A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN PULSA TABLOID
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho Student Number: 041214063
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2011
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN PULSA TABLOID
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho Student Number: 041214063
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2011
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
A Thesis on
A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN PULSA TABLOID
By
Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho Student Number: 041214063
Approved by
Sponsor
Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. Date 23 May 2011
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A Thesis on
A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN PULSA TABLOID
By
ANTONIUS YULISTYO ADI NUGROHO Student Number: 041214063
Defended before the Board of Examiners on 8 June 2011
and Declared Acceptable Board of Examiners
Chairperson : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________ Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________
Member : Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. ____________
Member : Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________ Member : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________
Yogyakarta, 8 June 2011
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University
Dean,
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iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 20 May 2011 The Writer
Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho 041214063
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho
Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214063
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN PULSA TABLOID
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 12 Juni 2011 Yang menyatakan
(Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vi ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Antonius Yulistyo Adi. 2011. A Study on Bahasa Indonesia-English Code-Switching in Pulsa Tabloid. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Programme, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University.
This study was conducted to analyze a sociolinguistic phenomenon, namely, Bahasa Indonesia-English code-switching in Pulsa tabloid. This study attempted to solve two research problems. They were (1a) what are the types of code-switching used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163? (1b) what is the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163? And (2) what are the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163?
This study was classified as a document or content analysis and it used qualitative approach to analyse the data because the analyzed data were in form of descriptive explanation. This study used statistical data as a help in describing the research data.
The source of the research data was the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. The selection of the source of the data was based on the highest frequency of code-switching cases in Pulsa tabloid edition 163. The data used in the study was the code-switching cases in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
To solve the first research problem, this study used the theory from McCormick (2001). Two tables were created based on McCormick’s theory (1994). The first table (see table 3.1) was used to identify the types of code-switching and the second table (see table 3.2) was used to show the frequency of the discovered code-switching type. For the first research problem, it was discovered that there were five types of code-switching, namely, single-word switching, phrase switching, sentence switching, diglossic code-switching and integrated loanwords code-code-switching. It was also discovered that the single-word code-switching was the type of code-switching that was most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
To solve the second research problem, a guideline was created (see table 3.3). This guideline was adopted from Hoffman (1991). There were seven reasons based on the Hoffmann’s theory (1991). This guideline was used to calculate the occurrences of the possible reasons for the type of code-switching that was most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. Besides that, to determine the possible reasons, the verification of one of the writers of Pulsa tabloid was also used. For the research problem number two, it was discovered that there were only three possible reasons. They were (1) a particular topic that can trigger to the use of code-switching, (2) quoting somebody else, and (3) code-switching was used to express solidarity and group identity.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Code-Switching, Pulsa Tabloid
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ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Antonius Yulistyo Adi. 2011. A Study on Bahasa Indonesia-English Code-Switching in Pulsa Tabloid.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa sebuah fenomena sosiolinguistik, yaitu alih-kode Bahasa Indonesia-Bahasa Inggris di tabloid Pulsa. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab dua pokok permasalahan, yaitu: (1a) apa tipe-tipe alih-kode yang digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163? (1b) apa tipe alih-kode yang paling sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163? Dan (2) apa saja kemungkinan alasan untuk alih-kode yang paling sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163?
Penelitian ini diklasifikasikan sebagai dokumen atau konten analisis dan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif karena data yang dianalisis adalah dalam bentuk penjelasan deskriptif. Studi ini menggunakan data statistik sebagai bantuan untuk mendeskripsikan data penelitian.
Sumber data yang digunakan adalah artikel feature dari tabloid Pulsa edisi 163. Pemilihan sumber data ini berdasarkan dari frekuensi tertinggi dari kasus alih-kode yang ada di tabloid Pulsa edisi 163. Data yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah kasus-kasus alih-kode yang ada di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163.
Untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama, penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari McCormick (2001). Dua tabel dibuat berdasarkan teori dari McCormick (2001). Tabel pertama (lihat tabel 3.1) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe alih-kode dan tabel kedua (lihat tabel 3.2) digunakan untuk memperlihatkan frekuensi dari tipe-tipe alih-kode yang ditemukan. Untuk permasalahan pertama, ditemukan bahwa ada lima tipe alih-kode, yaitu, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code-switching, diglossic code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching. Ditemukan juga bahwa tipe single-word code-switching adalah tipe alih-kode yang paling sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163.
Untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua, sebuah pedoman dibuat (lihat tabel 3.3) yang diadopsi dari Hoffmann (1991). Ada tujuh alasan berdasarkan teori dari Hoffmann (1991). Pedoman ini digunakan untuk menghitung kemunculan dari kemungkinan alasan untuk tipe alih-kode yang sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163. Selain itu, untuk menentukan kemungkinan alasan, verifikasi dari salah satu penulis tabloid Pulsa juga digunakan. Untuk permasalahan nomor dua, ditemukan bahwa hanya ada tiga kemungkinan alasan, yaitu: (1) topik tertentu yang dapat memicu penggunaan alih-kode, (2) mengutip orang lain, dan (3) alih-kode digunakan untuk menunjukan solidaritas dan identitas kelompok.
