper an introduction takes up. Notice it is comparatively short because it serves as a summary of what follows.
Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.You will have keywords that are crucial to your study. However, your reader doesn't want to read them over and over! A high level of
Unclear problem definition.Without a clear definition of your research problem, your reader is left with no clear idea of what you were studying. This means that they cannot judge your work's relevance to their own work, or its
usefulness, quality, etc. As an exercise, you should be able to
complete a sentence that starts, "The purpose of this study is . . . "
that encapsulates the problem you are investigating. Of course you will not include this exact sentence in your thesis, but it serves as an easy way to check that you have a clearly defined problem. In your thesis you should be able to write your research problem in one sentence - you can add details in the sentences that follow. You should also ensure that your research problem matches the title of your thesis (you'd be surprised how many don't !) as well as its methodology and objectives.
Poor organization.Writing an introduction that effectively introduces your research
problem and encapsulates your study is not an easy task. Often when we write we discover gradually what we want to say and how we want to say it. Writing is often a process of discovery. Bear this in mind
when you write your introduction, and be prepared to go back and make big changes to what you have written, and the order in which you have presented your ideas and information. Your introduction must have a logical sequence that your reader can follow easily.
Latar belakang
Penjelasan mengenai konteks dari permasalahan dan persoalan yang diajukan dalam penelitian
What is the context of this problem? In what situation or environment can this problem be observed
Minimum 4 paragraf dengan isi pokok: Penjelasan pentingnya topik (topic statement)
Why is this research important? Who will benefit? Why do we need to know this? Why does this situation, method,model or piece of equipment need to be improved? Persoalan umum yang dihadapi (problem statement) Apa yang telah dilakukan
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Perumusan Persoalan
Menyatakan apa yang tidak diketahui dan akan diteliti .
…. the condition of a research problems is always some version of not knowing or not understanding something… (Booth,
Gregory and Joseph, 2003)
Persoalan = sesuatu yg dianggap tidak sesuai, tidak
baik; kondisi yang tidak diharapkan
Terdiri dari persoalan praktis dan persoalan riset:
Persoalan praktis : berkaitan dengan persoalan lapangan/wilayah riset
Materi rumusan persoalan:
indicating a gap
raising a question
continuing a previously developed line of inquiry
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Tujuan, Sasaran, Manfaat
Tujuan:
Menyatakan apa yang ingin diketahui/dibuktikan dari penelitian yang dilakukan
Gunakan kata kerja pembuka seperti: Menemukan; Menjelaskan; Menganalisis;
Menguraikan;Menilai;Menguji;Membandingkan; Menemukan hubungan; Memperoleh data
Hindari untuk menggunakan kata seperti: Mengetahui;Memahami; Mengerti Tujuan bersifat spesifik, terbatas, dapat diukur dan terutama
dapat diperiksa dengan melihat hasil penelitian
Berkaitan dengan keluaran LANGSUNG dari penelitian Hindarkan motif personal, upayakan menjadi obyektif
Contoh
tidak tepat
:
Meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan (tidak akan tercapai dari penulisan TA)
Mengatasi kemacetan LL (idem)
Mengetahui (personal motive)
Contoh
lebih tepat
:
Merumuskan… Mengkaji …
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Sasaran:
Bersifat lebih terukur, baik kuantitatif maupun kualitatif Variabel/indikator harus jelas
Menghubungkan 2 atau lebih variabel/ indikator
Merupakan penjabaran/titik kritis/tahapan output/intermediate output dari tujuan
Menjawab pertanyaan penelitian
Contoh kata kunci:
Menghitung… Mengukur…
Pertanyaan Penelitian
Merupakan turunan dari tujuan yang ingin dicapai
Menguraikan hal-hal yang dipertanyakan dalam
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Manfaat penelitian :
Menjelaskan mengapa penelitian perlu dilakukan dan
sumbangan apa yang didapatkan baik secara akademik maupun secara praktis
Manfaat dapat mencakup:
Bagi kasus/wilayah studi
Bagi stakeholder terkait (pemerintah, pengguna, dlsb)
Lingkup Penelitian
Batasan lingkup yang diteliti (dan tidak diteliti), terdiri dari
(tidak selalu harus disebutkan/dipisahkan):
Materi
penelitian:
Bidang/aspek yang diteliti
Eg. Sosial; teknis; supply; demand; dll
Obyek
penelitian
Batasan obyek-obyek yang diteliti
Eg. Pemilik lahan; pusat belanja > 10.000m2; RS tipe A-D
Wilayah
penelitian
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Metodologi Penelitian
Menjelaskan mengenai metode penelitian yang dipakai:
jenis
penelitian (deskriptif, normatif, eksplanatory, dll)
Pendekatan
penelitian (supply oriented, demand
oriented, supply-demand oriented, teknis, dll, dapat
berbentuk skema hubungan antarkomponen utama)
Kerangka
penelitian (bagan hubungan
antarkomponen kegiatan)
Teknik
yang digunakan
dijelaskan untuk tiap sasaran, karena tiap sasaran mungkin menggunakan teknik yang berbedaTinjauan Pustaka
Menjelaskan
secara kritis
pengetahuan yang sudah
terbentuk yang berhubungan dengan topik penelitian
berdasarkan pada penelitian yang sudah pernah dilakukan
ataupun berdasarkan teori-teori yang sudah pernah
dikembangkan.
