ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN INDONESIAN WOMAN MAGAZINES
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Emmanuella Swastika Datu Student Number: 05 1214 004
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that the thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 24 June 2009
The Writer
v ABSTRACT
Datu, Emmanuella Swastika. (2009). English Code-switching in Indonesian Woman Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
switching is one of the phenomena in sociolinguistics. Code-switching normally occurs in a multilingual community. People from different backgrounds and languages may switch to each other’s language. One of the purpose is to smooth communication. Code-Switching is also a popular phenomenon in language learning. Both language teachers and learners use code-switching in the learning process. In the development, code-code-switching may support and hinder second language acquisition.
This study was aimed at accomplishing three major objectives: (1) to analyze the types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines; (2) to identify the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines and (3) to identify the possible implication of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines towards English language learning in Indonesia.
In order to accomplish the research objectives, the researcher conducted descriptive study in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used document analysis. The researcher used library study to answer the second and third question. First, the researcher organized and prepared data for analysis. Second, the researcher read through all the data. Third, detailed analysis with a coding process was completed. The next, the researcher described and categorized the data into qualitative narrative. Finally, the researcher made interpretation of the data.
After perusing all necessary data and going through in-depth analysis, the researcher found 4 findings. First, the answer to the first question was there were six major types of code-switching which occurred in the Indonesian woman magazines namely, diglossic code-switching, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, whole sentence code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching. Second, the answer to the second question was there were four possible reasons for code-switching namely the topic under discussion, the writer quotes others’ expression, formality and efficiency. Third, the answer to the third question was to language learning, grammatical code-switching may support learning but ungrammatical code-code-switching may obstruct learning. Besides, the researcher also found some English words were fully adopted to Indonesian language.
From the research findings, the researcher would like to suggest the future researcher to conduct further study on code-switching. The researcher also suggested the readers of the magazines to be more critical of the code-switching phenomenon so that they can make the best use of it.
vi ABSTRAK
Datu, Emmanuella Swastika. (2009). English Code-switching in Indonesian Woman Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Alih kode adalah salah satu fenomena sosiolinguistik. Alih kode biasanya terjadi di masyarakat multilingual. Orang dari berasal dari latar belakang berbeda dan bahasa ibu yang berbeda dapat mengalihkan bahasa satu sama lain untuk memperlancar komunikasi. Alih kode juga merupakan fenomena popler di pembelajaran bahasa. Dalam perkembangannya, alih kode dapat membantu dan menghambat pembelajaran bahasa asing.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencapai tiga tujuan utama: (1) untuk menganalisa tipe alih kode di majalah wanita; (2) untuk mengidentifikasi alasan yang memungkinkan dari alih kode di majalah wanita Indonesia dan (3) untuk mengidentifikasi dampak dari alih kode di majalah wanita Indonesia terhadap pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di Indonesia.
Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, peneliti menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan dokumen análisis. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua dan ketiga, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Pertama, peneliti mengorganisasi dan menyiapkan data untuk analisis. Kedua, peneliti membaca keseluruhan data. Ketiga, analisa secara detail dengan proses coding dilakukan. Selanjutnya, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan mengkategorisasikan data ke dalam naratif kualitatif. Dan terakhir, peneliti membuat intepretasi dari data tersebut.
Setelah membaca dengan seksama seluruh data yang dibutuhkan dan melakukan analisa yang mendalam, peneliti menemukan 4 penemuan. Pertama, jawaban dari pertanyaan pertama adalah ada enam tipe alih kode yaitu diglossic code-switching, alih kode yang berupa satu kata, alih-kode yang berupa frasa, alih kode yang berupa klausa, alih kode yang berupa kalimat penuh and integrated loanwords code-switching. Kedua, jawaban dari pertanyaan kedua adalah ada empat alasan yang alih kode: topik yang dibahas, penulis mengutip ekspresi lain, esisiensi dan keresmian. Ketiga, jawaban atas pernyaan ketiga adalah pada pembelajaran bahasa, grammatical code-switching dapat mendukung pembelajaran tetapi ungrammatical code-switching dapat menghambat pembelajaran. Selain itu, peneliti juga menemukan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris yang diadopsi penuh ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan pada peneliti lain untuk melakukan studi lebih mendalam tentang alih kode. Peneliti juga menyarankan pada pembaca majalah untuk lebih kritis terhadap fenomena alih-kode supaya dapat menggunakannya dengan maksimal.
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Dedicated to
My beloved father and mother
Sedya Wibawa & Lusia Sartini For love, care and prayer
Mr. Ouda and All
PBI
lecturers
For kindness, guidance and knowledgeAll my friends in
PBI
For friendship, laughter, warmth and every moments we shared
My Future Life
To the dream I pursue To be with the one to love and to be loved
To dream the impossible dream To fight the unbeatable foe To bear with unbearable sorrow To run where the bare dare not go
To right the unrightable wrong To be better far than you are To try when your arms are too weary To reach the unreachable star
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Emmanuella Swastika Datu
Nomor Mahasiswa : 05 1214 004
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
English Code-Switching In Indonesian Woman Magazines
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta,
ix Emmanuella Swastika Datu
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It has been high and low moments that I had to face during the process of making this thesis. I believe this work would not finish without support and help from people around me.
So here I am giving my gratitude and thankfulness to each person who directly – indirectly, consciously – unconsciously strengthen me in the long-winded journey to achieve my Sarjana Pendidikan degree.
I thank to my Jesus Christ and Mother Mary whose smile always accompany each time I sit and stare at my computer doing this thesis. I thank for every word that I surprisingly and accidentally found which made me stronger in accomplishing this thesis.
I owe so much to the professor wanna be Fx. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd., my sponsor, for giving me attention, suggestions, guidance, and motivation during the finishing process of my thesis. I thank him for being so patient and kind to reply our sms, for being such a good friend and teacher for us. We wish him luck for your on-going study.
I thank Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. who helped me so much in the beginning of my study. I thank Ag. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. the head of the study program. I also thank to all EESP lecturers who have given me inspirations in the process of my study.
