English code-switching in Indonesian translated woman magazines - USD Repository

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ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATED WOMAN MAGAZINES

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Vinsensia Tyas Maharsi Student Number: 05 1214 036

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATED WOMAN MAGAZINES

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Vinsensia Tyas Maharsi Student Number: 05 1214 036

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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ABSTRACT

Maharsi, Vinsensia Tyas. (2009). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Translated Woman Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Code-switching is a common phenomenon in multilingual society. People who are bilingual or multilingual may switch from one code to another code to make communication smooth. This phenomenon is also popular in language learning. In the learning process, code-switching may support and obstruct language acquisition.

This study was written to analyze the types of English code-switching existing in Cosmopolitan magazines, Female magazines and Herworld magazines as samples of Indonesian translated woman magazines. The other objectives were also to identify the possible reasons for English code-switching in the target magazines and to find the possible implications of English code-switching towards the target readers’ process to acquire English as foreign language.

To conduct the research, the writer employed document analysis to analyze the types of code-switching and conducted library study to analyze the possible reasons and possible implications of English code-switching on language learning. First, the researcher read through all the data. Second, the writer classified the data into four categories. Third, the writer organized the data on the observation form. Then, the researcher analyzed and categorized the data. Finally, the researcher made the interpretation of the data.

After obtaining all the data and going through in-depth analyses, the researcher came to four findings. First, there were six types of code-switching. They are diglossic code-switching, whole sentence code-switching, clause code-switching, phrase code-switching, single-word code-switching and integrated loanwords. The findings showed that the most frequent type in occurrence was single-word switching, whereas diglossic switching was the least frequent type of code-switching. Second, there were two possible reasons for English code-switching in the target magazines. They were special terms related to certain topics under discussion and to build close relationship between the editors and the readers of the magazines. Third, code-switching that were grammatically acceptable in English may support English language learning but code-switching that were grammatically unacceptable in English may obstruct English language learning. Fourth, there were some English words that were fully adopted to Indonesian language.

Since English code-switching can facilitate as well as obstruct the English acquisition process, the writer would like to suggest that target readers should be more careful in exposing English code-switching phenomenon as samples of foreign language happened in magazines they read.

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ABSTRAK

Maharsi, Vinsensia Tyas. (2009). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Translated Woman Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode merupakan fenomena yang biasa dalam situasi multilingual. Orang-orang dwibahasa atau multi bahasa melakukan alih kode dari satu kode ke kode yang lain untuk menciptakan komunikasi yang luwes. Fenomena ini juga biasa terjadi dalam pembelajaran bahasa. Dalam proses pembelajaran, alih kode dapat mendukung dan menghambat penguasaan suatu bahasa.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa tipe-tipe alih kode bahasa Inggris yang terjadi dalam majalah Cosmopolitan, Female dan Herworld yang merupakan contoh dari majalah wanita terjemahan di Indonesia. Tujuan yang lain adalah juga untuk mengidentifikasi kemungkinan alasan-alasan penggunaan alih kode bahasa Inggris dalam majalah tersebut dan menemukan kemungkinan implikasi dari alih kode bahasa Inggris terhadap proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing untuk para pembacanya.

Untuk melakukan penelitian, penulis memakai analisa dokumen untuk menganalisa tipe-tipe alih kode dan melakukan studi pustaka untuk manganalisa kemungkinan alasan dan kemungkinan implikasi alih kode bahasa Inggris terhadap proses pembelajaran bahasa. Pertama, penulis membaca semua data. Kedua, penulis menggolongkan data menjadi empat kategori. Ketiga, penulis mengumpulkan data dalam lembar observasi. Kemudian, penulis menganalisa dan mengelompokkan data. Terakhir, penulis dapat mengintepretasikan data.

Setelah mendapatkan seluruh data dan melewati analisa yang mendalam, penulis mendapatkan empat temuan. Pertama, terdapat enam tipe alih kode yaitu

diglossic code-switching, alih kode yang berupa kalimat utuh, alih kode yang berupa klausa, alih kode yang berupa frasa, alih kode yang berupa satu kata dan integrated loanwords. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tipe yang paling sering muncul dalam majalah-majalah tersebut adalah single-word code-switching, sedangkan diglossic code-switching adalah tipe yang paling jarang muncul. Kedua, terdapat dua alasan saja yang mungkin dalam penggunaan alih kode bahasa Inggris dalam majalah-majalah tersebut yaitu beberapa istilah khusus terkait topik yang dibahas dan untuk membangun hubungan yang akrab antara editor dan pembaca majalah-majalah tersebut. Ketiga, alih kode yang secara gramatika bisa diterima dalam bahasa Inggris yang mungkin dapat membantu proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. sedangkan alih kode yang secara gramatika tidak sesuai dengan bahasa Inggris sehingga mungkin menghambat pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Keempat, terdapat beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang sudah diadaptasi ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.

