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Introduction to Psychology
G AT E WAY S T O M I N D A N D B E H AV I O R TWELFTH EDITION
Dennis Coon John O. Mitterer
Brock University
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about the authors
iii After earning a doctorate in psychology from the University of Arizona, Dennis Coon taught for 22 years at Santa Barbara City College, California. Throughout his career, Dr. Coon has especially enjoyed the challenge of teaching introductory psychology. He and his wife, Sevren, have returned to Tucson, where he continues to teach, write, edit, and consult.
Dr. Coon is the author of Introduction to Psychology and Psychology: A Journey, as well as Psychology: Modules for Active Learning. Together, these texts have been used by more than 2 million students. Dr. Coon frequently serves as a reviewer and consultant to publishers, and he edited the best-selling trade book Choices. He also helped design modules for PsychNow!, Wadsworth’s interactive CD-ROM.
In his leisure hours, Dr. Coon enjoys hiking, photography, painting, woodworking, and music. He also designs, builds, and plays classical and steel string acoustic guitars. He has pub- lished articles on guitar design and occasionally offers lectures on this topic, in addition to his more frequent presentations on psychology.
John O. Mitterer was awarded his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from McMaster University.
Currently, Dr. Mitterer teaches at Brock University, where he has taught more than 20,000 intro- ductory psychology students. He is the recipient of the 2003 Brock University Distinguished Teaching Award, a 2003 Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) Teaching Award, a 2004 National 3M Teaching Fellowship, and the 2005 Canadian Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology.
Dr. Mitterer’s primary research focus is on basic cognitive processes in learning and teaching.
He consulted for a variety of companies, such as Bell Northern Research, Unisys Corporation, IBM Canada, and computer-game developer Silicon Knights. His professional focus, however, is on applying cognitive principles to the improvement of undergraduate education. In support of his introductory psychology course, he has been involved in the production of textbooks and ancillary materials such as CD-ROMs and websites for both students and instructors. Dr.
Mitterer has published and lectured on undergraduate instruction throughout Canada and the United States.
In his spare time, Dr. Mitterer strives to become a better golfer and to attain his life goal of seeing all the bird species in the world. To this end he recently traveled to Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Australia, and South Africa.
brief contents
Introduction: The Psychology of Studying
11 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods
11Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media — Separating Fact from Fiction 43
2 Brain and Behavior
47Psychology in Action: Handedness — Are You Dexterous or Sinister? 73
3 Human Development
78Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting — Raising Healthy Children 112
4 Sensation and Reality
118Psychology in Action: Controlling Pain — This Won’t Hurt a Bit 145
5 Perceiving the World
149Psychology in Action: Perception and Objectivity — Believing Is Seeing 176
6 States of Consciousness
181Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams 212
7 Conditioning and Learning
218Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management — A Rewarding Project 247
8 Memory
251Psychology in Action: Mnemonics — Memory Magic 279
9 Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence
283Psychology in Action: Culture, Race, IQ, and You 314
10 Motivation and Emotion
319Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence — The Fine Art of Self-Control 353
v
11 Gender and Sexuality
357Psychology in Action: When Pleasure Fades — Sexual Problems 381
12 Personality
388Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges — Understanding Shyness 420
13 Health, Stress, and Coping
425Psychology in Action: Stress Management 453
14 Psychological Disorders
459Psychology in Action: Suicide — Lives on the Brink 490
15 Therapies
495Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Finding Professional Help 522
16 Social Thinking and Social Influence
529Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training — Standing Up for Your Rights 551
17 Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
556Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism — Living with Diversity 579
18 Applied Psychology
584Psychology in Action: Human Factors Psychology — Who’s the Boss Here? 607
Appendix: Behavioral Statistics 612
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index S-1
contents
Introduction: The Psychology of Studying
1The SQ4R Method — How to Tame a Textbook 2 How to Use Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior 3
Effective Note-Taking — Good Students, Take Note! 3
Using and Reviewing Your Notes 4
Study Strategies — Making a Habit of Success 4 Self-Regulated Learning — Academic All-Stars 5 Procrastination — Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues 6
Time Management 6 Goal Setting 6
Make Learning an Adventure 7
Taking Tests — Are You “Test Wise”? 7 General Test-Taking Skills 7
Using Digital Media — Netting New Knowledge 8 Digital Gateways 8
The Book Companion Website 8 CengageNOW 9
Wadsworth’s Psychology Resource Center 9 Psychology Websites 9
A Final Word 10 WEB RESOURCES 10 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 10
1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods
11Preview: Wondering About Human Behavior 12
Psychology — The ABCs of Behavior 12 Seeking Empirical Evidence 12