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To them, I could never reply back the care, warmth, support, laughter and feeling of being at home. To my little-big size brother Andreas Agra Phrabaswara and my little sister Klara Kanya Maitreya for being a fun distraction.
I would also express my gratitude to Romo Nano whose homily inspired me that “This shall too pass…” and Sr. Benedict who gave me advice in my hard times. I thank also all my friends in Syantikara Dormitory.
I thank to all my friends for friendship during my four-year study. The group of Lizanzuzip: Listyan, Lita, Uti, Intan, Sedik, Endru, Sophia, Ima, Disty for sharing the best moments in Love Her Still; my Microteaching II-mates: Mega, Ella, Itok, Nita, Ari for laughter and joke and y classmates Ncrut, Devy, Peppy, Ririth, Sekar, Andre, Wahyu, Ganis and Betty.
I thank Vivi, Dea, Fidel and the other missing people who at the very beginning worked on this thesis. Thank them for the motivational sms-es and at one critical point made me realized I had to start again – which unpredictably moved me to go on.
I also thank Luci, Linda, Ellen and Ikke for being so helpful. My roommate, Tina – please accept my deep apology for the shipwrecked room we live in during the last one month.
June 2009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ………. i
APPROVAL PAGES ……… ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……….… iv
ABSTRACT ………... v
ABSTRAK ………..…. vi
PAGE OF DEDICATION ………. vii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………...…. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….….. xi
LIST OF TABLES ………. xiv
LIST OF FIGURE ………... xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES ………... xvii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ……….……. 1
B. Problem Formulation ……….……. 4
C. Problem Limitation ………. 4
D. Research Objective ………. 4
E. Research Benefits ……….….. 5
F. Definition of Terms ………... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ……… 7
xii
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ………. 20
xiii
1. Code-Switching as One Way to Support English Language Learning ………..
60 2. Incorrect Code-Switching Application as a Barrier n
English Language Learning Process ……….…….. 61
D. Other Findings ………... 65
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ……….. 64
B. Suggestions ……….. 66
REFERENCES ……….. 68
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LIST OF TABLE
Table Page 3. 1 Sample of Check-list of Code-switching Cases
in Indonesian Woman Magazines ………...….. 26 3. 2 Sample of Table of the Number of Code-switching Cases……...…. 27 3. 3 Sample of Table of the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases…….. 28 4. 1 The Number of Diglossic Code-switching Cases
in Indonesian Woman Magazines…………...………….………….. 31 4. 2 The Number of Single-Word Code-switching Cases
in Indonesian Woman Magazines ………...……….. 33 4. 3 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching
in Advertisement ………...………… 34 4. 4 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching
in Feature ………...… 35
4. 5 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching
in News ……….. 35
4. 6 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching
in Opinion ……….. 36
4. 7 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases ………….……….... 38 4. 8 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching
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4. 11 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion …... 41 4. 12 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases ………...………….. 43
4. 13 The Number of Whole Sentence Code-switching Cases …... 46 4. 14 The Number of Integrated Loanwords
Code-switching Cases ………...… 49 4. 15 Integrated Loanwords Cases Code-switching
in Advertisement……….... 50 4. 16 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Feature …. 51 4. 17 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in News …… 52 4. 18 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Opinion … 53 4. 19 The sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Fiction... 54 4. 20 Table of English Phrases
which Implemented to Indonesian Context ………... 60 4. 21 Table of Wrong Code-switching Construction
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LIST OF FIGURE
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
1 The Observation Form of the Types of Analysis ……….. 70 2 Sample of Code-switching in Feature Articles of Cita Cinta 25
February to 11 March 2009 ………... 71
3 Sample of Code-switching in Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009 ………...……
72
4 Sample of Single-word and Integrated loanwords Code-switching in Opinion Articles of Cita Cinta 25 to 11 March 2009 ………
73
5 Sample of Diglossic and Single-word Code-switching in Feature Articles of Cita Cinta 25 February to 11 March 2009 ……….. 74 6 Sample of Phrase and Whole sentence Code-switching in Feature
Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009 ……… 75 7 Sample of Single-word and Integrated loanwords Code-switching in
Opinion Articles of Cita Cinta 25 to 11 March 2009 ……… 76 8 Sample of Diglossic Code-switching in Advertisement of Femina 14
to 20 February 2009 ……….. 77 9 Sample of Phrase, Clause and Whole sentence Code-switching in
Feature Articles of Femina 7 to 13 February 2009 ………... 78 10 Sample of Single-word and Integrated loanwords Code-switching in
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher elaborates six major underlying issues: research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits and definition of terms. The introduction is intended to provide the background information and rationale of the study.
A. Research Background
People who live in bilingual or multilingual community may switch to either first or second language in order to smooth information exchange. Consciously or unconsciously, this kind of code-change is a familiar phenomenon. In a circumstance when English as a second language is being used by Indonesian native speaker, he or she can juxtaposes words, phrase, clause even a whole sentence to Indonesian in one communicative situation. That phenomenon is called code-switching. Code-switching can be defined as “the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects” McCormick (1994: 582). Code-switching happens when a speaker of one language switches to another language or more within a conversation or text he or she produces. The speaker may share thoughts or communicate by switching some terms to other languages.
communication but also written expression. One of the examples is the common use of English language in Indonesian mass media. Some words and phrases are changed into English so frequent. As a result, this phenomenon becomes an interesting language style in some printed mass media. A Filipino case study of code-switching in the Media states “…code-switching is used in reported speech, where the exact words of a speaker are being quoted.” (Lambert, 2005: 342). As a result, in some parts of the newspaper like news, sport or features interviews, code-switching in quotations is common as well as in the comics and letter to editor. In that way, code-switching occurs in “…the language that the majority of the populace can understand easily.” (Lambert, 2005: 341)
The occurrence of code-switching can also be found in Indonesian printed mass media like newspapers, magazines or tabloids. Generally, code-switching happens among Indonesian, English and some regional dialects. In many cases, the English expression is more popular than the Indonesian expression. As a result, the writer prefers the word print to cetak or dress-code to kode berpakaian.
