ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATED TEENAGE GIRL MAGAZINES
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya Student Number: 051214105
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 13 May 2011
The Writer
v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya Nomor Mahasiswa : 05 1214 105
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 31 Mei 2011 Yang menyatakan
vi
ABSTRACT
Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Code-switching is a common phenomenon in multilingual environment. People who are bilingual or multilingual may switch from one code to another code for producing a good communication. This phenomenon also occurs in language learning process. This study was conducted to answer three questions: (1) Which types of code-switching exist in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines? (2) What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines? and (3) What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?
In order to answer those research questions, the researcher used descriptive method as her research method. For the research instrument, the researcher used herself and the magazines. The researcher chose CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend and
Seventeen magazines. To answer the first research question, the researcher used content/ document analysis. To answer the second and the third research questions, the reseacher did a library study.
After gaining all the data and going through in-depth analyses, the researcher found three findings. First, there were seven types of code-switching. They are tag switch, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, intersentetial switch, integrated loanwords and diglossia. The finding showed that the most frequent type in occurrence was single-word code-switching; conversely, diglossia was the least frequent type of code-switching. Second, code-switching is used because there were special terms that cannot be replaced due to certain topics under discussion such as beauty issue and fashion issue. The social distance is also the reason why the editors did code-switching. Third, code-switching that were grammatically correct in English could support the English learning process but code-switching that were grammatically incorrect in English could obstruct and help English learning process.
Since English code-switching can facilitate as well as obstruct the English acquisition process, the researcher would like to suggest that teacher should encourage the students to be more aware of the code-switching usage phenomenon.
vii
ABSTRAK
Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Alih kode adalah suatu fenomena yang sudah biasa terjadi dalam lingkungan multi bahasa. Orang-orang dwibahasa atau multi bahasa sering melakukan alih kode dari satu bahasa ke bahasa yang lain untuk menghasilkan komunikasi yang baik. Fenomena alih kode juga terjadi dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan. (1) Tipe alih kode apa saja yang ada di majalah remaja putri terjemahan? (2) Apakah alasan yang mungkin untuk melakukan alih kode di majalah remaja putri terjemahan Indonesia? (3) Apakah dampak yang mungkin dari melakukan alih kode di majalah remaja putri terjemahan terhadap pendidikan bahasa Inggris di Indonesia?
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas, peneliti menggunakan metode deskripsi sebagai metode penelitiannya. Untuk instrumen penelitian, peneliti menggunakan dirinya dan majalah-majalah. Peneliti memilih majalah
CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend dan Seventeen. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama, peneliti menggunakan analisa dokumen/ isi. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua dan ketiga, peneliti melakukan studi pustaka.
Setelah mendapatkan seluruh data dan melalui analisa yang mendalam, peneliti mendapatkan tiga temuan. Pertama, ada enam tipe alih kode yaitu tag switch, alih kode yang berupa satu kata, alih kode yang berupa frasa, alih kode yang berupa klausa, alih kode yang berupa kalimat utuh, integrated loanwords
dan diglossia. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa tipe yang paling sering muncul adalah alih kode yang berupa satu kata, sebaliknya diglossia adalah tipe yang paling jarang muncul. Kedua, alih kode dilakukan karena terdapat istilah-istilah khusus yang tidak dapat digantikan terkait dengan topik bahasan. Jenjang sosial adalah alasan mengapa editor melakukan alih kode. Ketiga, alih kode yang secara tata bahasa tepat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat mendukung proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris tetapi alih kode yang secara tata bahasa kurang tepat dapat menghalangi atau bahkan dapat membantu proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris.
Karena alih kode bahasa Inggris dapat menunjang bahkan menghalangi proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, peneliti bermaksud menyarankan supaya guru sebaiknya mendorong siswa untuk lebih memahami fenomena penggunaan alih kode.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis is meant to be a partial fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education Study Program.
First of all, I would like to give the highest thanks to God, for His blessings that this thesis can be completed. I thank Him for the learning that I got during my time in finishing this thesis.
Secondly, I would like to thank Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. for her suggestions and explanation in guiding me. I really appreciate her time to correct my thesis and to give small learning no matter how busy she is.
I would like to thank FX. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd. for his advice in guiding my thesis. Finally after I worked really hard, this thesis was done.
My gratitude also goes to all lecturers in Sanata Dharma University for all their knowledge and guidance during my study.
My special thanks go to my parents, Heru Eko Prasetyo and Theresia Sulistyawati, for their great support so that I can complete my study and my thesis. Especially for my mother who never stopped encouraging me when I was stuck in finishing my thesis. I owe her my thanks very much.