Psychological Research 14 Research Specialties 14 Psychology’s Goals 15
Critical Thinking — Take It With a Grain of Salt 16 Thinking About Behavior 16
Pseudopsychologies — Palms, Planets, and Personality 17
Problems in the Stars 18
Scientific Research — How to Think Like a Psychologist 19
The Scientific Method 19
A Brief History of Psychology — Psychology’s Family Album 22
Structuralism 22 Functionalism 22 Behaviorism 23 Gestalt Psychology 24 Psychoanalytic Psychology 24 Humanistic Psychology 25
The Role of Women in Psychology’s Early Days 26 Psychology Today — Three Complementary Perspectives on Behavior 26
The Biological Perspective 27 The Psychological Perspective 27 The Sociocultural Perspective 28
Psychologists — Guaranteed Not to Shrink 29 Other Mental Health Professionals 31
The Profession of Psychology 31 Specialties in Psychology 32
The Psychology Experiment — Where Cause Meets Effect 32
Variables and Groups 33 Evaluating Results 34
Double Blind — On Placebos and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies 35
Research Participant Bias 35 Researcher Bias 36
Nonexperimental Research Methods — Different Strokes 37
Naturalistic Observation 37 Correlational Studies 38
The Clinical Method — One Case At A Time 40 Survey Method — Here, Have a Sample 40 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Psychology in the Media — Separating Fact from Fiction 43
CHAPTER IN REVIEW 45 WEB RESOURCES 46 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 46 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: Testing Common-Sense Beliefs 13
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Is a Career in Psychology Right for You? 31
• CRITICAL THINKING: That’s Interesting, but Is It Ethical? 34
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Is There a Gender Bias in Psychological Research? 42
vii
2 Brain and Behavior
47Preview: Finding Music in Walnut Grapefruit Tofu 48
Neurons — Building a “Biocomputer” 48 Parts of a Neuron 48
The Nerve Impulse 48
Synapses and Neurotransmitters 51 Neural Networks 52
The Nervous System — Wired for Action 53 Research Methods — Charting the Brain’s Inner Realms 56
Mapping Brain Structure 56 Exploring Brain Function 57
The Cerebral Cortex — My, What a Big Brain You Have! 59
Cerebral Hemispheres 60 Hemispheric Specialization 60 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 63
The Subcortex — At the Core of the (Brain) Matter 67
The Hindbrain 67 The Forebrain 68 The Magnificent Brain 70
The Endocrine System — My Hormones Made Me Do It 70
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Handedness — Are You Dexterous or Sinister? 73 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 76
WEB RESOURCES 77 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 77 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: You Can Change Your Mind, but Can You Change Your Brain? 53
• CRITICAL THINKING: Repairing Your Brain 56
• THE CLINICAL FILE: A Stroke of Bad Luck 61
• CRITICAL THINKING: Mirror, Mirror in the Brain 65
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: His and Hers Brains? 66
3 Human Development
78Preview: It’s A Girl! 79
Nature and Nurture — It Takes Two to Tango 79 Heredity 79
Environment 81 Reaction Range 84
The Newborn — More Than Meets the Eye 85 Perceptual and Cognitive Development 85
Motor Development 87 Emotional Development 87
Social Development — Baby, I’m Stuck on You 89 Attachment 89
Day Care 90
Attachment and Affectional Needs 91
Parental Influences — Life with Mom and Dad 91 Parenting Styles 91
Maternal and Paternal Influences 92
Ethnic Differences: Four Flavors of Parenting 93
Language Development — Fast-Talking Babies 94 Language and the Terrible Twos 94
The Roots of Language 95
Cognitive Development — Think Like a Child 97 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 97
Piaget Today 99
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory 101
Adolescence and Young Adulthood — The Best of Times, the Worst of Times 102
Puberty 102
The Search for Identity 103 The Transition to Adulthood 104
Moral Development — Growing a Conscience 104 Levels of Moral Development 105
The Story of a Lifetime — Rocky Road or Garden Path? 106
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 106
Later Adulthood: Will You Still Need Me When I’m 64? 108
A Midlife Crisis? 108 Old Age 109
Death and Dying — The Final Challenge 110 Reactions to Impending Death 111
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Effective Parenting — Raising Healthy Children 112 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 115
WEB RESOURCES 117 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 117 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: What’s Your Attachment Style? 91
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Ethnic Diversity and Identity 103
• CRITICAL THINKING: The Twixters 104
4 Sensation and Reality
118Preview: Can’t You Hear the Bats? 119 Psychophysics — The Limits of Sensibility 119
Transduction 119 Absolute Thresholds 119 Difference Thresholds 120 Sensory Analysis and Coding 121 Vision — Catching Some Rays 123
Structure of the Eye 124 Rods and Cones 125
Color Vision — There’s More to It Than Meets the Eye 127
Color Theories 128
Color Blindness and Color Weakness 129 Dark Adaptation — Let There Be Light! 131 Hearing — Good Vibrations 132
How We Hear Sounds 133
Smell and Taste — The Nose Knows When the Tongue Can’t Tell 135
The Sense of Smell 136 Taste and Flavors 137
The Somesthetic Senses — Flying by the Seat of Your Pants 138
The Skin Senses 139 The Vestibular System 140
Adaptation, Attention, and Gating — Tuning In and Tuning Out 142
Sensory Adaptation 142 Selective Attention 142 Sensory Gating 143 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Controlling Pain — This Won’t Hurt a Bit 145 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 147