Biasanya dibahas di Bab 2
Output berupa pendekatan, teknik/rumus, konsep, variabel,
bidang, kriteria dan/atau indikator yang akan digunakan
Gambaran Obyek/Kasus Penelitian
Menjelaskan karakteristik penting dari wilayah studi yang
berkaitan dengan topik yang diteliti
Gambaran dari makro ke mikro (gambaran umum
wilayah, gambaran obyek penelitian, gambaran kasus
penelitian, data/informasi variabel yang diteliti sesuai
metoda penelitan)
Analisis
Menjelaskan hasil penelitian dan memberikan komentar
mengenai apa hasil penelitian lapangan tersebut
Aplikasi teknik/model untuk menghasilkan keluaran
parsial, yang kemudian diintegrasikan menjadi
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Kesimpulan
Menjelaskan apa yang dapat dipelajari dari penelitian
yang dilakukan
Persoalan Umum
Too long.
Too much detail.
Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues.
Failure to reveal the complexities of a conclusion or situation.
Lack of a concise summary of what was learned.
Contoh hubungan sasaran dan kesimpulan:
Original Objective
: The main objective of this study was
to assess the impact of road construction in villages to
rural communities.
Conclusion
: The model produced in this study can
accurately predict the social and economic impact of
road-construction on villages in northern Laos.
If we rewrite the objective to match what we actually did
(we developed a model), it will fit the conclusion:
Rewritten objective
: The main objective of this study was
to develop a model to predict the social and economic
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Rekomendasi, Catatan Studi, Studi Lanjut
Rekomendasi:
Memberikan saran aplikasi dari studi kepada
Pemerintah
,
Pengguna
(privat, masyarakat, dll)
Catatan Studi
Menjelaskan
kelemahan studi
Menjelaskan apa yang
seharusnya/perlu dilakukan, tetapi
tidak dilakukan
Studi Lanjutan
Abstrak
Ada batasan panjang, tidak lebih dari 1 hlm 1 spasi,
10-12pt
Tujuan : menyajikan ringkasan dari keseluruhan riset
(terutama tujuan dan temuan utama/kesimpulan),
BUKAN memperkenalkan area riset
Harus secara ringkas:
Re-establish the topic of the research.
Give the research problem and/or main objective of the research (this usually comes first).
Indicate the methodology used. Present the main findings.
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COMMON PROBLEMS
Too long. may be rejected - abstracts are entered on databases, and those is usually a specified maximum number of words.
people forget to count their words (remember that you can use your word processing program to do this) and make their
abstracts too detailed (see below).
Too much detail. often have unnecessary details.
abstract is NOT the place for detailed explanations of methodology or the context of your research problem simply present the main points of your research.
Too short. shorter is not necessarily better.
probably have not written in sufficient detail.
see where you could usefully give more explanation
many writers do not give sufficient information about their findings
Failure to include important information. You need to be careful to cover the points listed above.
Contoh Abstrak
Ruang terbuka publik mempunyai berbagai fungsi penting, yaitu……. ………. Pada kenyataannya, pemanfaatan ruang terbuka publik menghadapi persoalan ………. Persoalan
tersebut terjadi karena sampai saat ini belum ada
………..… Penelitian ini merumuskan prinsip rancangan ruang terbuka publik yang memperhatikan ……… ………..
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan ………., dan teknik
………..., diperoleh temuan ………….. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ………..……….
Contoh abstrak:
Major problems of the arid region are transportation of agricultural products and losses due to spoilage of the products, especially in summer. This workpresents the performance of a solar drying system consisting of an air
heater and a dryer chamber connected to a greenhouse. The drying system is designed to dry a variety of agricultural products. The effect of air mass flow rate on the drying process is studied. Composite pebbles, which are constructed from cement and sand, are used to store energy for night
operation. The pebbles are placed at the bottom of the drying chamber and are charged during the drying process itself. A separate test is done using a simulator, a packed bed storage unit, to find the thermal characteristics of the pebbles during charging and discharging modes with time. Accordingly, the packed bed is analyzed using a heat transfer model with finite difference technique described before and during the charging and discharging
processes. Graphs are presented that depict the thermal characteristics and performance of the pebble beds and the drying patterns of different
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