I would like to thank FX. Adityo Putrowidi Bramantyo for his care, support, and attention. He encouraged and asked me to never stop trying when I was falling.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... v
ABSTRACT ... vi
ABSTRAK ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 3
C. Problem Limitation ... 3
D. Research Objectives ... 4
E. Research Benefits ... 5
F. Definition of Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 8
1. Linguistics ... 8
2. Sociolinguistics ... 9
3. Code-switching ... 10
a. Definition of Code-switching ... 10
b. The Types of Code-switching ... 12
x
d. Code-switching and Language Learning ... 18
B. Theoretical Framework ... 20
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 22
B. Research Subjects ... 23
C. Research Instruments ... 25
D. Data Gathering Technique ... 26
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 26
F. Research Procedure ... 28
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Research Findings ... 31
1. Tag Switch ... 31
2. Single-word Code-switching ... 34
3. Phrase ... 38
4. Clause ... 43
5. Integrated Loanwords ... 48
6. Intersentential Switch ... 51
7. Diglossia ... 55
B. Reasons for Code-switching ... 57
C. Implications of Code-switching for English Language Learners ... 60
D. Other Findings ... 63
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 64
B. Suggestions ... 65
REFERENCES ... 67
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.1 Checklist Form of Types of Code-switching ... 26
Table 4.1 The Number of Tag Switch Cases ... 31
Table 4.2 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Advertisement Category ... 32
Table 4.3 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Feature Category ... 32
Table 4.4 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in News Category ... 33
Table 4.5 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Opinion Category ... 33
Table 4.6 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases ... 34
Table 4.7 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement Category ... 35
Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature Category ... 36
Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News Category ... 37
Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion Category ... 38
Table 4.11 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases ... 39
Table 4.12 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement Category ... 40
Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature Category ... 41
Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News Category ... 42
Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion Category ... 43
xii
Table 4.17 The Example of Clause Code-switching in
Advertisement Category ... 44
Table 4.18 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Feature Category ... 45
Table 4.19 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Opinion Category ... 46
Table 4.20 The Example of Clause Code-switching in News Category... 47
Table 4.21 The Number of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching Cases . 48 Table 4.22 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Advertisement ... 49
Table 4.23 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Feature ... 49
Table 4.24 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in News ... 50
Table 4.25 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Opinion ... 51
Table 4.26 The Number of Intersetential Switch Cases... 51
Table 4.27 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Advertisement Category ... 52
Table 4.28 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Feature Category ... 53
Table 4.29 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Opinion Category ... 54
Table 4.30 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in News Category... 55
Table 4.31 The Number of Diglossia Code-switching Cases ... 55
Table 4.32 Examples of Misspelled Words in the Target Magazines ... 61
Table 4.33 Examples of Inconsistent Words in the Target Magazines ... 61
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page Appendix 1 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching ... 69 Appendix 2 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in
Advertisement of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 70 Appendix 3 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in
Advertisement of Girlfriend Magazines ... 71 Appendix 4 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in
Advertisement of Seventeen Magazines ... 72 Appendix 5 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature
of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 73 Appendix 6 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature
of Girlfriend Magazines ... 74 Appendix 7 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature
of Seventeen Magazines ... 75 Appendix 8 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News
of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 76 Appendix 9 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News
of Girlfriend Magazines ... 77 Appendix 10 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News
of Seventeen Magazines ... 78 Appendix 11 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion
of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 79 Appendix 12 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion
of Girlfriend Magazines ... 80 Appendix 13 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion
of Seventeen Magazines ... 81 Appendix 14 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in
xiv
Girlfriend Magazines ... 83 Appendix 16 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in
Seventeen Magazines... 84 Appendix 17 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Intersetential, and Integrated
Loanwords Code-switching in CosmoGIRL! Magazines... 85 Appendix 18 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential,
and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in
CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 86 Appendix 19 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential,
and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Girlfriend
Magazines ... 87 Appendix 20 Example of Single-word, Phrase, and Intersetential
Code-switching in Girlfriend Magazines... 88 Appendix 21 Example of Single-word, Phrase, and Clause Code-switching
in Seventeen Magazines... 89 Appendix 22 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Whole-sentence,
and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Seventeen
Magazines ... 90 Appendix 23 Example of Diglossia Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines 91 Appendix 24 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher describes six underlying issues namely research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. It provides background and main rationale in conducting research.
A. Research Background
Teenage girls across Indonesia are constantly confronted with new forms of media. Broadcast media launch new television and radio shows targeting teenage girls each season. Social media are spreading digitally throughout the nation via the internet; by December of 2009, Indonesia had a year-long growth rate of 1,536 percent, and Indonesians represent the fourth largest user group by nation.1With these innovations in media it might seem as though print media are obsolete. Yet, in contrast with these developments, teenage girls continue to support print media. This support was proved by the existence of more than five magazines targeting teenage female readers. It is a phenomenon that teenage girls continue to support print media, and it deserves the attention of researchers.
An interesting linguistic feature found in teenage girl magazines is the creation of dynamic expressions by combining or alternating between English and Indonesian words and phrases. For example, the word lipstick in these magazines
1
Tampubolon, Hans David. “Indonesians Bank on Facebook”, The Jakarta Post. 8 January 2010. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/08/indonesians-bank-facebook.html
is used frequently. In the Indonesian language, people can say gincu or pemulas bibirrefer to lipstick, yet, Indonesian women prefer to use the word lipstick rather than the local options.
The phenomenon of alternation between languages was defined by linguists as “code-switching.” Code-switching is used in daily conversation. Code-switching is used when the speaker has difficulty finding the appropriate terms or phrases in their primary language, requiring them to change into a secondary language. Code-switching is not only found within single sentences (intra-sentential), but can also be found between sentences (inter-sentential).
Translated teenage girl magazines are example of the usage of code-switching. The usage of code-switching in magazines can indirectly influence a reader’s understanding and use of a language, especially for students who are learning a language (for example, English Language Learners – ELLs). The code-switching in magazines can influence the ELL’s perception of the language; unconsciously, the ELLs will use the language in daily conversation – even in learning activities. It would be acceptable if the code-switching that is used is correct, but what if the code-switching is inappropriate? This can be an obstacle in learning for the ELLs, because they are adopting something inappropriate.
B. Problem Formulation
The research questions are formulated as:
1. Which types of code-switching exist in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines?
2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines?