WEB RESOURCES 148 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 148 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: Subliminal Seduction or Subliminal Myth? 121
• BRAINWAVES: Blindsight: The “What” and the “Where”
of Vision 127
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Are You Color- Blind? 130
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Going Biosonar 132
• BRAINWAVES: The Matrix: Do Phantoms Live Here? 145
5 Perceiving the World
149Preview: Murder! 150
Perception: That Extra Step 150 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing 151
Perception and Attention — May I Have Your . . . Attention! 151
Inattentional Blindness 153 Habituation 153
Motives, Emotions, and Perception 153 Perceptual Organization — Getting It All Together 154
Gestalt Principles 154
Perceptual Constancies — Taming an Unruly World 157
Depth Perception — What If the World Were Flat? 159
Binocular Depth Cues 160 Monocular Depth Cues 162
Perceptual Learning — What If the World Were Upside Down? 165
Perceptual Habits 166 The Context of Perception 168 Illusions 168
Perceptual Expectancies — On Your Mark, Get Set 171
Extrasensory Perception — Do You Believe in Magic? 172
An Appraisal of ESP 173 Stage ESP 174
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Perception and Objectivity — Believing Is Seeing 176 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 178
WEB RESOURCES 179 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 180 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Pay Attention! 152
• CRITICAL THINKING: The “Boiled Frog Syndrome” 154
• CRITICAL THINKING: A Bird’s-Eye View 158
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Do They See What We See? 167
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Staying in Touch with Reality 169
6 States of Consciousness
181Preview: A Visit to Several States (of Consciousness) 182
States of Consciousness — The Many Faces of Awareness 182
Altered States of Consciousness 182 Sleep — A Nice Place to Visit 182
The Need for Sleep 183 Sleep Patterns 184
Stages of Sleep — The Nightly Roller-Coaster 185 Sleep Stages 186
The Dual Process Hypothesis of Sleep 186
Sleep Disturbances — Showing Nightly: Sleep Wars! 189
Insomnia 189
Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, and Sleepsex 190 Nightmares and Night Terrors 190
Sleep Apnea 191 Narcolepsy 192
Dreams — A Separate Reality? 192 REM Sleep Revisited 192
Dream Theories 192 Dream Worlds 193
Hypnosis — Look into My Eyes 194 Theories of Hypnosis 194
The Reality of Hypnosis 195 Stage Hypnosis 196
Meditation and Sensory Deprivation — Chilling, the Healthy Way 197
Meditation 197 Sensory Deprivation 198
Positive Psychology: Mindfulness and Well-Being 199 Drug-Altered Consciousness — the High and Low of It 199
Drug Dependence 200 Patterns of Abuse 200
Uppers — Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine 201
Cocaine 203
MDMA (“Ecstasy”) 204 Caffeine 204 Nicotine 205
Downers — Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol 206
Barbiturates 206 GHB 206 Tranquilizers 207 Alcohol 207
Hallucinogens — Tripping the Light Fantastic 210 LSD and PCP 210
Marijuana 210
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Exploring and Using Dreams 212 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 215 WEB RESOURCES 216 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 217 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: What Is It Like To Be a Bat? 183
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Consciousness and Culture 184
• CRITICAL THINKING: They Came from Outer Space? 188
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Swinging Suggestions 195
• BRAINWAVES: How Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Brain 201
7 Conditioning and Learning
218Preview: Rats! 219
What Is Learning — Does Practice Make Perfect? 219
Types of Learning 219
Classical Conditioning — Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? 220
Pavlov’s Experiment 220
Principles of Classical Conditioning — Here’s Johnny 222
Acquisition 222 Expectancies 222
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery 223 Generalization 223
Discrimination 224
Classical Conditioning in Humans — An Emotional Topic 224
Conditioned Emotional Responses 224 Vicarious, or Secondhand, Conditioning 225
Operant Conditioning — Can Pigeons Play Ping- Pong? 226
Positive Reinforcement 226 Acquiring an Operant Response 226 The Timing of Reinforcement 227 Shaping 228
Operant Extinction 228 Negative Reinforcement 229 Punishment 229
Operant Reinforcers — What’s Your Pleasure? 230 Primary Reinforcers 230
Secondary Reinforcers 230 Feedback 232
Learning Aids 232
Partial Reinforcement — Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box? 234
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement 235
Stimulus Control — Red Light, Green Light 236 Punishment — Putting the Brakes on
Behavior 238
Variables Affecting Punishment 238 The Downside of Punishment 239 Using Punishment Wisely 240
Cognitive Learning — Beyond Conditioning 241 Cognitive Maps 242
Latent Learning 242
Modeling — Do as I Do, Not as I Say 243 Observational Learning 243
Modeling and the Media 244 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Behavioral Self-Management — A Rewarding Project 247 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 249
WEB RESOURCES 250 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 250 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Coping with Chemo 221
• BRAINWAVES: Tickling Your Own Fancy 230
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Learning and Conservation 233
• CRITICAL THINKING: Are Animals Stuck in Time? 236