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para pembaca untuk lebih teliti dalam mengkaji fenomena alih kode bahasa Inggris sebagai contoh bahasa asing dalam majalah yang dibaca.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis is meant to be a partial fulfillment of the requirements to obtain the

Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Education.

First of all, I would like to give my immeasurable thanks to God, for His

blessings that this thesis can be completed. I thank Him for the health and every

single thing that He prepared for me.

Secondly, I would mostly like to thank FX. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd. for

his willingness to guide me since I was admitted in this University until I could finish

this thesis. I thank him for giving me suggestions, corrections and encouragement.

My gratitude also goes to all lecturers in Sanata Dharma University for all their

knowledge and guidance during my four-year study.

My special thanks are due to my parents, Paulus Hari Bawono and Maria

Magdalena Endang, for their greatest attention and support so that I can complete my

study and my thesis. Also to my brothers, I thank them for giving me encouragement.

I learn much from them.

Next, my thanks go to all my friends, especially Wahyu, who always gives me

support to finish my study soon. I thank for his patience. I also thank Dee, Dea, and

Fidel, who have been my partners during this thesis, Ria, I thank her for letting me

type in her house, Leoni, EESP 07, her dictionary really helped me. Siska ‘Ncrut,

Putri, Intan, Bondan, Andre, Ezra, Endru, and all EESP 05’s, I thank them for all their

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Last, I would like to thank Kanisius LLC family, Miss Lia, Miss Flora, Miss

Valen, Miss Emil, Miss Tiar and mbak Agnes. I also thank Wong Production family,

mas Ary Leon, Fauzi, Merly, mas Dhadiek, mas Yuli ‘Cumi’, mas Ryan and mas

Agung, who have given me many chances to develop myself. I thank them for the

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 3.1 Checklist Form of Types of Code-Switching……… 22

Table 4.1 The Number of Diglossic Code-Switching Cases………. 26

Table 4.2 The Number of Single-Word Code-Switching Cases……… 27

Table 4.3 The Most Frequent Single-Word Code-Switching in Advertisement

Category……… 28

Table 4.4 The Most Frequent Single-Word Code-Switching in Feature Category 29

Table 4.5 The Most Frequent Single-Word Code-Switching in News Category... 31

Table 4.6 The Most Frequent Single-Word Code-Switching in Opinion

Table 4.7 The Number of Phrase Code-Switching Cases……….. 32

Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-Switching in Advertisement

Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-Switching in Feature Category…….. 35

Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-Switching in News Category……... 36

Table 4.11 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-Switching in Opinion Category…... 37

Table 4.12 The Number of Clause Code-Switching Cases……… 38

Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Clause Code-Switching in Advertisement

Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Clause Code-Switching in Feature Category…... 40

Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Clause Code-Switching in News Category…….. 41

Table 4.16 The Most Frequent Clause Code-Switching in Opinion Category….. 42

Table 4.17 The Number of Whole Sentence Code-Switching Cases………. 42

Table 4.18 The Most Frequent Whole Sentence Code-Switching in

Advertisement Category………... 43

Table 4.19 The Most Frequent Whole Sentence Code-Switching in Feature

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Table 4.20 The Most Frequent Whole Sentence Code-Switching in News

Table 4.21 The Most Frequent Whole Sentence Code-Switching in Opinion

Table 4.22 The Number of Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching Cases……… 47

Table 4.23 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Advertisement

Table 4.24 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Feature Category ……. 49

Table 4.25 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in News Category………. 49

Table 4.26 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Opinion Category……. 50

Table 4.27 Examples of Misspelled Words in the Target Magazines……… 55

Table 4.28 Examples of Separated Phrases which were Written Together in the

Target Magazines……….. 55

Table 4.29 Examples of Plural Nouns which were Written Twice in the Target

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching………. 62

Appendix 2 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in

Advertisement of Cosmopolitan Magazines……… 63

Advertisement of Female Magazines……….….. 64

Advertisement of Herworld Magazines………... 65

Appendix 5 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature of

Cosmopolitan Magazines………. 66

Appendix 6 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature of

Female Magazines…... 67

Appendix 7 Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature of Herworld