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When teacher repetitively translate an instruction to the native language after he or she uses the target language, students will have a tendency to pay attention to the latest instruction. As a result, this will reduce students’ willingness to adjust to the foreign language context. Consequently, “the teacher has a vital role for preventing its long-term damages on foreign language learning process.” (Sert, 2005: 5). A language teacher, as a role model of second language user, should be aware of the use of code-switching so he or she can anticipate the negative effects. It will also be beneficial if the students also have the awareness to the use of code-switching in language learning process. Students often switch to the first language once they found difficult expression of a target language. It may seem helpful in the initial effort but may lead into a “loss of fluency” (Sert, 2005: 4) in the long run.
B. Problem Formulation
The questions addressed in the research are:
1. What are the types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines? 2. What are the reasons for code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines? 3. What are the implications of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines
towards English language learning in Indonesia?
C. Problem Limitation
This research is limited to elaborate the types, possible reasons and implications of code-switching to English language learning in Indonesian woman magazines namely Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta. Those 3 Indonesian female magazines are representative since they are familiar and popular among Indonesian woman. In order to obtain adequate data and also considering the time efficiency, the researcher used one-month sample of each magazine: 4 series of Femina as weekly magazine, 2 series of Kartini and Cita Cinta as biweekly magazine.
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of the study are to answer the three questions raised in the problem formulation as follows:
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2. to identify the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta.
3. to find the implication of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines towards English language learning in Indonesia.
E. Research Benefits
This study will hopefully be beneficial for:
1. Future researchers to hold a more in depth study about code-switching phenomenon.
2. English teachers to be aware of the use of code-switching in the language learning process so that they can anticipate whether code-switching will obstruct learning and are able to use it appropriately.
3. Students especially who learn English as a second language, so they have awareness that code-switching can either help or hinder learning.
F. Definitions of Terms
This section presents the definition of terms which is intended to avoid confusion and misconception.
1. Code-switching
juxtaposition of English language to Indonesian language context in Indonesian woman magazines Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta.
2. Indonesian woman magazine
Indonesian woman magazines are magazines served in Indonesian language whose targets are young women in Indonesia. The content of the magazines are made according to what Indonesian woman interested in or will probably need such as fashion, health, entertainment, beauty tips/ treatment, etc. In this study, the researcher chose some representative Indonesian woman magazines which prominently use English language as juxtaposition to Indonesian language. They are Femina Magazine, Kartini Magazine and Cita Cinta Magazine.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is intended to review some theories related to the issue of the study and to formulate the theoretical framework. For this reason, the researcher divides this chapter into two major sub-headings, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description provides the theoretical review of the issues whereas the theoretical framework explains the thread of the theories to formulate the orientation of the study.
A. Theoretical Description
To obtain thorough understanding about code-switching, this theoretical description is presented. This section elaborates the definition of code-switching, types, reasons and how it relates to the language learning.
1. Linguistics
There are different definitions of what linguistics is which are proposed by various linguists. Those definitions are changing from isolated structured context to a wider scope or language in society.
Linguistics thus addresses itself to the fundamental areas of human experience – the mental and the social. Linguists are interested in how language is organized in the human mind and in how the social structures of human communities shape language to their own purposes, reflecting social structures in language use. (Finegan: 1992 in Emmitt & Pollock, 2002: 76).
twofold aim: “to cover general principles underlying human language and to provide reliable descriptions of individual languages.” (McArthur, 1992: 608). Linguistics has three classic subdivisions: (1) Phonology the study of sound patterns; (2) Morphology and syntax the composition of words and sentences; (3) Semantics the study of meaning. In the later development, some areas have become increasingly important namely pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, linguistic typology, computational linguistics, stylistic linguistic and applied linguistics (McArthur, 1992: 609).
In language teaching and learning, it is essential for teachers to have “explicit knowledge of grammar” to aid students. Teachers should firstly be aware and critical of the language and then help students to develop a critical awareness of language, of how power relationship influence language use and how to use language respectfully (Emmitt & Pollock, 2002: 90).
2. Sociolinguistics
According to Romaine (1994: 4005), “sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline of linguistics which deals with the relationship between language and society.” It also encompasses the study of “…attitudes to language and language change…”
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In a social relationship, people modify their language so that message is clearly understood by the addressee. The same is true in the context of language teaching and learning. Language teachers modify the language they use in order to achieve successfully transferred information. In other word, language teachers do the teacher talk. Teachers may simplify or lengthen the utterance to make meaning clearer. It is also normal to switch to the mother language to smooth the communication.
3. Code-switching
In this part, the researcher elaborates the definitions of code-switching, types of code-switching, reasons of code-switching and its implication to language learning.
a. Definitions of Code-switching
In multilingual communities, large scale interactions between language and society as a whole happen. One of the interactions is language shift. In this phenomenon people use two or more languages at one time conversation or context which is also known as code-switching.
(Duran, 1994: 8). When he could not find representative word to explain something or is not able to utter particular expression in other languages, he may borrow phrases or words from another language to smooth his communication.
Code-switching can also be defined as “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their right and obligations” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). In a circumstance where speakers of various languages have the same necessity gather in one speech context, code-switching permits them to attain their purpose effectively and understand each other better.
Nevertheless, when people use code-switching so frequently, it may raise fears. Since speakers have little control over them, code-switching can be aberrations to some purists (Duran, 1994:7). They fear that switch of the first to the second language may interfere the first one from growing or degrade the language itself.
b. Types of Code-switching
McCormick (1994:582) defines there are 6 major types of code-switching namely (1) diglossia, (2) situational switching, (3) metaphoric code-switching, (4) code-switching which consists of conversational code-code-switching, style shifting and code mixing; (5) single-word code-switching; borrowing and (6) integrated loanwords.
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(low) codes are different languages, one of which has greater prestige than the other.” (McCormick, 1994:582). Diglossia therefore happens in bilingual situation where two varieties are required to cover domains of the community.