• CRITICAL THINKING: You Mean Video Games Might Be Bad for Me? 245
8 Memory
251Preview: “What the Hell’s Going on Here?” 252 Stages of Memory — Do You Have a Mind Like a Steel Trap? Or a Sieve? 252
Sensory Memory 252 Short-Term Memory 253 Long-Term Memory 253
Short-Term Memory — Do You Know the Magic Number? 255
Chunking 255
Rehearsing Information 255
Long-Term Memory — Where the Past Lives 256 Constructing Memories 256
Organizing Memories 259 Skill Memory and Fact Memory 260
Measuring Memory — The Answer Is on the Tip of My Tongue 261
Recalling Information 262 Recognizing Information 262 Relearning Information 263 Implicit and Explicit Memories 263
Forgetting in LTM — Why We, uh, Let’s See; Why We, uh . . . Forget! 264
When Encoding Fails 265 When Memory Storage Fails 266 When Retrieval Fails 266
Memory and the Brain — Some “Shocking”
Findings 270 Consolidation 270
Long-Term Memory and the Brain 272
Exceptional Memory — Wizards of Recall 273 Eidetic Imagery 273
A Case of Photographic Memory 274 Memory Champions 275
Improving Memory — Keys to the Memory Bank 275
Encoding Strategies 276 Retrieval Strategies 277 A Look Ahead 278 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Mnemonics — Memory Magic 279 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 281 WEB RESOURCES 282 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 282 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Cows, Memories, and Culture 254
• CRITICAL THINKING: Do You Like Jam with Your Memory? 257
• CRITICAL THINKING: Telling Wrong from Right in Forensic Memory 258
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Card Magic! 265
• THE CLINICAL FILE: The Recovered Memory/False Memory Debate 269
• BRAINWAVES: The Long-Term Potential of a Memory Pill 273
9 Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence
283Preview: Homo Sapiens 284
What Is Thinking? — Brains over Brawn 284 Some Basic Units of Thought 284
Mental Imagery — Does a Frog Have Lips? 284 The Nature of Mental Images 285
Concepts — I’m Positive, It’s a Whatchamacallit 286
Forming Concepts 286 Types of Concepts 287
Language — Don’t Leave Home without It 288 The Structure of Language 290
The Animal Language Debate 291
Problem Solving — Getting an Answer in Sight 293
Mechanical Solutions 293 Solutions by Understanding 293 Heuristics 293
Insightful Solutions 294
Common Barriers to Problem Solving 297 Creative Thinking — Down Roads Less Traveled 297
Tests of Creativity 298 Stages of Creative Thought 299
Positive Psychology: The Creative Personality 300 Living More Creatively 301
Intuitive Thought — Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour? 301
Intuition 301 Framing 303 Wisdom 303
Human Intelligence — The IQ and You 304 Defining Intelligence 304
Intelligence Tests 305 Intelligence Quotients 305 The Wechsler Tests 307 Group Tests 307
Variations in Intelligence — Curved Like a Bell 308
The Mentally Gifted 308 Intellectual Disability 309
Questioning Intelligence — How Intelligent Are Intelligence Tests? 310
Multiple Intelligences 310
Artificial Intelligence: I Compute, Therefore I Am 311 Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence 312 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Culture, Race, IQ, and You 314 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 317 WEB RESOURCES 318 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 318 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Bilingualism — Si o No, Oui ou Non, Yes or No? 289
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: How to Weigh an Elephant 296
• CRITICAL THINKING: Have You Ever Thin Sliced Your Teacher? 302
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Intelligence — How Would a Fool Do It? 304
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Meet the Rain Man 309
• CRITICAL THINKING: You Mean Video Games Might Be Good for Me? 313
10 Motivation and Emotion
319Preview: Moved by the Music of Life 320 Motivation — Forces That Push and Pull 320
A Model of Motivation 320
Biological Motives and Homeostasis 321 Circadian Rhythms 322
Hunger — Pardon Me, My Hypothalamus Is Growling 324
Internal Factors in Hunger 324 Brain Mechanisms 324
External Factors in Hunger and Obesity 326 Dieting 328
Eating Disorders 328
Culture, Ethnicity, and Dieting 331
Biological Motives Revisited — Thirst, Sex, and Pain 331
Thirst 331 Pain 331 The Sex Drive 332
Stimulus Drives — Skydiving, Horror Movies, and the Fun Zone 333
Arousal Theory 333 Levels of Arousal 334 Coping with Test Anxiety 335
Learned Motives — The Pursuit of Excellence 336 Opponent-Process Theory 336
Social Motives 336
The Need for Achievement 336 The Key to Success? 337
Motives in Perspective — A View from the Pyramid 338
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 339 Turning Play into Work 339
Inside an Emotion — How Do You Feel? 341 Primary Emotions 341
Emotion and the Brain 342
Physiology and Emotion — Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying 343
Fight or Flight 343 Lie Detectors 344
Expressing Emotions — Making Faces and Talking Bodies 346
Facial Expressions 346
Theories of Emotion — Several Ways to Fear a Bear 348
The James-Lange Theory 348 The Cannon-Bard Theory 349
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion 349 Emotional Appraisal 350
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis 350 A Contemporary Model of Emotion 352
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Emotional Intelligence — The Fine Art of Self-Control 353 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 355
WEB RESOURCES 356 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 356 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• BRAINWAVES: Your Brain’s “Fat Point” 326
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: What’s Your BMI?