3. What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?
C. Problem Limitation
The data analyses in this thesis are limited to the code-switching that exists in teenage girl magazines. The researcher has selected teenage girl magazines because it is phenomenon in media. Print media seem obsolete, yet teenage girls continue to buy magazines. They are influenced by these magazines, and the researcher wants to see the impact of code-switching on the range of teenage girls: female senior high school and junior high school students.
The researcher finds the education of teenagers to be interesting because at this age, teenagers will try new things to fulfill their curiosity, and education can be more effective during this period. They often imitate behaviours and styles that according to the people and media around them seem cool or great. Teenage girls are creative in trying new things.
magazine kiosk employee, the researcher finds that these three are the most popular. For the subject of the research, the researcher selected three editions of each translated teenage girl magazine. The editions ran from February 2009 to April 2009. The three editions of each magazine provide significant data needed for the research.
Within the text of the magazines, the researcher has identified ‘code-switching’ as a phenomenon, and the researcher considers that it has an important role in communication. Indonesia has many local languages which influence the national language, Bahasa Indonesia, and the study of the English language is a priority in the current education system. Even though code-switching is a transition between two languages, it creates dynamic, new patterns of language. The researcher hopes to understand how code-switching between Indonesian languages and English affects current teenagers.
D. Research Objectives
This research has three objectives:
1. To observe the types of code-switching which exist in translated teenage girl magazines, both in types of structures and types of words.
2. To determine the possible reasons for code-switching in translated teenage girl magazines.
E. Research Benefits
This research is conducted with the hope of contributing new information and educational ideas for readers and other linguistic and educational researchers. 1. Readers
The researcher hopes that this research will benefit the readers with the code-switching cases and the analysist. Further, the readers will be more understand about code-switching in magazines.
2. Other researchers
The researcher hopes that this research will benefit other researchers who analyze linguistic trends and problems in popular media. It is hoped that this research will give information that is needed for other researchers and assist with their project.
F. Definition of Terms
This part gives short definition about code-switching and translated teenage girl magazine that would be discussed further in the next chapter.
1. Code Switching
There are six types or terms of code-switching that will be used to designate types of codes combination. Asher and Simpson (1994) wrote that there are: 1. Diglossia, 2. Situational code-switching, 3. Metaphoric code-switching, 4. Code-switching (consist of code-switching conversational, code-switching style shifting, and code mixing), 5. Single-word code-switching (borrowing) and 6. Integrated loanwords. The researcher will also used theory from Peter Stockwell that there are three code-switching: 1. Tag Switch, 2. Intersentential Switch, and Intrasentential Switch. Another theory is from Hoffman, that there are three code-switching: tag switching, intrasetential switch and intersetential switch. While in intrasetential switch there are single-word, phrase and clause.
In this study, the researcher is going to analyze the code-switching from Indonesian to English. The researcher chose the phenomenon happening in written media. The written media are translated teenage girl magazines. The translated teenage girl magazines which are chosen are CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen and Girlfriend. Those three magazines are published in Indonesia and read by students between the age of 14 years old and 20 years old.
2. Teenage Girl Magazines
Teenage girl magazines are magazines with the target readers from the ages of 14 - 20 years old. Teenage girl magazines provide information to teenage girls on the topics of fashion, celebrities, zodiac, gossip, beauty, hair style and more.
Indonesia. Indonesian publishers can use the name and adapt the same articles. Not only that, Indonesia publishers also can add some articles that address appropriate issues for Indonesian teenage girls.
In Indonesia, the translated teenage girl magazines are quite various. There are Seventeen, CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend, Teen Vogue, and Cleo. Related with the study, the translated teenage girl magazines that are used by the researcher are CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen, and Girlfriend. Based on an informal interview with the book-stall employee those magazines are the most popular between teenage girls. Those magazines provide all issues that are considered important for teenage girl. The issues, which can be found in the magazines, start from fashions, cosmetics, hangout places, accessories, gossip, and astrology.
8 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is devoted to give the base of theoretical ground of the thesis.
It comprises of two major parts, theoretical description and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
The discussion of the subheading includes the definitions of linguistics,
the definitions of sociolinguistics and the nature of code-switching that presents:
definitions of code-switching, the types of code-switching, in which from
different linguists, and the reasons for code-switching as well as the relation of
code-switching to English teaching and learning.
1. Linguistics
Linguistics’ definitions are changing from narrow speech explanation
which focuses on form in isolation context to a more social perspective of
language uses. There are some definitions of linguistics provided in different
linguistics books. Widdowson (1996: 27) states “linguistic is essentially the study
of how languages mean, how they are functionally informed.” However, the
researcher will like to apply a definition from Finegan (2004: 24),”linguistics can
be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language – into its structure and
the relationship between them, as well as into the development and acquisition of
Recently, linguists put great emphasis on studying larger portions of
language in context included functions and language influence on the language
choice. According to Finegan (2004: 25),” language is often defined as an
arbitrary vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.”
However, there is important fact that language is more than communication. “It is
social action, with work to perform. It is a system that speakers, writer, and
signers exploit purposefully” (Finegan, 2004: 25).
All aspects of language are directed to create meaning. Therefore,
second-language teachers need to know that there are particular times to help their
students in assisting the language learning process, for examples; in understanding
the meaning of written texts and languages use in a certain text.
2. Sociolinguistics
One part in linguistics study is sociolinguistics. It is “the study of the
relationship between language use and the structure of society” (Radford, 1999:
16). It is not only about the structure of society but language is also about the
relationship with the context in which it is used, such as that written by Holmes
(2001: 1),“Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language
and the context in which it is used. Many people use language to ask for and give
people information. Many people also use it to express indignation and
annoyance, as well as admiration and respect.”