Situational code-switching is a kind of code-switching in which in a society “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds other than prestige.” (McCormick, 1994: 582). For example the people in the district of Sauris who speak dialects of Friulian and German and the national language, Italian. There is a governing rule that German is used at home between spouse; Friulian is used in informal setting such as in the market, neighbor, etc and Italian is used in a more informal setting such as school, workplace (McCormick, 1994: 582). Thus, the codes being used are distinguished through horizontal classification which can be settings, context, topic or participants (McCormick, 1994: 583).
Metaphoric code-switching happens in “a whole conversation, each within one role relationship.” (McCormick, 1994: 581). For instance, a political public figure who tries to draw people’s voice uses more than one code. He uses two codes: language of the people or local dialect to show “high solidarity, equal status and friendly feelings” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 41) and language to represent him as political figure that shows “social distance, status and the referential information” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 41) political world.
conversation between Indonesian students who learn English language frequently use English juxtaposed to Indonesian. The second type of code-switching is style shifting which takes place when one language with more than 1 style is used in the society, for instance American people community who use Black English and formal English. The last type is code mixing. It “suggests the speaker is mixing up codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence (Wardhaugh, 1992: 42). This phenomenon normally occurs to second language learners. They may mix the target language they learn with their mother tongue language to make communication fluent.
Single word code-switching or borrowing is also called lexical borrowing. “It involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 42). People use the borrowed words usually according to the rules of the first language, as if they are part of the first language.
Integrated loanwords occur between morphemes (McCormick, 1994: 581). It is the combination of two morphemes of different codes to express a word for example men-download instead of mengunduh. “Download” is more familiar and frequently used by Indonesian community although there is an official rule from the government. Mengunduh is the representative word of download according to Instruksi Presiden Nomor 2 Tahun 2001 about the English terms used in the internet which are translated into representative Indonesian language.
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setting or topic” (Gumpers: 1982 in Gardner & Chloros, 2007: 361). The language is influenced by what kind of addressee the speaker is talking to, where the conversation takes place and what subject matter under discussion. Conversational code-switching is not prejudiced by any changes but motivated by factors inside the conversation itself.
c. The Reasons for Code-switching
There are 2 reasons for code-switching according to Holmes (2001: 32): social reason and topic. Social reason takes place when a speaker uses some vernacular languages in his speech to indicate that he belongs to the community. Often bilinguals switch to another code within a conversation to talk about a particular topic. Particularly, in technical topic such as engineering, the engineers are more familiar to say by-pass than mengalir tanpa halangan when it is translated into Indonesian. Some topics “…are firmly associated with a particular code and the topic itself can trigger a switch to the appropriate code” (Holmes, 2001: 37).
According to Poedjosoedarmo (1975 in Lumintaintang: 2003), code-switching is one strategy of bilingual communication. Code-code-switching occurs because of 8 reasons: (1) the speaker quotes sentences; (2) the changing of the addressee; (3) the influence of the third person; (4) the influence of particular intention; (5) acting; (6) the topic under discussion; (7) the previous stated sentence/ expression and (8) situation.
as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) as some of reasons of code-switching. English language as one of the most-widely used language may represent modernization as well as westernization in Indonesia. For instance there are many international schools which require English as the communication device in teaching learning activities. This phenomenon makes English language popular to school-age students.
Efficiency makes communication more efficient than using translated version which probably takes longer explanation. Professionalism and social advancement correlate more on working world. In a professional work, he or she will take into more consideration than those who are less competitive in English. As a result, it may affect his social advancement since he or she gets more chance to deal with wider community.
d. Code-switching and Language Learning
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According to Sert (2005), there are differences between the function of code-switching of teachers and students. In the teachers’ side, code-switching functions as topic switch, affective function and repetitive function. Topic switch means teachers convert his language to the topic being discussed. In teaching language content, it is easier and understandable to switch to native language so students comprehend the information.
Affective function means teachers use code-switching to build close and intimate relationship to the students. Teachers may use emotive expression to support the classroom atmosphere to learn second language. Repetitive function means that code-switching is to clarify message from teacher to students so they can comprehend the message efficiently (Mattson and Burenhult: 1999 as cited in Sert, 2005: 3).
The functions of students’ code-switching are classified into equivalence, floor-holding, reiteration and conflict control (Elridge: 1996 as cited in Sert, 2005: 3). Equivalence maintains fluent communication by being “defensive mechanism” (Elridge: 1996 as cited in Sert, 2005: 3). Students alter a certain lexical item to native language so eliminating gaps of the lack of proficiency in foreign language. Floor-holding has approximately the same function as equivalence. It is to fill gap of incapability of using foreign language when students cannot recall expression in the target language. The last function is control conflict. Students switch to the first language to avoid misunderstanding.
the lack of fluency in a long term. If teachers frequently use repetitive function to repeat instruction, students may become dependable and less attentive to the instruction in the target language.
Students also learn from the language the teacher uses. What the teacher said will be an example of the real implementation of the target language. In second language acquisitions theory, what the students received from teacher’s talk is called input. Ellis (1997: 44) elaborates the role of input and how it may affect the successful second language acquisition. A study of input modifications through the phenomenon of foreigner talk shows that it takes into effect the kinds of talk the foreigner use when communicating with non-native speakers. The kinds of foreigner talk as the result of the study is ungrammatical and grammatical. “Ungrammatical foreigner talk is characterized by the deletion of certain grammatical features such as copula be, modal verbs and articles (Ellis, 1997: 45).”
Ungrammatical foreigner talk may help language learner comprehend the message better. However, when it is not followed by the correct explanation, learning can be obstructed.
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basic form. The fourth is foreigner talk that sometimes lengthens the expression to make meaning clearer.
Hence, teachers’ understanding and awareness towards code-switching which can both support and hinder learning are therefore important in language learning process. For language teachers are the those who are in charge to help the development of learning, wise consideration of language use must be taken into account.