(We’ve Got Your Number) 327
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Behavioral Dieting 329
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Xtreme! 334
• CRITICAL THINKING: To Catch a Terrorist 345
• CRITICAL THINKING: Crow’s-Feet and Smiles Sweet 347
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Suppressing Emotion — Don’t Turn Off the Music 351
11 Gender and Sexuality
357Preview: Pink and Blue 358
Sexual Development — Circle One: XX or XY? 358 Dimensions of Sex 358
Sexual Orientation — Who Do You Love? 361 Homosexuality 361
Gender Development — Circle One: Masculine or Feminine 363
Gender Identity 364 Gender Roles 364
Gender Role Socialization 366
Androgyny — Are You Masculine, Feminine, or Androgynous? 367
Psychological Androgyny 367
Sexual Behavior — Mapping the Erogenous Zones 369
Sexual Arousal 369
Human Sexual Response — Sexual Interactions 371
Comparing Male and Female Responses 372
Atypical Sexual Behavior — Trench Coats, Whips, Leathers, and Lace 373
Paraphilias 373
Attitudes and Sexual Behavior — The Changing Sexual Landscape 374
Is the Revolution Over? 375 The Crime of Rape 377
STDs and Safer Sex — Choice, Risk, and Responsibility 378
HIV/AIDS 379
Behavioral Risk Factors 379 Risk and Responsibility 380 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
When Pleasure Fades — Sexual Problems 381 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 386
WEB RESOURCES 387 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 387 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Bruce or Brenda — Can Sex Be Assigned? 360
• BRAINWAVES: Genes, the Brain, and Sexual Orientation 362
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: High Test 365
• CRITICAL THINKING: Are We Oversexualizing Young Girls? 376
• CRITICAL THINKING: Gender Role Stereotyping and Rape 377
12 Personality
388Preview: The Hidden Essence 389
The Psychology of Personality — Do You Have Personality? 389
Traits 390
Do We Inherit Personality? 390 Types 391
Self-Concept 392 Personality Theories 393
The Trait Approach — Describe Yourself in 18,000 Words or Less 394
Predicting Behavior 394 Describing People 394 Classifying Traits 394 The Big Five 396
Traits, Consistency, and Situations 397
Psychoanalytic Theory — Id Came to Me in a Dream 398
The Structure of Personality 398 The Dynamics of Personality 399 Personality Development 400 The Neo-Freudians 402
Learning Theories of Personality — Habit I Seen You Before? 404
How Situations Affect Behavior 405 Personality Behavior 405 Social Learning Theory 406
Behavioristic View of Development 407
Humanistic Theory — Peak Experiences and Personal Growth 408
Maslow and Self-Actualization 409
Positive Psychology: Positive Personality Traits 410 Carl Rogers’ Self Theory 410
Humanistic View of Development 412 Personality Theories — Overview and Comparison 413
Personality Assessment — Psychological Yardsticks 414
The Interview 414
Direct Observation and Rating Scales 415 Personality Questionnaires 416
Projective Tests of Personality — Inkblots and Hidden Plots 418
Sudden Murderers — A Research Example 419 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Barriers and Bridges — Understanding Shyness 420 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 422
WEB RESOURCES 423 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 424 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: The Amazing Twins 391
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Self-Esteem and Culture — Hotshot or Team Player? 393
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: What’s Your Musical Personality? 395
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Perfectly Miserable 397
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Telling Stories About Ourselves 412
13 Health, Stress, and Coping
425Preview: Jennifer’s Amazing Race 426 Health Psychology — Here’s to Your Good Health 426
Behavioral Risk Factors 426 Health-Promoting Behaviors 427 Early Prevention 429
Community Health 430
Positive Psychology: Wellness 430 Stress — Thrill or Threat? 430
General Adaptation Syndrome 431 Stress, Illness, and Your Immune System 431 When Is Stress a Strain? 432
Appraising Stressors 433 Coping with Threat 434
Frustration — Blind Alleys and Lead Balloons 435 Reactions to Frustration 436
Coping with Frustration 437
Conflict — Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Well, Maybe 438
Managing Conflicts 439
Psychological Defense — Mental Karate? 440 Learned Helplessness — Is There Hope? 442
Depression 443
Depression: Why Students Get the Blues 444 Coping with Depression 445
Stress and Health — Unmasking a Hidden Killer 445
Life Events and Stress 446 Psychosomatic Disorders 447 Biofeedback 448
The Cardiac Personality 450 Hardy Personality 451
Positive Psychology: Hardiness, Optimism, and Happiness 452
The Value of Social Support 452 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Stress Management 453 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 457 WEB RESOURCES 458 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 458 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Unhealthy Birds of a Feather 429
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Burnout — The High Cost of Caring 433
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Coping with Traumatic Stress 435
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Acculturative Stress — Stranger in a Strange Land 448
• CRITICAL THINKING: It’s All in Your Mind 449
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Feeling Stressed?