As Radford (1999: 16) states in his book Linguistics: An Introduction, sociolinguistics considers some factors which maintain that they are essential to
situation. Those factors are social backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the
relationship between speaker and addressee and the context and manner of the
interaction.
Therefore, in order to build good communication with others, people have
to modify their language used in communication. For example, a teacher may
change his or her language to the students’ language proficiency to make the
message conveyed properly. This is what is called teacher talk. In multilingual
situations people often juxtaposed two or more codes in one utterance. This
phenomenon is often referred to as code-switching.
3. Code-switching
Code-switching is a part of linguistics. Code-switching is occuring in multilingual
environment which the society have another language beside their native
language. The society did a code-switching to create a good communication.
a. Definition of Code-switching
There have been many definitions of code-switching provided by different
linguists. The researcher quotes three of them; it is written by Gardner (1997),
Wardhaugh (1992), and Hoffmann (1991). The researcher adopts those definitions
as the consideration of her own interpretation.
The first definition is taken from Gardner’s (1997: 361). She states
“code-switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same
conversation or utterances.” Since most people speak more than one language in
their daily lives, therefore, Gardner (1997) explains that such action is considered
multilingual. This explanation is supported by Duran’s (1994). He states that in a
multilingual context, code-switching is a common phenomenon. People, who are
capable of speaking more than one language, are consciously or unconsciously
substitute phrases or words of a language to another language. Code-switching
may help a speaker of one language to support his thinking and communication
(Duran, 1994). When he cannot find representative word to explain something or
simply is not able to utter particular expression in a language, he may borrow
phrases or words from another language to make his communication smooth.
Code-switching can also be defined as “a conventional strategy used to
establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change
interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103).
In a circumstance where speakers of various languages are having the same
necessity gather in one speech context, code-switching allows them to accomplish
their purpose effectively and understand each other better.
He also states that “it is unusual for a speaker to have command of, or use,
only one such code or system” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Since, bilingualism and
multilingualism are the norm for many people throughout the world; Gardner’s
(1997) idea above is supported by Wardhaugh (1992) that people have to select a
particular language whenever they speak and they may also choose to switch from
one language to another language or to mix the languages. In addition,
Wardhaugh (1992) also states that people might not be aware that they switch or
Another perception about code-switching definiton is also written by
Hoffmann (1991: 110). In her book, she says that code-switching “involves the
alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or
during the same conversation.”
Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (1997: 361) also write about the
definition of code-switching. They state that code-switching can occur between
sentences (inter-sentential) or within a single sentence (intra-sentential).
Based on the above definitions, the researcher defines “code-switching as
a common behaviour of people using more than one language in the same
conversation whether in bilingual or multilingual situations to facilitate the
communication.”
b. The Types of Code-switching
Every linguist has their own point of view in defining code-switching as
well as in classifying the types of code-switching. Since the various points of view
might be influenced by certain factors, the differences in classifying the types of
code-switching are considered a common and acceptable phenomenon.
According to Asher & Simpson (1994: 581), based on the code-switching
terms, there are six types of switching. They are diglossia, situational
code-switching, metaphoric code-code-switching, conversational code-code-switching,
single-word code-switching and integrated loansingle-words.
1) Diglossia
Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals
functions in a speech community. In addition, one language is used for H or high
function and the L is low function. As cited in Wardhaugh’s book (1992: 85) the
H varieties may be used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, especially in
a parliament or legislative body, for giving political speeches, for broadcasting the
news on radio and televisin, and for writing poetry, fine literature, and editorials
in newspapers.
2) Situational Code-switching
Situational code-switching is “the codes may be perceived as different but
be equally valued, and similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds
other than prestige” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 582).
3) Metaphoric Code-switching
Metaphoric code-switching occurs in “whole conversation, each within
one role relationship” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 581). Metaphoric code-switching
happens where there are no clear illustrative reasons explaining the specific
switches. There is no new person, no change in the context or the topic (Holmes,
2001: 41).
4) Conversational Code-switching
Conversational code-switching differs from situational code-switching “in
that its occurrence is not dependant on a change of interlocutors’ topic or
situation” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 583). Gardner and Chloros also state
conversational CS, which many authors would now regard as CS proper, does not
necessarily coincide with any such changes but is motivated by factors within the
5) Single-words Code-switching
Single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It
generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical
need (Holmes, 2001: 42). People borrow words from another language to express
a particular thing or term when there is no word available in the language that they
use. For example, Indonesian often says ‘download’ instead of ‘mengunduh.’
6) Integrated Loanwords
The last type of code-switching is integrated loanwords, which occurs
between morphemes (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 581). It is a mixture of two
morphemes of different codes to express a term, for example ‘mem-feedback’
instead of ‘meninjau kembali’ since the word ‘feedback’ is more popular and used
frequently.
As written in Sociolinguistics (2002: 33), Peter Stockwell provides three
different types of code switching. Peter discusses the motivations behind each
usage in the light of the domains underlying the utterances:
1) Tag-switching
Example (English – German): ‘I’m pleased to see you’re getting a
Bewegungsmelder, ja’ which means security light, yes. The tag-switch is simply used when the speaker lacked the necessary vocabulary in English for the
previous word.
2) Intersentential switch
Example (English – German): ‘We’re going to Nicki’s house at nine and
sie muss noch arbetein’ (‘Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still has to do some work’).