B. Theoretical Framework
Based on the theoretical description, the researcher wraps up the appropriate theories to accomplish the objectives of the study. Therefore, the researcher uses the types of code-switching according to McCormick (1994:581), 2 reasons of code-switching as proposed by Poedjosoedarmo (1975 in Lumintaintang: 2003), one reason by Crystal (1987) and one reason by Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) and the role of input in Second Language Acquisition according to Ellis (1997).
Second, there are four possible reasons which will be used to explain the code-switching phenomenon in Indonesian woman magazines. Poedjosoedarmo (1975 in Lumintaintang: 2003) proposed the topic under discussion and the speaker quotes sentences as two of the eight reasons. The topic may affect the language use. Terms from particular original language do not always have the exact representative translation in another language. In order to avoid misconception, original terms of specific topic are maintained.
The second reason, the writer adapted the speaker quotes sentences into the writer quotes others’ expression since this study mostly dealt with document analysis in which the writer tries to interpret the meaning of written expression. Quoting others’ English expression is one way to maintain the sense of the expression. Target language may be possible to replace the quotation. Nevertheless, to sustain the meaning and avoid misunderstanding, quotation in the original language is preserved.
Third, according to Ellis (1997: 45) input has a big role in second language acquisition. The role of input can be identified through input modifications in the study of foreigner talk. Foreigner talk refers to “the language that native speakers use when addressing non-native speakers” (Ellis, 1997: 45). Two types of foreigner talk are identified: ungrammatical foreigner talk and grammatical foreigner talk.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter illuminates the process of gathering and analyzing the data. The discussion consists of seven subdivisions, namely research method, source of data, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data analysis techniques, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
As has been mentioned in the problem formulation, the study was to investigate to find out three major problems. First, the aim of the study was to identify what types of code-switching are found in Indonesian woman magazines. The second aim was to elaborate the possible reasons of code-switching found in Indonesian woman magazines. The third aim was to analyze the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines towards English language learning in Indonesia.
To achieve the goal of the study mentioned above, the researcher employed a descriptive study. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 11), descriptive study describes something as it is. In other words, the researcher does not have any control to manipulate what already existed.
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Since, qualitative research is basically interpretive, the researcher made an interpretation of the data through narrative description. Furthermore, it includes analyzing data to their theme or category and at the last stage drawing conclusions about the interpretation personally as well as theoretically (Wolcott: 1994 as cited in Creswell, 2003: 182).
According to Hoepfl (1997:12) another source of data which is invaluable to qualitative research is document analysis since “ it might include official records, letters, newspaper account, diaries, and reports, as well as the published data used in a review of literature.” For that reason, the researcher used document analysis to answer the first question as it would describe the data in the best way. To answer the second and third question, the researcher used library study. The researcher analyzed some written sources to identify the possible reasons and implications to English language learning.
B. Research Data Source
magazine and 2 series of each of Kartini Magazine and Cita Cinta Magazine because both were biweekly magazines. All the magazines were in the one-month time range from7 February to 11 March of 2009.
1. Femina Magazine
Femina Magazine was one of popular Indonesian woman magazines. It was published once in a week by PT Grafika Multi Warna. This magazine served various kinds of rubrics for Indonesian young woman. The samples being studied were: No. 6/ XXXVII 7 to 13 February 2009, No. 7/ XXXVII 14 to 20 February 2009, No. 8/ XXXVII 21 to 27 February 2009 and No. 10/ XXXVII 7 to 13 March 2009.
2. Kartini Magazine
Kartini Magazine was one of popular Indonesian woman magazines. It was published twice a month by PT Ghalia Indonesia. The samples being studied were No. 2237/ 5 to 19 February 2009 and No. 2238/ 19 February to 5 March 2009.
3. Cita Cinta Magazine
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The researcher also classified the data from each magazine into four kinds of data category namely news, opinion, feature, advertisement and fiction. By doing so, the researcher obtained a more various analysis.
News is “information that is published in newspapers and broadcast on radio and television about recent events in the country or world or in a particular area of activity” (Sinclair: 2001). In this research, a piece of writing was a news in a magazine when it was consists of some parts of 5W + 1H (what, where, when, why and how) to report an activity or events.
Opinion is advice or judgment of a subject one knows a lot (Sinclair: 2001). In this study, opinion was a piece of writing in a magazine which consisted of one’s opinion about issues or daily life topics.
A feature is a special article in a newspaper or magazine, or a special programme on radio or television (Sinclair: 2001). In this study, a feature was a piece of writing in a magazine which dealt with profile of people, special articles such as fashion and food recipe.
An advertisement is an announcement in a newspaper, on television, or on a poster about something such as a product, event, or job (Sinclair: 2001). In this study, advertisements were announcement of events, school programs and products.
C. Research Instruments
To conduct the document analysis, the researcher firstly used human instrument. According to Leedy and Omrod (2005:31) human mind is an important tool of a research since “Its functioning dwarfs all other gadgetry. Nothing equals its powers of comprehension, integrative reasoning, and insight.” Therefore, to gain construct validity of this research, the researcher developed human instrument to elicit data of code switching in Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta Indonesian woman magazines. The researcher acted the primary instrument to gain and analyze data. Through human instrument
the researcher can expand his or her understanding through nonverbal as well as verbal communication, process information (data) immediately, clarify and summarize material, check with respondents for accuracy of interpretation, and explore unusual or unanticipated responses (Merriam, 2002: 5).
D. Data Gathering Technique
This study emphasized content analysis of verbal communication. Therefore, the data were collected through two major steps as Leedy and Omrod (2005) proposed.
First, the researcher identifies the representative sampling of the Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta magazine to be analyzed. Those 3 magazines approximately had the same characteristics supporting the uniformity of the data source.
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144). Particularly, any code-switching phenomena in Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta magazine were highlighted.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The researcher used a generic step of data analysis by Creswell (2003) with some adaptation. The process of analyzing data involves “making sense out of text and image data” (Creswell, 2003: 190). In order to get a precise interpretation, the researcher should organize an apt preparation for data analysis, “moving deeper and deeper into understanding the data, representing the data and making an interpretation of the larger meaning of the data” (Creswell, 2003: 190). The first step was organizing and preparing data for analysis. This initial step involved “optically scanning material and sorting or arranging the data into different types depending n the source of information” (Creswell, 2003:191). In this step the researcher typed the cases into the check-list.