Kata kunci: Sosiolinguistik, Alih kode, Tabloid Pulsa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank God because of his blessings I can finish my thesis. I would like to address my deepest gratitude to my parents, Bapak Sebastianus Sunarto (Alm.) and Ibu Christina Srinulari. I would like to thank them for the supports during my days when I was working on my thesis. I would like to give a special thank to my mother who has been patiently waiting for my graduation. I thank my sisters, Armela Hantinawati for encouraging me to finish my thesis and Theodula Betty Vebriliana for giving me a lot of ideas during the completion of my thesis. I thank my brother, Yustinus Lastiko Putro for giving me the spirit to keep struggling with my thesis. I thank my brothers in law,
Yohanes Endy Purnama and Immanuel Herry Susanto for the support given to me.
My deepest gratitude also goes to my thesis sponsor, Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. I would like to thank her for the discussion, patience, guidance, suggestions, criticism, and the willingness to spare the time during her busy days. I thank Drs. Concilianus Laos Mbato, M.A., who had become my previous thesis sponsor. I also thank Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd., for giving me the enlightenment.
I also would like to thank all the lecturers and secretary staffs of the English Language Education Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University for the valuable lectures and the warm services. I also thank all library and Lembaga
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Bahasa staffs of Sanata Dharma University for their services during my study and my days finishing the thesis.
I would like to thank all my friends in English Language Education Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University class of 2004 for the unforgettable, surprising and wonderful moments. I send my best regard to MOSS group (Kenyar, Putri, Retha, Festy, Haris, and Vonny) for the great and valuable experience. I also would like to thank the play performance teammates (Hana Yuditha, Flora, Danti, Retha, Dede, Haris, Dias, Dito, Mbak Varo, Siska,
Prima, Vonny, Heni, Hyacintha, Witri, Twedy, Orly, Anas, Agung, Marshel,
and Berta) “Cleopatra” for the togetherness and the precious moments. I would like to express my gratitude to Agung, Ana and Prima for sharing information and suggestion during the completion of my thesis. I also thank my Muntilan friend Hana Fitria for every step that we are through together.
I do not forget to send my thanks to the headmistress, teachers, staffs and the students of SMP Marganingsih Muntilan for giving me the chance to teach there. It was a very valuable experience to develop my teaching skill.
I would like to thank the family of SMKK Pius X Magelang for giving me and my mother a place to stay during the eruption of Merapi Volcano.
Finally, I would like to show my gratitude to everyone who has involved during my time finishing my study.
Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho
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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... C.Description of Pulsa Tabloid...
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY... A.Research Method... B. Research Sources of the Data... C.Research Instruments... D.Data Gathering Technique... E. Data Analysis Technique... F. Research Procedures... CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS... A.Data Presentation... 1. The Types of Code-Switching Used by the Writers in
the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163...………... 2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching that is Most
xii
Frequently Used by the Writers in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163...………..….…... B. Data Discussion... 1. The Types of Code-Switching Used by the Writers in
the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163………...……. 2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching that is Most
Frequently Used by the Writers in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163...……
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... A.Conclusions... B. Suggestions...
REFERENCES... APPENDICES...
31 33
33
40
45 45 48
50 52
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page 3.1 Table of the Types of Code-Switching………..……... 3.2 Table of the Frequency of Code-Switching Cases…………..….…... 3.3 The Guideline to Calculate the Occurrences of the Possible Reasons
for Code-Switching in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163 (Adapted from Hoffmann, 1991)………..…....…... 4.1 The frequency of code-Switching cases in the feature articles…... 4.2 The Occurrences of the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in the
Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163 (Adapted from Hoffmann, 1991)………...…...
25 25
26 31
32
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xiv LIST OF APPENDICES
Page Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Copy of the Cover Page of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163... Copy of One of the Feature Articles of Pulsa Tabloid edition 163... Copy of the Verification of One of the Writers of Pulsa Tabloid... The Summary of Data Analysis...
53
54
55 56
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents detailed information about six main points. The first
is the background of the problems that leads to the study. The second is the
formulation of the problems addressed in the study. The third is the limitation of
the problems that will make this study more specific. The fourth is the research
objectives of the study. The fifth is the benefits of the study that tell us about the
advantages of this study, and the last one is the definition of terms used in this
study.
A. Background of the Study
In this century, technology has developed further. It has developed far
enough and people in this century obtain the positive benefit of it. With
technology, people are able to have a practical and orderly life. One of the
technologies that have developed further is mobile phone. Mobile phone helps
people to stay connected with the person they know. It also enables them to
communicate with others wirelessly. Today, mobile phone has been growing
further and it has become sophisticated technology with further innovation, such
as to play mp3 files, videos files, to record videos, and many others. In other
words, mobile phone has become one of the important things in human’s life
because mobile phone can function to replace several devices such as digital
camera and mp3 player without leaving its main function that is to communicate.
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With the fast growing of mobile phone technology and variety, there
should be a third party to provide information about it. The third party is
important for the makers of mobile phones to promote their newest device to their
consumers. In Indonesia, one of the third parties providing the information about
mobile phones is Pulsa tabloid. Pulsa tabloid gives people the information about
the latest technology, variety, and the prices and specification of mobile phones
hitting the Indonesian market. Since the content of Pulsa tabloid is about mobile
phones information, the target readers of Pulsa tabloid then are people who need a
reliable source for mobile phone specification and price also detail information
about new mobile phones. They can be teenagers or middle-age people. In this
study, the subject of the study is Pulsa tabloid. It becomes the subject of the study
because it is popular in Indonesia and it uses many English words in the articles
compared to the other tabloids that serve information about mobile phone.