3) Intrasentential switch
Example (English – German): I think the essay will be alright, aber Du weisst ja wie das ist’(‘but you know what it’s like’).
Gumperz (1982), as cited by Gardner and Cholors (1997), identifies two
categories of switching which are: situational and conversational
code-switching. Gumperz (1997: 361) states “situational code-switching refers to
language switches which coincide with a change of interlocutor, setting or topic”
while conversational code-switching does not necessarily correspond with those
changes but it is caused “by factors within the conversation itself.” When a
change carried a particular suggestive purpose, it is called metaphorical
code-switching as the subdivision of conversational code-code-switching.
Additionally, Wardhaugh (1992) shares similar classification about the
types of switching to Gardner’s (1997). He describes two types of
code-switching; situational and metaphorical code-switching. He defines situational
code-switching as changes that occur according to the situation. In this kind of
code-switching, no topic change is involved and the speakers are aware to the
changes. On the other hand, when a change of topic requires a change of
language, it is called metaphorical code-switching.
There is a different from those two points of view. Hoffmann (1991)
The first type is intra-sentential switches that contain changes within a sentence.
There are three types of changes which can happen within a sentence, those are:
1) Single word
The changes in a sentence only happen for a single word which cannot be
replaced with the first language.
2) Phrase
The changes of code is happen for a phrase. A phrase is a group of words
lacking both a subject and verb, but a phrase may contain a verbal, such as a
participle or infinitive. A phrase also may be used as a noun, adjective, adverb, or
verb (Ellsworth, 1981: 14).
3) Clause
The change of code is also could be happen for a clause. A clause “may be
either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within
another sentence (a dependent clause)” (Nordquist, 2011).
While, when the changes occur between sentences, it is called inter-sentential
switches. It is also called as whole sentence. Thus, this type of code-switching
occurs in the form of a full sentence or a simple sentence. Ellsworth (1981: 8)
states “Sentences can be classified by purpose, they are: declarative (a statement),
interrogative (a question), imperative (a command), and exclamatory (an
expression of emotion).”The last type is called emblematic switching which
includes “items such as tags or exclamations serving as an emblem of the
c. The Reasons for Code-switching
Code-switching is a language phenomenon that is considered common in
many areas in the world. However, people switch their language to another
language because of some reason. As Wardhaugh (1992) states in his book that
there are three common reasons for people to switch their code. “A number of
answers have been suggested including solidarity with listeners, choice of topic,
and perceived social and cultural distance” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 106). By switching
the code, people are trying to include the listeners to their conversations.
Moreover, the topic discussed also affects the choice of code. People might
change their language depends on the discussion topic, because it would be easier
to discuss particular topics in certain code rather than usual code. The different
kinds of relationships are often shown by different codes that are used. For
example, relation between boss and staff are more formal than friends. Therefore,
the languages that they used are also different.
According to Holmes (2001: 25-26), there are five reasons for
code-switching: topic, social distance, status relationship, formality and function or
goal of the interaction. Certain topics may commonly be discussed in one code
than another, in particular, for technical topics like sports where people are more
familiar to say ‘offside’ because there is no exact term in Indonesian to explain
‘offside’ term. Holmes said that some topics “... are firmly associated with a
particular code and the topic itself can trigger a switch to the appropriate code”
Other reasons for code-switching are presented by Hoffman (1991). She
writes in her book An Introduction to Bilingualism (1991: 115) that “the reasons
for code-switching are manifold. Many of them are contextual, situational and
personal kind.” From examples that she provides, many reasons are contextual,
situational and personal class. She describes that switching normally happens
when the speaker is quoting someone else. As Holmes referred to “referentially
oriented code switch” (2001: 37) which is used to emphasize precise message
content. The second reason is that when the speaker is being emphatic about
something. The last reason, in addition, is that when the speaker repeats their
utterance for clarification.
Some additional reasons for code-switching are explained by Oksaar
(1974), Poplack (1980) and Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984) as cited by Hoffman
(1991: 116) said that people might switch their code to express their group
identity and to show solidarity with a certain group.
d. Code-switching in Language Learning
Social factors, as stated by Ellis in his book Second Language Acquisition
(1997), have an indirect effect towards the learners communication. “... when the
social conditions are such that learners are motivated to converge on
native-speaker norms (i.e. speak like native native-speakers) high levels of proficiency ensue,
but when the conditions encourage learners to maintain their own social in-group
less learning takes place” (Ellis, 1997: 45).
One of the external factors to explain why learners acquire an L2 in certain
1997: 5) that they receive. However, interactions theories of L2 acquisitions
acknowledge the importance of input and internal language processing. “If learner
discourse can be shown have special properties, it is possible that these contribute
to acquisition in some way” (Ellis, 1997: 45). Just like caretakers modify the way
they speak to children learning their first language, so do native speakers modify
their speech when they are communicating with learners. This phenomenon is
evident in both input and interaction.
There was a study that has investigated the phenomenon. It is called
foreigner talk: “the language that native speakers use when addressing non-native
speakers” (Ellis, 1997: 45). There are two types of foreigner talk that can be
identified. First, it is called ungrammatical foreign talk. It shows a lack of respect
from the native speaker and can be offended by the learners. Ungrammatical
foreign talk is characterized by the deletion of certain grammatical features such
as copula be, modal verbs and articles. In addition, it can be indicated by the using of base form of verbs instead of the past tense form and the using of special
constructions such as ‘no+ verb’ (Ellis, 1997: 45). Ungrammatical foreign talk’s
features of forms are normally the same as those in the learners’ L1.