The check-list was adapted from McCormick (1994: 581) which shows “schematic representation of scope of terms used to designate types of code juxtaposition.”
Table 3.1 Sample of Check-list of Code-switching in Indonesian woman magazine.
P : Phrase
C : Clause
WS : Whole sentence IL : Integrated Loanwords
The second step was reading through all the data. Reading through the data was conducted to acquire “a general sense of the information and to reflect to its overall meaning” (Creswell, 2003:191). In this step, the researcher analyzed and classified the typed cases into six kinds of code-switching.
In the third step, the researcher went through detailed analysis with a coding process. According to Rossman & Rallis (1998: 171) coding is “the process of organizing the material into ‘chunks’ before bringing meaning to those ‘chunks’.” This step involved taking the classified code-switching data into description based on each type. In order to obtain precise number of single-word, the researcher used Concordance 3.2. Concordance 3.2. was a software produced by LexisNesis (formerly Dataflight) which is helpful in studying text closely or analyzing language in depth. In this study, the researcher used concordance to count the frequency of the single-word code-switching occurrence in Indonesian woman magazines.
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To analyze the total number of the code-switching cases found, tables were needed. The numbers of code-switching cases found in each of the six classifications and 5 categories were counted.
Table 3.2 Sample of the Number of Code-switching Cases
Parts of the Magazine Magazines
Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction
Cita Cinta …
Femina Kartini
Total number …
The researcher also classified the data into the most frequent code-switching cases occurred. This included in the single-word code-code-switching and phrase code-switching where most of phenomenon happened. The word or phrase taken were those which in the 5 highest frequency.
Table 3.3 Sample of the Most Frequent Code-switching cases
Magazine Example of
Single-word
interpretation also derived from “a comparison of the findings with information gleaned from the literature or extant theories” (Creswell, 2003: 195). The researcher used some proposed theories of possible reasons of code-switching and the influence of input in Second Language Acquisition. The researcher also used observations based on the theory of reasons for code-switching according to Poedjosoedarmo (1975), Crystal (1987) and Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989) to determine the code-switching reasons. Being complete observer, the researcher had first hand experience with the data being analyzed (Creswell, 2003: 186).
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F. Research Procedure
In this subsection, the researcher tried to explain the steps of conducting the research. The steps were based on the typical stages on research in relation to the study:
Conducting literature review about code-switching phenomenon and identifying problems
Step 4
Designing check‐list form
Making appropriate data table form to classify cases being studied
Step 7
Making Conclusion and Reporting findings
Step 6
Analyzing the data
Classifying the data into six types of code-switching and elaborating the possible reasons and implications
Step 5
Collecting the data
Typing the code-switching phenomena into the check-list Step 2
Selecting Sample
Selecting representative sample of Indonesian woman magazines
Step 3
Identifying the code‐switching
30 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter is to answer 3 research questions stated in the problem formulation. They are types of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines, the possible reasons of code-switching in Indonesian woman magazines and the implications to English language learning.
A. Types of Code-switching
After reading through the data, the researcher found a number of code-switching phenomena. According to the types of code-code-switching that have been proposed by McCormick (1994:582), there were six major types of switching cases found in the Indonesian woman magazines: diglossic switching, single-word switching, phrase switching, clause switching, whole-sentence switching and integrated loanwords code-switching.
1. Diglossic Code-switching
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The highest frequency of discourse was found in Femina Magazine with 15 occurrences. In Cita Cinta Magazine, 14 cases of diglossic code-switching cases were found. The least frequency was found in Kartini Magazine with 5 cases. Some of the cases found were slogans for advertisement products such as a good day begins with Alba, Positive & Smart and Passion for fashion. Others were song lyrics or poems to support fashion articles for instance a poem in a fashion page of Cita Cinta Magazine:
The first thing I loved
was the dew on a spring morning Giving me a thrill
from the scent of fresh hay
Sweetness tickling my nose giving me a faint feeling to sneeze
Wondering if I could freeze time to enjoy the feeling
Just a wee bit longer
(Earth girl loves – Julie Lorentz)
Table 4.1 The Number of Diglossic Code-switching Cases in Indonesian Woman Magazines
Parts of the Magazine
Magazines
Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction
Cita Cinta 14 9 - - -
Femina 15 - - - -
Kartini 5 - - - -
Total amount 43
a. Advertisement
for ladies. There were 25 products with four the same discourse of perfume advertisements.
b. Feature
Diglossic code-switching cases in feature articles only occurred in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were nine cases of diglossic code-switching which existed in feature articles. All of them were verses of song lyrics and poems which were written to strengthen themes of fashion page.
c. News
Diglossic code-switching was rarely found in the magazines. Particularly, there was no diglossic code-switching case found in news articles of the three Indonesian woman magazines. Since the targets of the magazines were Indonesian, all the news articles were in Indonesian language.
d. Opinion
Diglossic code-switching was rarely found in the magazines. Particularly, there was no diglossic code-switching case found in opinion article of the three Indonesian woman magazines. Since the targets of the magazines were Indonesian, all the opinion articles were in Indonesian language.
e. Fiction
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2. Single-word Code-switching
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own.” In the three magazines being analyzed, the total number of single-word code-switching was 3.946 cases. The highest amount was 814 cases in feature articles of Femina Magazine. Femina Magazine generally led the amount of frequency since there were 4 editions in the one-month time range of the magazines being studied. Cita Cinta Magazine and Kartini Magazine were biweekly magazines. Therefore, the number of occurrences was generally below the numbers found in Femina Magazines. The smallest amount was found in fiction category of Cita Cinta Magazine with zero result since there were no fiction articles in the magazine. Many of the single-word code switching cases were noun words such as film, blog, masker, deadline, motif, meeting, donor, organ, cream and vitamin. Many words were English words which have been fully adapted into Indonesian.