There are many reasons why people are eager to read Pulsa tabloid. First,
it can be the needs of the readers to find reliable information about mobile phone
specification and price. Second, it can be the presentation of Pulsa tabloid that
uses colourful visualization to attract the readers. Third, it can be the content of
Pulsa tabloid that contains valuable articles of mobile phones that are so
interesting for the readers. Fourth, it can be the language used by the writers of
Pulsa tabloid to attract the readers to read Pulsa tabloid, and so on. In addition,
there are still many interesting features to attract the readers to read Pulsa tabloid.
There is an interesting feature in Pulsa tabloid. The interesting feature is
the use of language of the writer of Pulsa tabloid in writing the articles. There will
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3
be words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences from the English language
juxtaposed with the Indonesian words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences to
construct a new language expression. For examples,
1. “Khusus saat weekend, jumlah pembeli naik lebih besar dari biasanya”
(2009: 21).
2. “Let me do facebook, MSN, push email, you tube, flickr, internet browser,
and GPS faster” (2009: 21).
There are two examples that are presented. The two examples are taken
from Pulsa tabloid edition 166. For the first example, there is an English word
juxtaposes with sentence in Bahasa Indonesia. For the second example, the
researcher finds the example in the advertisement of Pulsa tabloid edition 166. It
shows that it is completely using English sentence to promote a product. From the
two examples, it can be highlighted that the juxtaposition action needs at least two
different languages. In this case, the languages are English and Bahasa Indonesia.
In bilingual or multilingual situation, a person has the ability to use two or
more languages in daily life communication. This situation is similar to what
happens in Indonesia. Indonesia, as a developing country that has various cultures
and races, is expected to have the characteristics of bilingual or multilingual
situation. For example, Tanner (1967) says “there is a small group of Indonesian
graduate students and their families living in United States. Among them these
students knew nine different languages, with nearly everyone knowing Indonesian
(Bahasa Indonesia), Javanese, Dutch, and English.” More, Tanner (1967) says
that the students use English to discuss their academic work and use Bahasa
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4
Indonesia for the common activities. Tanner (1967), through his example,
describes that Indonesia has the characteristics of bilingual or multilingual
situation. He takes an example from Indonesian graduate students that know
Bahasa Indonesia, English, Javanese, and Dutch. They use each language for
different situation. This example indicates that the community in Indonesia has
the characteristic of multilingual situation.
To be a bilingual or multilingual permits a person to switch language. This
may happen because one person can speak two or more languages and in a certain
situation someone may switch a code for a different situation. Code-switching
occurs between the first language and the second language or other languages the
person acquired. In Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia acts as a first language and
English acts as a foreign language. In such situation, Indonesian native speakers
prefer to juxtapose words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences from English to
words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences from Indonesia to create an effective
communication and to smooth the information transfer. In recognizing this
phenomenon, the researcher refers to sociolinguistics to obtain the exact term for
this phenomenon. In sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is recognized as
code-switching.
In Indonesia, there are many code-switching implementations in printed
mass media such as newspaper, tabloid, magazine, etc. Pulsa tabloid is one of the
printed mass media representing tabloids in Indonesia that has the implementation
of code-switching. There is an idea that the use of code-switching in printed mass
media such as Pulsa tabloid is “to build intimate interpersonal relationships”
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(Sert, 2005) with the readers. There is also an idea that by “modifying language”
(Sert, 2005), printed mass media such as Pulsa tabloid can achieve the goal for
effective communication. Another idea is that it can be used to attract the readers
so that the language that is read by the readers looks gorgeous and interesting.
In conclusion, there are three reasons for the researcher to conduct a study
on code-switching. First, the researcher finds that code-switching helps people “to
build intimate interpersonal relationships” (Sert, 2005) with others by “modifying
language” (Sert, 2005). Second, the researcher finds that there are many
code-switching cases in printed mass media such as Pulsa tabloid. Third, the researcher
assumes that for a long period of time, code-switching will change the use of
English and Bahasa Indonesia especially for teenagers who are still students and
are still learning about languages, such as English and Bahasa Indonesia.
Furthermore, it is important to carry a study on switching since
code-switching has become a trend in Indonesia. It is indicated by the use of words,
phrases, clauses, or sentences from English language juxtapose with words,
phrases, clauses, or sentences from Bahasa Indonesia in printed mass media such
as Pulsa tabloid. Also, it will give detail information to English language learners
especially in Indonesia on how code-switching has affected the use of Bahasa
Indonesia and English in written expression.
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B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study, there are two research problems
addressed in the study. The formulation of the problems are as follows.
1. a. What are the types of code-switching used by the writers in the
feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163?
b. What is the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by the
writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163?
2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used
by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163?
C. Problem Limitation
The limitation of the research is to discover the answers of the two
research problems addressed in the study. The two problems are the types of and
the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers
of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. This research is limited only in types of and reasons
for code-switching due to the limited time and budget of the researcher.