The second type is grammatical foreign talk. In this type, it can be
acknowledge a variety of modifications of native speakers’ talk to other native
speakers. First, it is conveyed at slower rate. Second, the input is simplified by
using shorter sentences, avoiding the use of subordinate clauses, and omitting
rather than the contracted one. The last type of modifications is that it sometimes
involves the lengthening of phrases to make the meaning clearer.
Furthermore, according to Krashen’s (1993) input hypothesis as cited in
Ellis (1997): second language acquisition happens when a leaner comprehends
input which contains grammatical forms. “Success is achieved by using the
situational context to make messages clear and through the kinds of input
modifications found in foreigner talk” (Ellis, 1997: 85). Therefore, when L2
learners receive acceptable input of the target language, they would be able to
produce the correct utterances.
B. Theoretical Framework
A phenomenon when people switched to a certain language, in this case is
English, proved very common in the society. Since this study investigates English
code-switching phenomenon in written form, to get a complete analysis the
researcher combines types of code-switching from McCormick, Peter Stockwell
and Hoffmann’s theory. The researcher employs two out of six types of
code-switching based on the length of juxtaposed utterances proposed by McCormick
(1994). Those are diglossia and integrated loanwords. The other types of
code-switching: situational and metaphorical code-switching, are omitted because those
types only exist in oral communication. The single-word code-switching in Asher
& Simpson’s theory is ommited to avoid the data overlapping. The researcher also
uses the types of code-switching from Peter Stockwell, there are tag-switching,
code-switching, the researcher also uses Hoffman’s theory. In intrasetential switch
there are three smaller changes: single-word, phrase and clause. To account for
the reasons of code-switching in the target magazines, the researcher employs two
reasons from Holmes (2001). Those are choice of topics and social distance
between the writers of the articles in the magazines and the readers.
To answer the third question of this study "What are the possible
implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for
English language education in Indonesia?", the researcher employs a theory from
Rod Ellis (1997) about foreigner talk. There are two types of foreigner talk: the
first type is grammatical talk which can facilitate the second language acquisition.
The second type is ungrammatical foreigner talk which can obstruct the second
22 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter comprises research method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
The research used a qualitative method known as the descriptive method. Merriam & Associates (2002: 3) explain that the key to understanding qualitative research lies in the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individuals in interaction with their world. In qualitative research, the researcher did not only focus on the content, because it was more dynamic and required a consideration of social contexts. This research considered qualitative research to be more interesting because it prioritized the cultural context of language over a statistical analysis.
researchers. This method, among other qualitative methods, was best suited for the data analysis needed to address the questions of the thesis.
This research also used content analysis. A content analysis is a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes or biases. Content analyses are typically performed on forms of human communication, including books, newspapers, films, television, art, music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcripts of conversation (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005: 31). Since the research concerned the systematic issue of code-switching in print media, a content analysis is well-suited for this project. The researcher used the content analysis as her focus for dealing with the research questions and the research objectives.
B. Research Subjects
For the subject, this research uses three editions of three different, translated teenage girl magazines. The three magazines are originally published in the United States and Australia, and this study concerns the editions that are published in Indonesia. Based on informal interview with the kiosk employee those three magazines are more popular than the Indonesian teenage girl magazines. The three magazines are:
1. CosmoGIRL!magazine
CosmoGIRL! is an American monthly magazine based in New York City.
time of this study is Susan Schulz. America is not the only country which publishes CosmoGIRL!. CosmoGIRL! has also been published in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Turkey, China, Hong Kong and Indonesia. In Indonesia, CosmoGIRL! is published by PT. Media Rahayu Citra, based in Jakarta.CosmoGIRL! provides information about fashion, beauty, events reports, stories, health, horoscopes and other articles. CosmoGIRLS! is liked by teenage girls because the publisher really gives recently news, gossip, fashion, educative article and has a nice package which means nice cover, colourful, and good price. 2. Seventeen magazine
Seventeen is a monthly magazine from America. Seventeen, like CosmoGIRL!, is also published by the Hearst Corporation. Unlike CosmoGIRL!,
Seventeen was originally published in 1944 by a different publisher; it was acquired by the Hearst Corporation in 2003. The target reader is between the ages of 12 years old and 19 years old. Indonesia publisher also build a good cooperation and had the permission to Seventeen.Seventeenprovides information about fashion, trends, beauty, quizzes, and horoscopes.Seventeen is also popular because Seventeen is as nice as CosmoGIRL!. Seventeen recently has news, gossip, fashion and good price.
3. Girlfriend magazine
In completing the data requirement, the writer uses a total of nine magazine editions. For each of the three magazines (CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen, and Girlfriend), the researcher uses three different editions: February 2009, March
2009, and April 2009. The researcher considers the relevance of chronology for a comparison of the content in each of the three magazines. For this reason, the researcher uses the same three editions from each of the three magazines.
C. Research Instrument
In their text “Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion & Analysis”, Merriam & Associates identify the research instrument in qualitative research is the researcher. They explain, “In the research; the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and data analysis” (2002: 5). Therefore, the reseacher used her self and checklist as the instrument in this research.
D. Data Gathering Technique
The data were obtained from the researcher’s observation of the three magazines chosen. The researcher looked up code-switching cases in each of the nine magazine editions identified as data sources. The observation was done in three steps. The first step was the researcher designed the observation form to list code-switching phenomena which exist in the target magazines.
recently.” In this study, an article is considered to be news when it contains any special articles in the magazines. The last category was advertisement, which means “a notice, picture or film telling people about a product, job or service” code-switching case on the checklist form.