Table 4.2 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases in Indonesian Woman Magazines
Parts of the Magazine
Magazines
Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction
Cita Cinta 99 191 163 469 -
Femina 296 814 531 559 41
Kartini 228 357 26 168 4
Total number 3.946
a. Advertisement
advertisement category were noun words. Femina Magazine had the biggest amount of single-word code-switching cases. There were 296 cases which occurred in the advertisement category. Most of them were noun words. Kartini Magazine had almost the same cases with Cita Cinta Magazine with 228 cases. In addition, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement were noun words.
Table 4.3 The Most Frequent
Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement
Magazine Example of
Single-word Occurrence
The researcher took 5 most frequent occurrence to represent the most frequent cases appeared. From the table 4.3, the researcher found that noun word was placed as the word with highest frequency in the advertisement pages of the Indonesian woman magazine. Only two adjective words were found. They are new and soft.
b. Feature
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frequent cases were dominated by noun words. The least frequent cases found by Kartini Magazine. The single-word code-switching cases were 357 cases. Most of the cases were noun words.
Table 4.4 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature
Magazine Example of
Single-word Occurrence
In the news articles category, the highest frequency of single-word code-switching was 531 cases which occurred in Femina Magazine. Further, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that emerged in news articles were noun words. In Cita Cinta Magazine, there were 163 cases of single-word code-switching. Likewise, the most cases generally found were noun words. The least amount of single-word code-switching cases was found in news articles of Kartini Magazine with 26 cases since there was not much news article in the magazine. In general, noun words dominated those number of cases appeared.
Table 4.5 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News
Magazine Example of
Single-word Occurrence
band 7
seafood 5
Cita Cinta Magazine
topping 4
Continued from page 35
Generally, noun words dominated the single-word code-switching cases in news articles of the three magazines. The word blog occurred more frequently than the other words. The researcher did not include words with two or less occurrence. It was because commonly the words were in two or one time of occurrence. So it was not represent the high frequency.
d. Opinion
In the opinion article category, there were 1.196 single-word code-switching cases appeared. The highest number of occurrence was in Femina Magazine with 559 cases. In general, noun words emerged more often than other kinds of words. In Cita Cinta Magazine, there were 469 cases of single-word code-switching existed in opinion articles. Out of that number, most of the cases were noun words. The smallest amount was in Kartini Magazine. There were 168 cases happened in opinion articles. Likewise, noun words dominated the number of phenomena existed.
Table 4.6 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion
Magazine Example of
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Continued from page 36
interior 18
cake 16
Femina Magazine
shopaholic 12 incest 14
problem 6
Kartini Magazine
coping 5
From the three Indonesian woman magazines being studied, only noun and adjective words emerged. Noun words led with interior were the word with the highest frequency.
e. Fiction
In fiction category, there was no single-word code-switching case found since there was no fiction writing in Cita Cinta Magazine. In Femina Magazine there were 41 cases dominated by noun words. In Kartini Magazine, there were only 4 cases. Between the two magazines being compared, soulmate as noun word appeared as the most frequent word with 8 times occurrence.
3. Phrase Code-switching
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), “phrase is a group of words that together have a particular meaning… without a finite verb, especially when they are used to form part of a sentence.” In this study, a phrase was group of English words without verb which have a meaning. Most of the phrase code-switching found were noun phrase for instance talk show, fashion show, customer service, anti ageing, blow dryer, supper brand, kitten
Table 4.7 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases
Parts of the Magazine Magazines
Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction
Cita Cinta 159 108 120 214 -
Femina 479 332 197 220 7
Kartini 239 143 13 99 2
Total number 1.527
The total numbers of phrase code-switching cases in the Indonesian woman magazines being studied were 1.527 cases. Among the 5 categories of articles inside the magazines, the highest frequency was in the advertisement category of Femina Magazine with 479 cases. In addition, there were no code-switching cases found in fiction writing of Cita Cinta Magazine since there was no fiction writing in the magazines.
a. Advertisement
In advertisement category, the most high frequency of phrase code-switching case was found in Femina Magazine with 479 numbers of occurrences. Out of the numbers, noun phrases dominated the cases emerged. In Kartini Magazine, there were 329 phrase code-switching cases appeared. In addition, most of the phenomena were noun phrases. The smallest number of phrase code-switching case frequency was in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 159 occurrences. Most of them were in the form of noun phrases.
Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement
Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence talk show
fashion show 4
Cita Cinta
Magazine
hotline service 3
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hotline service 4
hotline service 5
facial wash
Kartini
Magazine
beauty hotline 3
From the table 4.8, the researcher found that noun phrases dominated the most frequent code-switching in advertisement. The phrase hotline service was the phrase with the highest frequency among the highest phrases which occurred with 12 numbers of occurrences.
b. Feature
In feature articles, the most frequent cases were 270 phrase code-switching cases in Femina Magazine. Moreover, the most frequent phrases emerged were noun phrases. The least number of occurrences were in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 108 phenomena of phrase code-switching appeared. Out of the number, the most frequent phrases happened were noun phrases. In Kartini Magazine, the numbers of phrase code-switching emerged were 143 phrases. In addition, the most frequent phrases appeared were noun phrases.
Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature
From the table 4.9 of most frequent phrase code-switching in feature articles, the researcher found that noun phrases dominated the highest frequency of code-switching cases. The second high was adjective phrases. There were 34 adjective phrases found.
c. News
In news article, a lot of phrase code-switching cases were found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 120 cases of phrase code-switching happened in news articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that appeared in news articles were noun phrases.
The biggest amount of phrase code-switching cases in news articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 197 phrase code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching that emerged in news articles were noun phrases.
Kartini Magazine contained the least number of phrase code-switching cases in news articles. There were 13 cases found in news articles of Kartini Magazine. Apart from the number of occurrences, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that occurred in news articles were noun phrases.
Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News
Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence
talk show 3
film-film thriller 2
Cita Cinta
film-film box office
Kartini
Magazine single parent
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After perusing the most frequent case of phrase code-switching data, the researcher found out that noun phrases dominated the number of occurrence. The highest frequent word was the word department store. Only four cases of adjective phrases appeared. Apart from that, there was no repetition of phrase code-switching found in news articles of Kartini Magazine.
d. Opinion
In opinion, a lot of phrase code-switching cases were found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 214 cases of phrase code-switching happened in opinion articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that appeared in opinion articles were noun phrases.
The highest frequency of phrase code-switching cases in opinion articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 220 phrase code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching that emerged in opinion articles were noun phrases.
Kartini Magazine contained the least number of phrase code-switching cases in opinion articles. There were 99 cases found in opinion articles of Kartini Magazine. Apart from the number of occurrences, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that occurred in opinion articles were noun phrases.
Table 4.11 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching cases in Opinion
Magazine Example of Phrase Occurrence
long vest 5
sling bag
Cita Cinta
Magazine
knit vest 4
Continued from page 41
stretch mark 9
brand’s essence of chicken
Femina
Magazine
speed dating 6
donor organ
high heels 13
Kartini
Magazine arthritis gout 9
After perusing through the most frequent cases of phrase code-switching in opinion articles, the researcher found out that noun phrases emerged more often than other phrases. The highest frequent was the phrase high heels which occurred 15 times. The second highest frequency phrases were adjective phrase which appeared 40 times.
e. Fiction
In fiction category, there was no phrase code-switching case found since there was no fiction writing in Cita Cinta Magazine. In Femina Magazine, there were 7 cases of noun words. On the other side, there were only 2 cases in Kartini Magazine. Between the two magazines being compared, all of the phrases which emerged in fiction writings were all noun phrases. The most frequent phrase was lady parking which occurred twice.
4. Clause Code-switching
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Most of the cases found were imperative clauses such as bite a taste of your future, go with the flow and unfolds your natural magic. Others were adverbial clauses for instance where style meets substance, wherever I go and whatever I do. Other code-switching clauses were clauses which began with present participle for example getting closer with the revised standard, delighting you always and connecting people.
Table 4.12 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases
Parts of the Magazine
Magazines
Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction
Cita Cinta 18 11 2 17 -
Femina 22 6 2 2 2
Kartini 2 7 - 6 -
Total number 97
The total numbers of clause code-switching cases in the Indonesian woman magazines being studied were 97 cases. Among the 5 categories of articles inside the magazines, the highest frequency was 22 cases in the advertisement category of Femina Magazine. There were no code-switching cases found in fiction writing of Cita Cinta Magazine and Kartini Magazine. Moreover, no clause code-switching case emerged in News articles in Kartini Magazine.
a. Advertisement
The highest amount of clause code-switching cases in advertisement articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 22 clause code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent clause code-switching that emerged in advertisement category were imperative clauses.
Kartini Magazine contained the least number of clause code-switching cases in advertisement category. There were 2 cases found in advertisement category of Kartini Magazine. The clause was unfolds your natural magic which appeared twice.
b. Feature
A number of clause code-switching cases in feature articles were found in Femina Magazine. There were 11 cases of clause code-switching happened in feature articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that appeared in feature articles were imperative clauses.
The lowest frequency of clause code-switching was found in Femina Magazine. There were 6 clause code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that emerged in feature articles were imperative clauses.
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c. News
In news articles category, there were four cases of clause code-switching emerged. Two cases of imperative clause code-switching were occurred in Femina Magazine and two other clauses code-switching in Cita Cinta Magazine. Three of the four cases which happened were imperative clauses.
d. Opinion
In opinion articles, some clause code-switching cases were found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 17 cases of clause code-switching happened in opinion articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that appeared in opinion articles were imperative clauses. The lowest frequency of clause code-switching case was in Femina Magazine. There were two cases of clause code-switching emerged. They are made in Hollywood and move on. Kartini Magazine contained 6 clause code-switching cases in opinion articles.
e. Fiction
Among the three Indonesian woman magazines being studied, only two cases on clause code-switching emerged in Femina Magazine. The clauses appeared were may be yes, may be not and exciting to explore the Island of God. In addition, no clause code-switching cases existed in both Cita Cinta Magazine and Kartini Magazine.
5. Whole sentence Code-switching
a complete idea or asks a question, and that, when written in English, begins with a capital letter and ends with a full-stop.” In perusing the data, whole sentences were utterances or constructions with period, acclamation or question mark after the last letter of each construction.
Most of the whole sentence code-switching cases found were affirmative sentences for instance Find new excitement in this remarkable thing, Detailed specifications are subject to change, without prior notice and Life is a puzzle, solve it Others were negative sentences such as Ce on honey I’m not your patient and He’s just not that into you. There were also interrogative sentences for
example Have you found your second skin, your second wind?, What’s Hair Got to Do with Feminity? and imperative sentences like Fill your day with colors! and Spend less get more!
Table 4.13 The Number of Whole Sentence Code-switching Cases
Parts of the Magazine
Magazines
Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction
Cita Cinta 31 24 9 30 -
Femina 69 23 12 7 -
Kartini 11 4 - - -
Total number 220
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a. Advertisement
In advertisement category, a number of whole sentence code-switching was found in Cita Cinta Magazine. There were 31 cases of whole sentence code-switching happened in advertisement category of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent cases that appeared in advertisement category were imperative sentences.
The highest frequency of whole sentence code-switching cases in advertisement articles was found in Femina Magazine. There were 69 whole sentence code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent whole sentence code-switching that emerged in advertisement category were imperative sentences.
Kartini Magazine contained the least number of whole sentence code-switching cases in advertisement category. There were 11 cases found in advertisement category of Kartini Magazine.
b. Feature
In feature articles, Cita Cinta Magazine contained the highest number of whole sentence code-switching cases. There were 24 cases found in feature articles of Cita Cinta Magazine. In addition, the most frequent whole sentence code-switching that emerged in feature articles were affirmative sentences.