In this study, the researcher predicts that there will be enormous amount of
code-switching cases in Pulsa tabloid edition 163, especially in the feature
articles. The researcher then limits the study in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid
edition 163 to solve the research problems addressed in the study. The researcher
also predicts that there will be enormous cases of code-switching for the
single-word code-switching type. The same as in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid, the
researcher predicts that the single-word type of code-switching will have the
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biggest number of occurrence compared to the other types. Therefore, the
researcher limits to use the single-word type of code-switching to solve the
research problem number two. This assumption is based on McCormick’s theory
(1994). On the next two paragraphs, the researcher explains the reasons for
choosing Pulsa tabloid and Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
To decide Pulsa tabloid as the subject of the study, the researcher has the
reasons. First, the researcher finds that Pulsa tabloid uses words, phrases, clauses,
or sentences from English language juxtaposed with words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences from Bahasa Indonesia. It means that Pulsa tabloid has a lot of cases of
code-switching. Second, as a printed mass media, Pulsa tabloid is popular in
Indonesia. Pulsa tabloid is also targeting teenagers and middle age people as the
readers. From the previous two statements, it means that Pulsa tabloid could
influence the way of people using the languages, in this case English and Bahasa
Indonesia, especially for teenagers who are also students.
In addition, for the primary source of data, the researcher decides to use
Pulsa tabloid edition 163. The reasons to use Pulsa tabloid edition 163 are as
follows. First, Pulsa tabloid edition 163 has the biggest number of cases of
code-switching and it provides enough data to solve the research problems of the study.
Second, Pulsa tabloid edition 163 has been published publicly.
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D. Research Objectives
Based on the problem formulation, there are two research objectives of the
study. Those two research objectives are as follows.
1. a. To identify the types of code-switching used by the writers in the
feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
b. To identify the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by
the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
2. To identify the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used
by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
E. Research Benefits
1. To English Language Learners
By reading this thesis, the researcher hopes that it will give clearer
understanding about the use of code-switching in tabloids, magazines, or other
printed media especially on types of and reasons for code-switching. Also, it will
give valuable information of how the English words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences placed together with words, phrases, clauses and sentences from Bahasa
Indonesia in order to create a new expression in a certain language.
2. To Future researchers
The researcher hopes that this thesis will give an idea to the other
researchers who want to have a research in sociolinguistics area. In addition, the
research will give valuable information to the next researcher about the idea and
framework about code-switching, also the other sides of the use of language
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9
especially in the juxtaposition action of English and Bahasa Indonesia to
communicate in written expression.
F. Definition of Terms
1. Code-switching
According to McCormick (1994: 581), “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to
the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.”
Furthermore, Asher (1994: 578) states, “Code-switching then is the switching
from one variety, either of the same language or of different languages, in speech
or writing.” From both definitions, it implies that code-switching is the alternate
use of two languages or dialects involving two different languages. In this study,
English and Bahasa Indonesia become the main subjects. The research will show
the juxtaposition of English and Bahasa Indonesia in written expression.
2. Pulsa Tabloid
Pulsa tabloid is one of local cellular tabloids in Indonesia. Pulsa tabloid is
a biweekly tabloid. The content of the tabloid is various such as the specification
of mobile phones, mobile phones test, mobile phones comparisons, etc. In this
study, Pulsa tabloid refers to the edition 163 issued on the fifth to eighteen of
August 2009. This edition provides plenty of code-switching cases, one thousand
two hundred and thirty one in precise, especially in written expression.
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10 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The content of this chapter will attempt to explain some important theories
related to the research. There are two main parts in this chapter: theoretical
description and theoretical review. The theoretical description presents a number
of theories of code-switching which become the foundation of the research. The
theoretical framework is the description of the main theories to solve the research
problem.
A. Theoretical Description
This section discusses four main parts. They are sociolinguistics,
code-switching, Pulsa tabloid, and the feature article of Pulsa tabloid.
a. Sociolinguistics
According to Gumperz (1971: 223), “Sociolinguistics is an attempt to find
correlations between social; structure and linguistic structure and to observe any
changes that occur.” Further, Wardaugh (2002: 12) says that sociolinguistics “is
concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with
the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how
languages function in communication.” Changes always happen globally
especially in the use of language to communicate. Through sociolinguistics,
10
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people can study the language phenomena that are happening in the past, present,
or may be the future.
Human beings have used language to exchange information with others
since centuries ago. In addition, in using the language, people may use different
styles to communicate. It depends on the situation they have. The styles are
changing when someone meet different situation in different community. As
presented by Holmes (2001: 3), “languages provide a variety of ways of saying
the same thing.” People may modify the language in order to have smooth
information transfer. By doing so, others will have clear information about the
message. In a community, there are several factors affecting the use of language to
communicate. As suggested by Holmes (2001: 8), “participants, setting, topic, and
function” may affect us on how we use language to have a smooth
communication.
It has a similar case in language teaching and learning. In language
teaching and learning, teachers modify language in order to have a clear
explanation to their students. In order to have smooth information transfer, the
teachers use their native language in explaining the topic they have that day. This
phenomenon is part of the sociolinguistics cases involving the use of two
languages.
Sociolinguistics plays a crucial role in the research because it studies the
correlation between language and society. It is supported by Hoffman (1991: 109)
by writing the statement that “sociolinguistics have looked into speech
communities, both monolingual and bilingual, trying to establish reasons for, and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
patterns of, changes of style and language switching.” It means that
sociolinguistics is the rightful place to people whom eager to know more about
language we are using and phenomena occur during the use of the language.
Because this study is related to the use of language in a society, the researcher
then considers that sociolinguistics is the rightful guide to help the researcher in
finding the right answers that the researcher tries to investigate.