The researcher applied a checklist form, which is a combination from Asher & Simpson, Peter Stockwell and Hoffmann’s theory, to gather then analyse the types of code-switching phenomenon found in the magazines.
Table 3.1 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-Switching
Page CS Case
TS : Tag-switching
To classify the data, the researcher used English Simplified by Ellsworth. A phrase is a group of words lacking both a subject and verb, but a phrase may contain a verbal, such as a participle or infinitive. A phrase also may be used as a noun, adjective, adverb, or verb (1981: 14). A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate (1981: 14). While intersetential switch is a sentence. Sentence is a group of words expressing a complete. It contains a subject and a predicate and is an independent unit of expression (1981: 8). Last, single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need (Holmes, 2001: 42).
code-switching case that happens in each classification type and determined the percentage of each code-switching case. In the last step, the researcher summarized all the data and presented the summary in a report format.
The researcher also employed Holmes’s theory (2001) on reasons for switching and Ellis’s theory (1997) of input to observe whether the code-switching cases in the target magazines hinder or facilitate English learning.
F. Research Procedure
This section describes the procedure of the research which is organized and completed to obtain a deep comprehension of the phenomenon. There are eight steps that are conducted in the research.
1. Selecting the Target Magazine
There were three different editions of each magazine used as the subject in this study. Those editions were considered to be the representative of the existing phenomenon in translated teenage girl magazines in Indonesia. The researcher chose the subject in an order to avoid the repetition of discussion topics.
2. Designing the Observation Form
3. Listing the Code-switching on the Observation Form
After the observation form was designed, the code-switching identification can be conducted. Since most of the borrowed language elements were italicized, the researcher gained much help in this process from the magazine format. The researcher listed every code-switching case found in the magazines on the observation forms in the order in which they are found.
4. Analyzing the Type of Code-switching
The data listed on the observation forms was analyzed to identify the code-switching types according to the categories defined in this study.
5. Identifying the Possible Reasons for Code-switching
After analyzing the type of code-switching, the researcher identified the possible reasons for code-switching in the target magazines based on the Holmes’ (2001) theory. The researcher’s personal interpretations were also important in this process.
6. Observing the Implication of Code-switching Phenomenon towards English Education
Implementing the theory of Second Language Acquisitions, the researcher observed whether or not the code-switching cases in the target magazines support English education.
7. Making Conclusions Based on the Findings
8. Writing Up the Report
31 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter includes the research findings and the discussions on the
types of code-switching, the reasons for code-switching and the implications of
code-switching towards the English learning process.
A. Research Findings
After doing the calculation, the researcher found the number of
code-switching cases. According to the types of code-code-switching that the researcher
proposed to discuss in this study, there were seven types of code-switching cases
found in the Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines.
1. Tag Switch
The first code-switching cases is called tag switch. This type of switching
was rarely happened. This type only happened in CosmoGIRL! magazines. The
researcher presented the number of single word code-switching in every category
in the target magazines in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 The Number of Tag Switch Cases
Magazines Categories
Advertisement Feature News Opinion
CosmoGIRL! 2 7 - 1
Girlfriend - 7 - 2
-a. Advertisement
This category only contained 2 cases of tag switch in all of the magazines.
This type only happened in CosmoGIRL! magazines. While there were no case of
tag switch in Seventeen and Girlfriend magazines.
In addition, Table 4.2 showed some tag switch which exist in the
advertisement category of the target magazines.
Table 4.2 The Example of Tag Switch in Advertisement Category
This category contained the most number of tag switch cases in all of the
magazines. Girlfriend magazines and CosmoGIRL! Magazines had the same
number of tag switch cases in this category. There were 7 cases found in
advertisement category. In Seventeen magazines, there were only 2 cases of tag
switch occurring in advertisement category.
In addition, Table 4.3 showed some single-word code-switching which
occured frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.
c. News
This categort had the least number of tag switch. The only tag switch case
only happened in Seventeen magazines. Otherwise, there was no case of tag
switch case in CosmoGIRL! magazines and Girlfriend magazines.
In addition, Table 4.4 showed tag switch cases which occurred frequently
in the news category of the target magazines.
Table 4.4 The Example of Tag Switch in News Category
The next category are opinion. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, there was only
one case of tag switch. While in Girlfriend magazine, there were only two cases
of tag switch. On the contrary, in there was no case of tag switch in Seventeen
magazines.
In addition, Table 4.5 showed some single-word code-switching which
occured frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.
Table 4.5 Example of Tag Switch in Opinion Category
Magazines Tag Switch examples Number
CosmoGIRL! Well, 1
Girlfriend Well, 2
-2. Single-word Code-switching
This type of code-switching is the shortest code-switching. This type of
code-switching is also called lexical borrowing. There were 1927 cases existing in
CosmoGIRL! magazines, 2241 cases in Girlfriendmagazines and 1639 cases in
Seventeen magazines. The researcher also presented the number of single word
code-switching in every category in the target magazines in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases
Magazines Categories
Advertisement Feature News Opinion
CosmoGIRL! 633 1031 132 131
Girlfriend 327 1428 118 368
Seventeen 539 691 182 227
a. Advertisement
Girlfriend magazines had the least number of single-word code-switching
cases in this category. There were 327 cases found in advertisement category. Out
of that number, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement
category were noun word.
In Seventeen magazines, there were 539 single-word code-switching cases
occurring in advertisement category. In addition, the most frequent single-word
cases that happened in advertisement category were noun words.