Magazines……… 68

Appendix 8 Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News of Cosmopolitan

Appendix 9 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News of

Female Magazines……… 70

Appendix 10 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News of

Herworld Magazines……… 71

Appendix 11 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion of

Female Magazines………... 73

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Appendix 14 Sample of Single-word, Phrase, Whole Sentence and

Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Cosmopolitan Magazines….. 75

Appendix 15 Sample of Single-word, Phrase and Clause Code-switching in

Appendix 16 Sample of Diglossic Code-switching in Cosmopolitan

Appendix 17 Sample of Single-word, Phrase and Integrated Loanwords

Code-switching in Female Magazines………. 78

Appendix 18 Sample of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Whole Sentence and

Diglossic Code-switching in Female Magazines………. 79

Appendix 19 Sample of Diglossic Code-switching in Female Magazines…... 80

Appendix 20 Sample of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Whole Sentence and

Diglossic Code-switching in Herworld Magazines………. 81

Appendix 21 Sample of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Herworld

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1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher describes six underlying issues namely

research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research

objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. It provides background and

main rationale in conducting the research.

A. Research Background

Nowadays, the need of information becomes the basic need for people to

stay up to date. As a result, there are a lot of information sources such as

newspapers, magazines, TV stations, and internet websites which provide

information that people need. In addition, people need the latest information to

keep themselves in touch with the world. In the middle of the high-speed

advances of technology of the electronic information media such as television and

internet, people are still interested in gaining information they need from printed

mass media like newspapers and magazines.

In order to fulfill the needs of information among women, at present, many

kinds of woman magazines are published. However, each of them has its own

target readers. For example, there are magazines for teenage girl and magazines

for adult women.

One interesting language feature that can be found in woman magazines is

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together with Indonesian to construct interesting language expressions. For

example, the word fashion in these magazines is used frequently. In fact, in Indonesian language, people can say busana but Indonesians prefer using the word fashion to the word busana.

This phenomenon of alternation between languages was defined by linguists

as code-switching. “These code-switches can take place between or even within

sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of words” (Spolsky. 1998).

People often switch between two languages in the middle of their conversation.

Code switching also happens often in written texts.

Based on the phenomenon above, the writer would like to focus her attention

on code-switching happened in the translated woman magazines in Indonesia. She

wanted to investigate the reasons for code-switching and the implications towards

English education.

B. Problem Formulation

There are three questions which are addressed to this study:

1. What are the types of English code-switching in Indonesian translated woman

magazines?

2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated

woman magazines?

3. What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated

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C. Problem Limitation

The research analyses are limited to code-switching that existed in translated

woman magazines. The topic ‘code-switching’ was chosen because it has an

important role in communication. Meanwhile, for the subject, the researcher

selected three editions of each translated woman magazines.

Because of the great numbers of magazines, the writer has selected three

translated woman magazines. Those magazines are COSMOPOLITAN,

HERWORLD, and FEMALE.

D. Research Objectives

The objectives of this study are:

1. To find out the types of English code-switching exist in Indonesian translated

woman magazines.

2. To find out the possible reasons for English code-switching in Indonesian

translated woman magazines.

3. To find out whether English code-switching in Indonesian translated woman

magazines may obstruct or support the teaching learning process.

E. Research Benefits

The researcher hopes that this study will benefit readers, especially English

teachers and learners. Also, the results of this study is hoped to give an overview

for teachers to be able to anticipate whether code-switching that exist in translated

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learners, this study will hopefully help them to have broader knowledge about

code-switching and provide them with some code-switching models from

COSMOPOLITAN, HERWORLD, and FEMALE magazines.

Hopefully, this study will give contribution to English language literature on

code-switching, especially that exist in translated woman magazines.

F. Definition of Terms 1. Code-switching

According to The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Vol. 10, code-switching refers to “the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or

dialects” (p. 581). According to Valdes – Fallis (1977), as cited by Duran in The Journal in Educational Issues of Language Minority Student, code-switching means the use of two languages concurrently or interchangeably. It shows the

degree of competence in the languages.

2. Indonesian Translated Woman Magazine

According to Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, magazine means “a periodic paperback publication containing written pieces and

illustrations”. Magazine in this study means periodical publication which contains

various editorial pieces, such as articles, short stories, interviews, photographic

essays, or poems.