In brief, language has affected people in doing the social activity in a
community. They have different style in communicating. For example, they
modify language to have an effective communication. Moreover, sociolinguistics
is the study that observes a phenomenon when people juxtapose two or more
languages to create a new language expression in communication and this is
usually known as code-switching. Hoffman (1991: 109) supports the previous
statement by saying that sociolinguistics tries to find the reasons for language
switching.
b. Code-Switching
This part attempts to explain theories related to code-switching. It consists
of three main parts: definitions of code-switching, types of code-switching,
reasons for code-switching.
a. Definitions of Code-Switching
In explaining the term of code-switching, the researcher finds that there are
many definitions proposed by linguists. In order to understand the term of
code-PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
switching the researcher elaborates some definitions proposed by some linguists
about code-switching.
According to Hoffman (1991: 110), “the most general description of
code-switching is that it involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistics
varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation.” As
presented by Wardhaugh (1992: 89), “a language can be refer to a code.” In
code-switching, the term code there represents the language used by the speaker that is
changing. To switch language can be identified as a code-switching.
Code-switching happens when someone uses two or more languages in a conversation.
As explained by Crystal (1997), “code, or language, switching occurs when an
individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his speech
with another bilingual person.”
Code switching can also be defined as “a conversational strategy used to
establish, cross, or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke, or change
interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” Gal cited by Wardhaugh
(1992: 103). In a community, code-switching is used to have effective function in
knowing each other better. It can melt the boundaries in order to build good
relationship with others through communication.
In this study, the definition of code-switching refers to the definition
suggested by McCormick (1994). McCormick (1994: 581) says, “The term
‘code-switching’ refers to the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or
dialects.” It means that there are at least two languages involved in a
communication. The languages used as the indication of code-switching in this
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
study are Bahasa Indonesia and English. English is involved in this study because
English is the most popular language spreads worldwide and is used in many
countries including Indonesia (Widiana, 2002).
b. Types of Code-Switching
According to McCormick (2001: 447), there are five types of
code-switching based on the length of the juxtaposed elements. Those five types of
switching are: diglossia, situational switching, conversational
code-switching, single word code-code-switching, and integrated loanwords code-switching.
The first type of code-switching according to McCormick (2001) is
diglossia. According to Ferguson (1972: 232), “diglossia refers to a specific
relationship at the societal between two or more varieties in the same language in
use in a speech community in different function.” In diglossic situation, there are
two distinct varieties namely High (H) and Low (L). The High (H) variety is used
when entering formal areas such as school and government (Romaine, 1995: 34),
whereas the Low (L) variety is used outside the formal areas. As presented by
Romaine (1995: 34), “L is typically acquired at home as a mother tongue and used
throughout life.”
The second type is situational code-switching. Situational code-switching
happens “when people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be
identified “(Holmes, 2001: 36). Meanwhile, Wardhaugh (1992: 106) explains,
“Situational code-switching occurs when the languages used change according to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in
one situation and another in a different one.”
The third type is conversational switching. Conversational
switching is also known as style shifting or code mixing. Conversational
code-switching allows the speakers to juxtapose more than one elements of language (it
can be a phrase, clause, or sentence) in his speech (McCormick, 1994: 581).
The fourth type is single-word code-switching or borrowing and also
known as lexical borrowing. Speaker may borrow a word from other languages
when there is no exact word in his native language. As presented by Wardhaugh
(1992: 42) says, “type of this switching involves single words – mainly nouns –
and it is motivated by lexical need.”
The fifth type is integrated loanwords. Morphemes take part in this type of
code-switching (McCormick, 2001: 447). As it is defined by Hornby (1974: 549)
“morpheme is the smallest meaningful part into which a word can be divided.”
Affixes from the native language can be added to words taken from foreign
language, for example Andi meng-upload fotonya ke situs jejaring sosial. In this
sentence, the speaker use the word upload from English and combine it with
Indonesian prefix meng-.
In deciding the types of code-switching for the study, the researcher then
adopts four types of code-switching based on McCormick’s theory (2001). For
conversational code-switching, there are three little parts embedded and those are
phrase, clause, and sentence. Therefore, the researcher decides that conversational
switching will be downed into three little parts and those are phrase
code-PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
switching, clause code-switching, and sentence code-switching. In conclusion,
there are six types of switching used in the study. They are diglossic
switching, single-word switching, phrase switching, clause
switching, sentence switching, and integrated loanwords. Situational
code-switching is not included because this type of code-code-switching only occurs in oral
form such as in conversations or speeches. Based on the theory, it is needed to
determine who the speakers are and what the topic of the conversation is
(McCormick, 1994). It means that situational code-switching needs to have the
speakers in the conversation and the topics that will be discussed.
In order to understand the terms for phrase switching, clause
code-switching and sentence code-code-switching, the researcher then will have a brief
explanation to those three terms.
The first term is phrase code-switching. In this type of code-switching, the
juxtaposition occurs in the phrase level. A phrase is “a group of related words that
does not contain a subject or a verb” (Azhar, 1989: 257).
The second term is clause code-switching. The juxtaposition of this type of
code-switching happens in the clause level. According to Azhar (1989: 238), a
clause is “a group of words containing a subject and a verb.”
The third term is sentence code-switching. The juxtapose action of this
type of code-switching occurs in the sentence level. According to Bram (1995:
39), “...a sentence – a simple one – must express a complete thought, have a
subject and at least a finite verb; a subject and a finite verb are the two minimum
requirements for a simple sentence.”