CosmoGIRL! magazines had the most number of single-word
code-switching cases in this category. There were 633 cases found in this category.
Moreover, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement
In addition, Table 4.7 showed some single-word code-switching which
existed frequently in the advertisement category of the target magazines.
Table 4.7 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement Category
This category contained the most number of single-word code-switching
cases in all of the magazines. Girlfriend magazines had the most number of
single-word code-switching cases in feature category. There were 1428 cases
discovered in this category. In addition, the most frequent single-word
code-switching cases that occurred in feature category were noun words.
Seventeen magazines had the least number of single-word code-switching
cases in this category. There were only 691 cases found in feature category.
Moreover, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that happened in
In CosmoGIRL! magazines, 1031 cases of code-switching were found in
this category. Additionally, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases
that appeared in feature category were noun words.
In addition, Table 4.8 showed some single-word code-switching which
occurred frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.
Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature Category
In CosmoGIRL! magazines, single-word code-switching were found
infrequently. There were 132 single-word code-switching cases appearing in this
category. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases
In Girlfriend magazines, the researcher found 118 single-word
switching cases in this category. In addition, the most frequent single-word
code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun words.
Seventeenmagazines had the most number of single-word code-switching
cases happening in news category. There were 182 cases established in this
category. Furthermore, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that
occurred in news category were noun words.
In addition, Table 4.9 showed some single-word code-switching which
occurred frequently in the news category of the target magazines.
Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News Category
The next category is opinion. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, single-word
code-switching cases appearing in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent
single-word code-switching cases that existed in news category were noun words.
On the contrary, Girlfriend magazines had the most number of
single-word code-switching cases happening in this category. There were 368
established in this category. Furthermore, the most frequent single-word
code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun words.
In Seventeenmagazines, there were 227 cases established in this category.
Furthermore, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred in
news category were noun words.
In addition, Table 4.10 showed some single-word code-switching which
occurred frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.
Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion Category
The third type that will be discussed is phrase code-switching. This type of
in Girlfriend magazines, 1534 cases in CosmoGIRL! magazines and 1166 cases in
Seventeen magazines. Table 4.11 explained the detailed number of phrase
code-switching cases in each category.
Table 4.11 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases
Magazines Categories
Advertisement Feature News Opinion
CosmoGIRL! 475 897 80 82
Girlfriend 618 1824 67 169
Seventeen 443 458 153 112
a. Advertisement
In this category, Girlfriend magazines contained the most number of tag
phrase code-switching which were 618 cases. In addition the most frequent phrase
code-switching cases that happened in advertisement category were noun phrases.
In CosmoGIRL!magazines, there were 475 cases of phrase code-switching
existing in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase
code-switching cases that occurred in advertisement category were noun phrases.
In contrast, phrase code-switching cases were rarely found in Seventeen
magazines. There were 443 cases in advertisement category. Furthermore, the
most frequent phrase code-switching that existed in advertisement category were
noun phrases.
In addition, Table 4.12 showed some phrase code-switching which
Table 4.12 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching
category. Additionally, in CosmoGIRL! magazines there were 897 cases of phrase
code-switching. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching
cases that happened in feature category were noun phrases.
Girlfriend magazines had the most number of phrases code-switching in
feature category. There were 1824 cases happening in this part. Out of that
number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that existed in feature
category were noun words.
On the contrary, Seventeen magazines had the least number of phrase
code-switching cases in this category. There were 458 cases happening in this
category. Moreover, the most frequent phrase code-switching that emerged in
feature category were noun phrases.
In addition, Table 4.13 showed some phrase code-switching which
Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching
Among the other three categories, this part had the least number of phrase
code-switching cases. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, there were 80 phrase
code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent tag
switch cases that appeared in news category were noun phrases.
In Girlfriend magazines, phrase code-switching were found infrequently.
There were 67 cases of phrase code-switching happening in news category. In
addition, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that appeared in news
category were noun phrases.
Seventeen magazines contained the most number of phrase code-switching
cases in this category. There were 153 cases found in news category. Moreover,
the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that occurred in news category
In addition, Table 4.14 showed some phrase code-switching which
emerged frequently in the news category of the target magazines.
Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News Category
In CosmoGIRL!magazines, there were 82 cases of phrase code-switching
found in opinion category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase
code-switching cases that existed in opinion category were noun phrases.
On the other hand, Girlfriend had the most cases of phrase code-switching.
There were 169 cases found in this category. In addition, the most frequent phrase
code-switching cases that happened in opinion category were noun phrases.
In Seventeen magazines, there were 112 cases of phrase code-switching
found in opinion category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase
code-switching cases that occurred in this category were noun phrases.
In addition, Table 4.15 showed some phrase code-switching which
Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching
A letter to my-17-year-old self 3
Movie of the month 3
4. Clause Code-switching
The next type of code-switching that is discussed in this study is clause
code-switching. It can be dependent or independent clause. As presented in the
Table 4.16, this type of code-switching occured mostly in feature parts of the
target magazines. There were 214 cases of clause code-switching performing in
CosmoGIRL! magazines, 355 cases in Girlfriend magazines and 153 cases in
Seventeen magazines. In addition, the researcher provided Table 4.16 to present
the number of clause code-switching cases in every category in the target
magazines.
Table 4.16 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases
Magazines Categories
Advertisement Feature News Opinion
CosmoGIRL! 51 126 23 14
Girlfriend 51 255 13 36