In this study, the writer will focus only on Indonesian translated woman

magazines. Indonesian translated magazines itself refer to magazines which assert

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Indonesian. The topics of articles are corresponding to women’s favorites. The

language which is matched to the women’s language style or dialect is important

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is devoted to give the base of theoretical ground of the thesis. It

comprises of two major parts, theoretical description and theoretical framework.

A. Theoretical Description

The discussion of the subheading includes the nature of code-switching that

presents definitions of code-switching, the types of code-switching, in which from

different linguists, and the reasons for code-switching as well as the relation of

code-switching to English teaching and learning.

1. Linguistics

Linguistics definitions are changing from narrow speech orientation which

focuses on form in isolation from context to a more social perspective of language

uses. There are some definitions of linguistics provided in different linguistics

books. However, the writer would like to apply a definition from Finegan:

“linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language – into

its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the development

and acquisition of language” (Finegan, 2004: 24).

Nowadays, linguists put great emphasis on studying larger portions of

language in context included functions and language influence on the language

choice. According to Finegan (2004: 25), “language is often defined as an

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However, there is important fact that language is more than communication. “It is

social action, with work to perform” (Finegan, 2004: 25). In addition, all aspects

of language are directed to create meaning. Therefore, second-language teachers

need to know that there are particular times to help their students in assisting the

language learning process, for examples, in understanding the meaning of written

texts and language use in a certain context.

2. Sociolinguistics

One part of linguistics study is sociolinguistics. It is “the study of

relationship between language use and the structure of society” (Radford, 1999:

16). As Radford stated on his book Linguistics: An Introduction, it considers some factors which maintain that they are essential to an understanding of both structure

and function of the language used in a situation. Those factors are social

backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the relationship between speaker and

addressee and the context and manner of the interaction (Radford, 1999: 16).

Therefore, in order to build good communication with others, people have to

modify their language used in communication. For example, a teacher may

change his or her language to the students’ language proficiency to make the

massage conveyed properly. This is what is called teacher talk. In multilingual

situations people often juxtaposed two or more codes in one utterance. This

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3. Code-switching

a. Definition of Code-switching

There have been many definitions of code-switching provided by different

linguists. The writer quoted three of them written by Gardner (1997), Wardhaugh

(1992), and Hoffman (1991). The writer adopted those definitions as the

consideration of her own interpretation.

The first definition was taken from Gardner’s (1997). She states

“code-switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same

conversation or utterances” (Gardner, 1997: 361). Since most people speak more

than one language in their daily lives, therefore, Gardner (1997) explains that such

action is considered common in many parts of situations where people are native

bilingual or multilingual. This explanation is supported by Duran’s (1994). He

states that in a multilingual context, code-switching is a common phenomenon.

People who are capable in speaking two or more languages are consciously or

unconsciously substitute phrases or words of a language to another language.

Code-switching may help a speaker of one language to support his thinking and

communication (Duran, 1994). When he could not find representative word to

explain something or simply is not able to utter particular expression in a

language, he may borrow phrases or words from another language to make his

communication smooth.

Code-switching can also be defined as “a conversational strategy used to

establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change

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In a circumstance where speakers of various languages are having the same

necessity gather in one speech context, code-switching allows them to accomplish

their purpose effectively and understand each other better.

He also states that “it is unusual for a speaker to have command of, or use,

only one such code or system” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Since, bilingualism and

multilingualism are the norm for many people throughout the world, Gardner’s

(1997) idea above is supported by Wardhaugh’s (1992) that people have to select

a particular language whenever they speak and they may also choose to switch

from one language to another language or to mix the languages. In addition,

Wardhaugh (1992) also states that people might not be aware that they switch or

using certain code to discuss a particular topic.

The next definition of code-switching was written by Hoffmann (1991). She

says that code-switching “involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic

varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation” (Hoffmann,

1991: 110).

Based on the above definitions, the writer defines: “code-switching as a

common behavior of people using more than one language in the same

conversation in bilingual or multilingual situations”.

b. The Types of Code-switching

Every linguist has their own point of view in defining code-switching as

well as in classifying the types of code-switching. Since the various points of view

might be influenced by certain factors, the differences in classifying the types of

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According to McCormick (1994), based on the length of juxtaposed

utterances, there are six types of switching. They are diglossic

code-switching, situational code-code-switching, metaphoric code-code-switching, conversational

code-switching, single-word code-switching and integrated loanwords.