You’ve Got a Friend 452
14 Psychological Disorders
459Preview: Beware the Helicopters 460 Normality — What’s Normal? 460
Core Features of Disordered Behavior 462 Insanity 462
Classifying Mental Disorders — Problems by the Book 463
An Overview of Psychological Disorders 464 General Risk Factors 466
Psychotic Disorders — The Dark Side of the Moon 467
The Nature of Psychosis 468
Delusional Disorders — An Enemy Behind Every Tree 470
Paranoid Psychosis 470
Schizophrenia — Shattered Reality 470 Disorganized Schizophrenia 471
Catatonic Schizophrenia 471 Paranoid Schizophrenia 472 Undifferentiated Schizophrenia 472 The Causes of Schizophrenia 472 Implications 476
Mood Disorders — Peaks and Valleys 476 Major Mood Disorders 477
What Causes Mood Disorders? 478
Anxiety-Based Disorders — When Anxiety Rules 480
Adjustment Disorders 480 Anxiety Disorders 481
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 482 Stress Disorders 483
Dissociative Disorders 484 Somatoform Disorders 484
Anxiety and Disorder — Four Pathways to Trouble 486
Psychodynamic Approach 486 Humanistic-Existential Approaches 486 Behavioral Approach 486
Cognitive Approach 487
Personality Disorders — Blueprints for Maladjustment 487
Maladaptive Personality Patterns 487 Antisocial Personality 487
Disorders in Perspective — Psychiatric Labeling 489
Social Stigma 489 A Look Ahead 490 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Suicide — Lives on the Brink 490 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 493 WEB RESOURCES 494 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 494 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Crazy for a Day 461
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Running Amok with Cultural Maladies 466
• CRITICAL THINKING: Are the Mentally Ill Prone to Violence? 473
• BRAINWAVES: The Schizophrenic Brain 475
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Sick of Being Sick 484
• CRITICAL THINKING: A Disease Called Freedom 489
15 Therapies
495Preview: The Duck Syndrome 496 Psychotherapy — The Talking Cure 496
Dimensions of Therapy 496
Origins of Therapy — Bored Out of Your Skull 497 Psychoanalysis — Expedition into the
Unconscious 498 Psychoanalysis Today 499
Humanistic Therapies — Restoring Human Potential 500
Client-Centered Therapy 500 Existential Therapy 501 Gestalt Therapy 501
Therapy at a Distance — Psych Jockeys and Cybertherapy 502
Media Psychologists 502 Telephone Therapists 502 Internet Therapy 503
Behavior Therapy — Healing by Learning 503 Aversion Therapy 504
Desensitization 505
Operant Therapies — All the World Is a Skinner Box? 508
Nonreinforcement and Extinction 508 Reinforcement and Token Economies 509 Cognitive Therapy — Think Positive! 510
Cognitive Therapy for Depression 510 Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy 510
Group Therapy — People Who Need People 512 Psychodrama 512
Family and Couples Therapy 513 Group Awareness Training 513 Psychotherapy — An Overview 514
Core Features of Psychotherapy 514 The Future of Psychotherapy 515 Basic Counseling Skills 516
Medical Therapies — Psychiatric Care 518 Drug Therapies 518
Electrical Stimulation Therapy 519 Psychosurgery 519
Hospitalization 520
Community Mental Health Programs 521 PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Self-Management and Finding Professional Help 522 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 526
WEB RESOURCES 528 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 528
FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Feeling a Little Tense?
Relax! 506
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Ten Irrational Beliefs — Which Do You Hold? 511
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Overcoming the Gambler’s Fallacy 512
• CRITICAL THINKING: How Do We Know Therapy Actually Works? 514
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Therapy and Culture — A Bad Case of “Ifufunyane” 517
16 Social Thinking
and Social Influence
529Preview: Six Degrees of Separation 530 Humans in a Social Context — People, People, Everywhere 530
Roles 530
Group Structure and Cohesion 531
Social Cognition — Behind the Mask 533 Attribution Theory 533
Actor and Observer 534
Attitudes — Belief Emotion Action 535 Forming Attitudes 536
Attitudes and Behavior 536 Attitude Measurement 537
Attitude Change — Why the Seekers Went Public 537
Persuasion 538
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 538
Social Influence — Follow the Leader 540 Social Power 540
Mere Presence — Just Because You Are There 541
Social Facilitation and Loafing 541 Personal Space 541
Spatial Norms 542
Conformity — Don’t Stand Out 542 The Asch Experiment 543
Group Factors in Conformity 544
Compliance — A Foot in the Door 544 Passive Compliance 545
Obedience — Would You Electrocute a Stranger? 547
Milgram’s Obedience Studies 547
Coercion — Brainwashing and Cults 549 Brainwashing 549
Cults 549
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Assertiveness Training — Standing Up for Your Rights 551 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 553
WEB RESOURCES 555 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 555 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: Touch and Status 532
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Self-Handicapping — Smoke Screen for Failure 534
• CRITICAL THINKING: Groupthink — Agreement at Any Cost 543
• CRITICAL THINKING: How to Drive a Hard Bargain 546
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Quack Like a Duck 548
17 Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
556Preview: Love and Hate 557
The Need for Affiliation — Come Together 557 Social Comparison Theory 557
Interpersonal Attraction — Social Magnetism? 558 Physical Proximity 558
Physical Attractiveness 559 Competence 559
Similarity 559 Self-Disclosure 560 Social Exchange Theory 560
Liking and Loving — Dating, Rating, Mating 561 Love and Attachment 562
Evolution and Mate Selection 562
Helping Others — The Good Samaritan 564 Bystander Intervention 564
Who Will Help Whom? 565
Positive Psychology: Everyday Heroes 566 Aggression — The World’s Most Dangerous Animal 566
Instincts 567 Biology 567 Frustration 567 Social Learning 568
The World According to TV 568 Preventing Aggression 570
Prejudice — Attitudes That Injure 571 Becoming Prejudiced 572
The Prejudiced Personality 573
Intergroup Conflict — The Roots of Prejudice 573 Experiments in Prejudice 576
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Multiculturalism — Living with Diversity 579
CHAPTER IN REVIEW 581 WEB RESOURCES 582 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 583 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: Pornography and Aggression Against Women — Is There a Link? 569
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: I’m Not Prejudiced, Right? 572