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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c. Reasons for Code-Switching
There are plenty of reasons why people do code-switching. In finding the
right reasons for code-switching in Pulsa tabloid edition 163, the researcher
would adapt the theory from Hoffman (1991: 115-116). There are seven reasons
that are going to be used in the study. Those are as follows. First, a switch can
occur when talking about a particular topic. Second, a switch can occur when
someone is quoting somebody else. Third, a switch can occur when someone is
being emphatic about something. Fourth, a switch can occur when it is used as an
interjection. Fifth, a switch can occur when it uses repetition for clarification.
Sixth, a switch can occur when it is used to express group identity and solidarity.
Seventh, a switch can occur when it is used to clarify the speech content for the
interlocutor.
B. Theoretical Framework
Based on the theoretical description presented previously, there are two
major theories related to the research to be elaborated in this section. Those are
the types of code-switching and the possible reasons for code-switching.
To solve the first research problem, the researcher adopts the theory
related to types of code-switching from McCormick (2001: 447) which states that
there are five types of code-switching based on the length of juxtaposed elements.
However, there are only four types of code-switching that suits the study. For the
conversational code-switching type, there are three little parts embedded, namely,
phrase, clause and sentence. In conclusion, there are six types of code-switching
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
used in the study based on McCormick’s theory (2001). Those six types of
switching are diglossic switching, single-word switching, phrase
code-switching, clause code-code-switching, sentence code-code-switching, and integrated
loanwords. Situational code-switching type will not be used in the research
because this type of code-switching commonly occurs in conversations. Based on
the theory, the situational code-switching is needed to determine who the speakers
are and what the topic of the conversation is (McCormick, 1994).
To solve the second research problem that is the possible reasons for
code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa
tabloid edition 163, the researcher will use seven reasons presented by Hoffman
(1991: 115-116). First, a switch can occur when talking about a particular topic.
Second, a switch can occur when someone is quoting somebody else. Third, a
switch can occur when someone is being emphatic about something. Fourth, a
switch can occur when it is used as an interjection. Fifth, a switch can occur when
it uses repetition for clarification. Sixth, a switch can occur when it is used to
express group identity and solidarity. Seventh, a switch can occur when it is used
to clarify the speech content for the interlocutor.
C. Description of Pulsa Tabloid
Pulsa is a tabloid that discusses mobile phone specification and price and
other information related to mobile phone such as the review of mobile phones,
sneak peak on new mobile phones, and many others. It is a biweekly tabloid that
comes every twice a month. This tabloid is colorful enough in order to attract the
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19
readers. In present, Pulsa tabloid has fifty six pages thick and it costs five
thousands nine hundreds and forty rupiahs for each tabloid. Pulsa is a member of
Indomedia Group and it has three mottos to be highlighted that are independent,
credible, and market leader. Pulsa tabloid has a commitment to provide credible
information about mobile phones. The target readers for Pulsa tabloid are
teenagers and middle-age people who need the latest information about mobile
phones. Pulsa exists in Indonesia because there is a need for mobile phones
information. It provides detail information about the new mobile phone devices
that are coming to Indonesia by presenting the review of them. There is
information presenting the upcoming mobile phones that will come to Indonesia.
Besides that, there is an updated list of mobile phones prices.
In the research, Pulsa tabloid is the primary source for data collection. In
Pulsa tabloid, we will find the implementation of code-switching. There are
plenty of prominent borrowings of words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences
from English language juxtaposed together with words, phrases, clauses, or even
sentences from Indonesian language. Besides, there should be reasons why the
researchers of Pulsa tabloid do the code-switching action. Since the research is
conducting a study on code-switching, it is then appropriate to use Pulsa tabloid
as the primary data collection.
For the evidence, the researcher will give examples that the writers of
Pulsa tabloid use code-switching in their writing. The researcher takes examples
from Pulsa tabloid edition 166. The examples are as follows.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
1. “Memang desainnya terkesan bongsor, tapi disinilah letak keunggulan demi
kenyamanan akses messaging”(2009: 10).
2. “Huawei di-bundling dengan layanan sebuah operator”(2009: 14).
Those are the two examples of code-switching taken from Pulsa tabloid
edition 166. For code-switching case number one, the type of this code-switching,
based on the theory, is single-word code-switching. For code-switching cases
number two, there are two types of code-switching in example number two. For
the word di-bundling, based on the theory, it is included as integrated loanword
type because the word bundling is added with prefix from Bahasa Indonesia that
is di-, whereas for the word operator is known as single-word type. Those are the
two examples and explanations to give evidence for the existence of
code-switching cases in Pulsa tabloid.
In this study, Pulsa tabloid refers to edition 163, August 2009. There are
one thousand two hundred and thirty one numbers of cases of code-switching in
this edition. The obtaining of this number is through the calculation that the
researcher has done.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, in order to solve the problems arose in the research, namely
the types of and the possible reasons for code-switching in the feature article of
Pulsa tabloid edition 163, the process in conducting the study would be clarified.
There were six main procedures of the study. They were research method,
research sources of the data, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data
analysis techniques, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
The study was a document or content analysis and used the qualitative
approach to conduct the study. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 142), “a
content analysis is a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a
particular body of material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or
biases.” In addition, content analysis “is a research method applied to written or
visual materials for the purpose of identifying characteristics of the materials”
(Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh, 2002: 442). The materials can be “performed on
forms of human communication” (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005: 142), such as
“textbooks, newspapers, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical
compositions, or any hosts of other types documents” (Ary, Jacobs, Razavieh,
2002: 442). Further, Leedy and Ormrod stated:
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A content analysis is quantitative as well as qualitative. In some situations, appropriate statistical analyses are performed on the frequencies or percentages obtained to determine whether significant differences exist relevant to the research question. The researcher then uses such tabulations and statistical analyses to interpret the data as they reflect on the problem under investigation (2005: 143).