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Choking on Stereotypes 574
• CRITICAL THINKING: Terrorists, Enemies, and Infidels 575
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Is America Purple? 576
18 Applied Psychology
584Preview: Insanely Great 585 Industrial/Organizational
Psychology — Psychology at Work 585 Theories of Leadership 585
Theory X and Theory Y Leadership 586 Job Satisfaction 588
Job Enrichment 589 Organizational Culture 589 Personnel Psychology 590 Job Analysis 590
Selection Procedures 590
Environmental Psychology — Life on Spaceship Earth 593
Environmental Influences 595 Stressful Environments 595 Toxic Environments 597 Sustainable Lifestyles 597 Social Dilemmas 598
Environmental Problem Solving 600 Conclusion 600
Educational Psychology — An Instructive Topic 601
Elements of a Teaching Strategy 601
Psychology and Law — Judging Juries 602 Jury Behavior 602
Jury Selection 603
Sports Psychology — The Athletic Mind 604 Motor Skills 606
Positive Psychology: Peak Performance 606
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION:
Human Factors Psychology — Who’s the Boss Here? 607 CHAPTER IN REVIEW 610
WEB RESOURCES 611 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 611 FEATURE BOXES (HIGHLIGHTS)
• CRITICAL THINKING: From Glass Ceiling to Labyrinth 587
• THE CLINICAL FILE: Desk Rage and Healthy Organizations 590
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Surviving Your Job Interview 591
• CRITICAL THINKING: Territoriality 594
• DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY: Reuse and Recycle 599
• HUMAN DIVERSITY: Peanut Butter for the Mind:
Designing Education for Everyone 602
• CRITICAL THINKING: Death-Qualified Juries 604
Appendix: Behavioral Statistics
612Preview: Statistics from “Heads” to
“Tails” 613
Descriptive Statistics — Psychology by the Numbers 613
Graphical Statistics 613
Measures of Central Tendency 614 Measures of Variability 615 Standard Scores 616 The Normal Curve 616
Correlation — Rating Relationships 618 Relationships 618
The Correlation Coefficient 618
Inferential Statistics — Significant Numbers 620 Samples and Populations 621
Significant Differences 621 APPENDIX IN REVIEW 622 WEB RESOURCES 622 INTERACTIVE LEARNING 622
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index S-1
An Invitation to the Student
Greetings from your authors. We are delighted to be your guides as you explore the exciting field of psychology. We hope you will find that psychology is at once familiar, exotic, surprising, and chal- lenging. What, really, could be more intriguing than our evolving understanding of human behavior?
Psychology is about each of us. It invites us to adopt a reflec- tive attitude as we ask, “How can we step outside ourselves to look objectively at how we live, think, feel, and act?” Psychologists believe the answer is through intelligent thought, observation, and inquiry. As simple as that might seem, careful reflection takes practice to develop. It is the guiding light for all that follows.
Reading Gateways to Mind and Behavior
We trust you will find much that interests you in this book. To make your reading enjoyable, we tried to write as if we were talking with you. And to add to your interest, we will often invite you to relate psychology to your own experiences. But make no mistake, Gateways to Mind and Behavior is a sophisticated textbook that offers you an up-to-date introduction to psychology.
At the beginning of each chapter you will find a list of Gateway Questions to guide your reading. As you read a chapter, try to see if you can discover the answers to these questions. Then compare your answers with the ones listed in the chapter summary. The answers are what we think of as Gateway concepts. In other words, they open intellectual pathways and summarize psychology’s “big ideas.” Although you don’t need to memorize the Gateway con- cepts, you can use them to review the most important points in each chapter. Ultimately, the Gateway concepts will provide a good summary of what you learned in this course. If you remember most of them 10 years after you finish reading this book, you will make us very happy, indeed.
Studying Gateways to Mind and Behavior
None of us likes to start a new adventure by reading a manual. We want to get right into a new computer game, step off the airplane and begin our vacation, or just start using our new camera or cell phone. You might be similarly tempted to just start reading this textbook.
Please be patient. Successfully learning psychology depends on how you study this book, as well as how you read it. Gateways to Mind and Behavior is your passport to an active adventure in learning, not just passive reading. To help you get off to a good start, we strongly encourage you to read our short Introduction, which precedes Chapter 1. The Introduction describes study skills, including the SQ4R method, that you can use to get the most out of this text and your psychology course. It also tells how you can
xix explore psychology through the Internet, electronic databases, and interactive CDs.
Each chapter of this book will take you into a different realm of psychology, such as personality, abnormal behavior, memory, con- sciousness, and human development. Each realm is complex and fascinating in its own right. Gateways to Mind and Behavior is your passport to an adventure in learning. In a very real sense, we wrote it about you, for you, and to you.
An Invitation to the Instructor
Thank you for choosing this book for your students and your course. Marcel Proust wrote, “The real voyage of discovery con- sists not in seeing new landscapes but in having new eyes.” It is in this spirit that we encourage you to use this book’s special fea- tures to help change the way your students see human behavior.
Accordingly, we have written this book to promote an interest in human behavior, including an appreciation of the practical appli- cations of psychology, the richness of human diversity, and the field of positive psychology. At the same time, we have structured this book to help students learn efficiently and apply critical- thinking skills. Without such skills, students cannot easily go, as Jerome Bruner put it, “beyond the information given” (Bruner, 1973).
To help students read more effectively, we open every chapter with a list of Gateway Questions that students can use as powerful advance organizers for digesting new information (e.g., Ausubel, 1978). These questions are addressed throughout the chapter and are explicitly answered in the chapter summaries. Featured in these summaries are psychology’s Gateway concepts — the “take home”
ideas every student should remember 10 years after reading this text. As a whole, they are capable of transforming the way students view human behavior.