Meanwhile, Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 133) stated, “qualitative research
focuses on phenomena that occur in natural settings—that is, in the “real world”.”
In addition, “Qualitative research studies human experiences and situations” (Ary,
Jacobs, and Razavieh, 2002: 424). The researcher used qualitative study because
the researcher investigated the code-switching cases. In this study, the researcher
used the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 to investigate the types of and
the possible reasons for code-switching.
Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 142) stated, “the researcher identifies the
specific body of material to be studied.” The researcher conducted a thorough
observation on the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 to obtain the
understanding or description on the types of and the possible reasons for
code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
In this study, the researcher used descriptive statistical data. The statistical
data were the frequency of code-switching cases and the number of occurrences of
the possible reasons. These two statistical data then were presented in the data
presentation. To describe these two statistical data, the researcher presented it into
a descriptive data in the data discussion.
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23
B. Research Sources of Data
The source of the research data was the feature article of Pulsa tabloid
edition 163 issued on the fifth to eighteenth of August 2009. The selection of the
research data was based on the highest frequency of code-switching cases in Pulsa
tabloid edition 163. The data used in the study was the code-switching cases in the
feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
C. Research Instruments
As presented by Merriam (2002: 5), “a second characteristic of all forms
of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data
collection and data analysis.” In addition, “the researcher’s ability to interpret and
make sense of what he or she sees is critical for understanding any social
phenomenon” (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005: 133).
Further, as suggested by Wiersma (1969: 218), “qualitative research is
very researcher dependant.” It means that the researcher became the one who did
the data collection and data analysis. In this study, the researcher was fully
involved in the process of collecting the data. The data were obtained by
conducting a detailed examination on the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition
163. Through this detailed examination, the researcher listed all the
code-switching cases in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
In addition, there were three tables to analyze the data. They were table
3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. Table 3.1 was used to identify the types of code-switching in the
feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 issued on the fifth to eighteenth of
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24
August 2009. They were six types of code-switching used in table 3.1. They were
single-word, phrase, clause, sentence, diglossic, and integrated loanwords. These
six types of code-switching were based on the McCormick’s theory (2001). Table
3.2 was used to calculate the frequency of code-switching cases. Table 3.3 was
used to calculate the occurrences of the possible reasons in the feature article of
Pulsa tabloid edition 163 issued on fifth to eighteenth of August 2009. In table
3.3, they were seven reasons adopted from Hoffmann (1991).
D. Data Gathering Technique
The data used in this study was code-switching cases in the feature article
of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. As suggested by Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 144),
“common to all qualitative studies is a need to identify an appropriate sample
from which to acquire data.” To gather the data, the researcher conducted four
main steps. They were selecting the appropriate sample that was Pulsa tabloid
edition 163, selecting the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163, collecting all
of the code-switching cases in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163, and
selecting all the single-sword code-switching cases.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The data used in this study was code-switching cases in the feature article
of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. The code-switching cases were presented in two
types of table. These two types of table were based on the McCormick’s theory
(2001) about the types of code-switching.
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Table 3.1 was used to present the types of code-switching in the feature
article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
Table 3.1 Table of the Types of Code-Switching
No. Page Code-Switching Cases Types of Code-Switching
SW P C S D IL
Notes
SW : Single-Word P : Phrase C : Clause S : Sentence D : Diglossic
IL : Integrated Loanword
Table 3.2 was used to calculate the frequency of code-switching cases in
the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
Table 3.2 Table of the Frequency of Code-Switching Cases
No Types of Code-Switching Frequency Examples
In this study, to solve the research problem number two, the researcher
created a guideline to calculate the occurrences of the possible reasons for
code-PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
switching in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid. This guideline was made by
adopting the theory suggested by Hoffmann (1991).
Table 3.3 The Guideline to Calculate the Occurrences of the Possible Reasons
for Code-Switching that is Most Frequently Used by the writers
in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163 (Adapted from Hoffmann, 1991)
No. Possible Reasons Occurrences
1. a switch can occur when someone is talking
about a particular topic
2. a switch can occur when someone is quoting
somebody else
3 a switch can occur when someone is being
emphatic about something
4 a switch can occur when it is used as an
interjection
5 a switch can occur when it uses repetition for
clarification
6 a switch can occur when it is used to express
group identity and solidarity
7 a switch can occur when it is used to clarify the
speech content for the interlocutor
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27
The researcher also contacted one of the writers of Pulsa tabloid to obtain
the verification for the reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used in
the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. By doing so, it helped the
researcher to analyse the possible reasons. For example, one of the writers of
Pulsa tabloid verified that the English words used in the tabloid were familiar to
the readers.
F. Research Procedures
In conducting the study, there were six main steps that the researcher had done.
They were:
1. Choosing the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163
The purpose of the first step was to find one of the articles in Pulsa tabloid
edition 163 which had the biggest number of occurrence of code-switching cases.
The researcher discovered that the feature article in Pulsa tabloid edition 163 had
the biggest number of occurrence of code-switching cases.
2. Classifying the types of code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa
tabloid edition 163
Using table 3.1, the researcher classified the types of code-switching in the
feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 issued on the fifth to eighteenth of
August 2009.