Now widely emulated, earlier editions of Gateways to Mind and Behavior revolutionized textbooks by using psychology to help students learn more effectively. We continue that tradition of innovation in this edition. We have again updated our presenta- tion of the SQ4R method to better promote active learning, long- term retention of ideas, and the reflective attitude that lies at the heart of critical thinking.
In the previous edition we replaced the “Relate” step of the SQ4R method with “Reflect,” so that SQ4R now refers to Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Reflect, and Review. In every chapter, we have refined the Reflect step of the SQ4R method to strengthen connections among learning, elaborative processing, and critical thinking (Gadzella, 1995). For example, we have redesigned the chapter pedagogy to make it even clearer to students why it is valu- able to engage in reflection while reading.
preface to the twelfth edition
Readability and Narrative Emphasis
Selecting a textbook is half the battle in teaching a successful course. When a book overwhelms students or cools their interest, teaching and learning suffer. A good text does much of the work of imparting information to your students. This frees class time for your discussion, extra topics, or media presentations. It also leaves students asking for more.
Many introductory psychology students are reluctant readers.
No matter how interesting a text may be, its value is lost if stu- dents fail to read it. That’s why we’ve worked hard to make this a clear, readable, and engaging text. We want students to read this book with genuine interest and enthusiasm, not merely as an obligation.
To encourage students to read, we made a special effort to weave narrative threads through every chapter. Everyone loves a good story, and the story of psychology is among the most compelling to be told. Throughout Gateways to Mind and Behavior, we have used intriguing anecdotes and examples to propel reading and sus- tain interest. As students explore concepts, they are encouraged to think about ideas and relate them to current events and their own experiences.
Practical Applications
Gateways to Mind and Behavior is designed to give students a clear grasp of major concepts without burying them in details. At the same time, it offers a broad overview that reflects psychology’s rich heritage of ideas. We think students will find this book informa- tive and intellectually stimulating. Moreover, we have emphasized the many ways that psychology relates to practical problems in daily life.
A major feature of this book is the Psychology in Action section found at the end of each chapter. These high-interest discussions bridge the gap between theory and practical application. We believe it is fair for students to ask, “Does this mean anything to me? Can I use it? Why should I learn it if I can’t?” The Psychology in Action features show students how to solve problems and manage their own behavior. This allows them to see the benefits of adopting new ideas, and it breathes life into psychology’s concepts.
An Integrated Study Guide
The chapters of this text are divided into short segments by spe- cial sections called Knowledge Builders. These “mini study guides”
challenge students to relate concepts to their own experiences, to quiz themselves, and to think critically about the principles they are learning. For this edition, we have reorganized the Knowledge Builders into Recite and Reflect sections, to better mirror the SQ4R method. Recite questions are somewhat easier than in- class test questions and are designed provide immediate feedback to students. Reflect questions come in two “flavors.” Critical Thinking questions encourage critical reflection and come with answers. Relate questions are open-ended invitations to students to elaborate on just-read material by relating it to their personal experiences.
If students would like even more feedback and practice, Chapter Quizzes are available in a free booklet, Gateways to Mind and Behavior: Concept Maps and Concept Reviews; a traditional Study Guide is available; and students can use a web-based course-man- agement tool called WebTutor™ to take online quizzes or to prac- tice with electronic flash cards. Gateways to Mind and Behavior:
Concept Maps and Concept Reviews accompanies every new copy of the text and also includes Gateway concepts for every chapter, concept maps of key concepts, and concept reviews (consisting of a 30-item multiple-choice quiz for each chapter). This useful book- let is available to qualified adopters; please consult your local sales representative for details.
Electronic Resources
To encourage further exploration, students will find a section called Web Resources at the end of each chapter. The websites described there offer a wealth of information on topics related to psychol- ogy. All chapters include a list of relevant modules in PsychNow!
2.0. This excellent CD-ROM from Wadsworth provides students with a rich assortment of interactive learning experiences, anima- tions, and simulations.
On the web, students can visit this text’s Book Companion Website, where they will find quizzes, a final exam, chapter-by- chapter web links, flash cards, an audio glossary, and more (www.
cengage.com/psychology/coon).
Students can also make use of CengageNOW for Coon and Mitterer’s Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, Twelfth Edition, a web-based, personalized study sys- tem that provides a pretest and a posttest for each chapter and separate chapter quizzes. CengageNOW for Coon and Mitterer’s Introduction to Psychology, Twelfth Edition, can also create per- sonalized study plans — which include rich media such as videos, animations, and learning modules — that point students to areas in the text that will help them master course content. An addi- tional set of integrative questions helps students pull all the mate- rial together.
Human Diversity
Today’s students reflect the multicultural, multifaceted nature of contemporary society. In Gateways to Mind and Behavior, students will find numerous discussions of human diversity, including differ- ences in race, ethnicity, culture, gender, abilities, sexual orientation, and age. Too often, such differences needlessly divide people into opposing groups. Our aim throughout this text is to discourage ste- reotyping, prejudice, discrimination, and intolerance. We’ve tried to make this book gender neutral and sensitive to diversity issues.
All pronouns and examples involving females and males are equally divided by gender. In artwork, photographs, and examples, we have tried to portray the rich diversity of humanity. In addition, a boxed feature, Human Diversity, appears throughout the book, providing students with examples of how to be more reflective about human diversity. In short, many topics and examples in this book encour- age students to appreciate social, physical, and cultural differences and to accept them as a natural part of being human.