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28
3. Analyzing the types of code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa
tabloid edition 163 based on the McCormick’s Theory (2001)
Using table 3.2, the researcher analyzed the types of code-switching in the
feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 issued on the fifth to eighteenth of
August 2009.
4. Determining the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by the
writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163
Using table 3.2, the researcher analyzed the type of code-switching that
was most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid
edition 163.
5. Identifying the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently
used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163
Using table 3.3, the researcher calculated the occurrences of the possible
reasons for code-switching in Pulsa tabloid edition 163 issued on the fifth to
eighteenth ofAugust 2009.
6. Analyzing the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently
used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 based on the Hoffman’s Theory (1991)
In this step, the researcher analyzed the possible reasons for
code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 based on the result of
research procedure number four.
7. Writing up the report
In the last step, the researcher reported the results of the study.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two main sections, namely, data presentation and
data discussion.
A.Data Presentation
In this study, as had been mentioned in the problem limitation, the
researcher used the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163 as the source of the
data because it had the largest number of frequency of code-switching. The
researcher also used the data on the single-word code-switching type to solve the
research problem number two because the single-word code-switching type was
the most frequently used code-switching by the writers.
1. The Types of Code-Switching Used by the Writers in the Feature Article
of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163
Having analyzed the code-switching cases in the feature article of Pulsa
tabloid edition 163, the researcher discovered that there were 5 types of
code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. Those five types were
single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code-switching,
diglossic code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching. The researcher
also discovered that there were 581 cases of single-word code-switching type, 221
cases of phrase code-switching type, 19 cases of sentence code-switching type, 2
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30
cases of diglossic switching type and 69 cases of integrated loanwords
code-switching type. The total number of code-code-switching cases in the feature article of
Pulsa tabloid edition 163 was 891 cases. Below are the examples on each type of
code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
a. single-word code-switching
1) “Sementara itu, untuk kemampuan koneksi, IMO G910 mengandalkan
sarana bluetooth.” (2009: 8)
2) “File hasil download kemudian di-transfer menggunakan konektifitas yang
tersedia (bluetooth, infrared atau kabel data).” (2009: 38)
b. phrase code-switching
1) “Nilai plus lainnya adalah hadirnya aplikasi social networking dengan
interface dan kemampuan yang lebih komplit.” (2009: 11)
2) “Kemungkinan cara pengaturannya serupa dengan ponsel lain yang
memiliki fasilitas email client.”(2009: 39)
c. sentence code-switching
1) “Berikutnya pilih set up my connection manually lalu tekan next.” (2009:
40)
2) “Lanjutkan dengan memilih connect using dial-up modem.”(2009: 40)
d. diglosssic code-switching
1) “You Tube Broadcast YourselfTM” (2009: 36)
e. integrated loanword code-switching
1) “Nah, tampilan awal anda akan ditawarkan untuk meng-upload foto, klik
saja ikon upload fotonya.” (2009: 39)
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31
2) “Tinggal setting mailbox atau kotak surat anda supaya fungsi
attachment-nya juga bisa digunakan.” (2009: 39)
Based on the analysis, the researcher discovered that the single-word
code-switching type has the biggest number of frequency in the feature article of Pulsa
tabloid edition 163. There were 581 cases for the single-word code-switching type
in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
The frequency of code-switching cases in the feature article is depicted in
the following table which was made by adopting McCormick’s theory (2001).
Table 4.1 The frequency of code-Switching cases in the feature articles
No. Types of Code-Switching Frequency Examples
1 single-word 581 bluetooth, infrared
2 phrase 221 social networking, Email client
3 sentence 19 Set up my connection manually,
Connect using dial-up modem
4 diglossic 2 You Tube broadcast yourself TM
5 integrated loanwords 69 meng-upload , attachment-nya
2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching that is Most Frequently Used by
the Writers in the feature article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163
To present the data of the research problem number two, the researcher
made a guideline by adopting the seven reasons proposed by Hoffmann (1991).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32
The researcher discovered that there were only three possible reasons for
code-switching that could be identified in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition
163. The researcher discovered 250 occurrences for the possible reason number
one, 17 occurrences for the possible reason number two, 0 occurrence for the
possible reason number three, four, five and seven, 314 occurrences for reason
number six. The following table depicts the occurrences of the possible reasons
for code-switching in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
Table 4.2 The Occurrences of the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching that is
Most Frequently Used by the Writers
in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163 (Adapted from Hoffmann, 1991)
No. Possible Reasons Occurrences
1.
a switch can occur when someone is talking
about a particular topic
250
2. a switch can occur when someone is quoting
somebody else
a switch can occur when it uses repetition for
clarification
-
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33
No. Possible Reasons Occurrences
6 a switch can occur when it is used to express
group identity and solidarity
314
7 a switch can occur when it is used to clarify the
speech content for the interlocutor
-
TOTAL NUMBER 581
B.Data Discussion
The data discussion is divided into two main parts. They are the types of
code-switching used by the writer in feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163
and the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the
writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.
1. The Types of Code-Switching Used by the Writers in the Feature Article
of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163
The researcher discovered that there were five types of code-switching in
the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. They were single-word
switching, phrase switching, sentence switching, diglossic
switching and integrated loanwords switching. There were 892
code-switching cases found in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. In detail,
there were 581 code-switching cases of single-word code-switching type, 221
cases of phrase code-switching type, 19 cases of sentence code-switching type, 2