Diglossia is a feature of speech community rather than individuals (Holmes,

2001:30). In a diglossic situation, two languages are used for different functions in

a speech community. In addition, one language is used for H or high function and

the other is for L or low function. Therefore, diglossic code-switching means a

kind of code-switching which has the longest juxtaposed utterance that is a whole

discourse.

Situational code-switching is “the codes may be perceived as different but

be equally valued, and similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds

other than prestige” (McCormick, 1994:582). The third type is metaphoric

code-switching, which occurs in “whole conversation, each within one role

relationship” (McCormick, 1994: 581). It happens where there are no clear

illustrative reasons explaining the specific switches. There is no new person, no

change in the context or the topic (Holmes, 2001: 41).

The next type is conversational code-switching. It differs from situational

code-switching “in that its occurrence is not dependant on a change of

interlocutors’ topic or situation” (McCormick, 1994: 583). In addition, there are

three smaller types of conversational code-switching. First, it is called whole

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statement, question, or a command that begins with a capital letter and ends with a

full stop when written down” (Sinclair, 2001). Thus, this type of code-switching

occurs in the form of a full sentence.

The second type of conversational code-switching is clause code-switching

which happened within a sentence in form of a clause. According to Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, clause is “a group of words, consisting of a subject and a predicate including a finite verb, that does not

necessarily constitute a sentence” (Sinclair, 2001). Clause “may be either a

sentence (independent clause) or a sentence-like construction included within

another sentence (dependent clause)” (Nordquist. 2001). The last type of

conversational code-switching is phrase code-switching. According to Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, a phrase is “a group of words forming a unit of meaning in a sentence” (Sinclair, 2001).

Single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It

“generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical

need” (Holmes, 2001: 42). People borrow words from another language to

express a particular thing or term when there is no word available in the language

they are using. For example, Indonesian often say printer instead of alat cetak. The last type of code-switching is integrated loanwords, which occur

between morphemes (McCormick, 1994: 581). It is a mixture of two morphemes

of different codes to express a term, for example meng-update instead of

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Gumperz (1982), as cited by Gardner and Chloros (1997), identifies 2

categories of code-switching: situational and conversational code-switching. He

states, situational code-switching “refers to language switches which coincide

with a change of interlocutor, setting or topic” (1997: 361) while conversational

code-switching does not necessarily correspond with those changes but is caused

“by factors within the conversation itself” (1997: 361). When a change carried a

particular suggestive purpose, it is called metaphorical code-switching as the

subdivision of conversational code-switching.

Additionally, Wardhaugh (1992) shares similar classification about the types

of code-switching to Gardner’s (1997). He describes two types of code-switching:

situational and metaphorical switching. He defines situational

switching as changes that occur according to the situation. In this kind of

code-switching, no topic change is involved and the speakers are aware of the change.

On the other hand, when a change of topic requires a change of language, it is

called metaphorical code-switching.

A bit different from those two points of view, Hoffmann’s (1991) shows that

there are many types of code-switching by providing some examples. The first

type is intra-sentential switches that contain changes within a sentence. While,

when the changes occur between sentences, it is called inter-sentential switches.

The last type is called emblematic switching which includes “items such as tags or

exclamations serving as an emblem of the bilingual character” (Hoffmann, 1991:

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c. The Reasons for Code-switching

Code-switching is a language phenomenon that is considered common in

many areas in the world. However, people switch their language from certain

language to another with some reasons. As Wardhaugh (1992) states in his book

that there are three common reasons for people to switch their code. “A number of

answers have been suggested including solidarity with listeners, choice of topic,

and perceived social and cultural distance” (Wardhaugh ,1992: 106). By switching

the code, people are trying to include the listeners to their conversation.

Moreover, the topic discussed also affects the choice of code. People might

change their language depends on the topic they are talking about because it

would be easier to discuss particular topics in a certain code than another. The

different kinds of relationships are often shown by different codes used. For

example relation between teacher and students are more formal than neighbor or

friends. Therefore, the languages they used are also different.

According to Holmes (2001: 25-26), there are five reasons for

code-switching: topic, social distance, status relationship, formality and function or

goal of the interaction. Certain topics may commonly be discussed in one code

than another, in particular, for technical topics like sports where people are more

familiar to say offside because there is no exact term in Indonesian to explain

offside term. Holmes also said that some topics “… are firmly associated with a particular code and the topic itself can trigger a switch to the appropriate code”

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Other reasons for code-switching are presented by Hoffmann (1991). She

writes in her book An Introduction to Bilingualism that “the reasons for code-switching are manifold” (1991: 115). From the examples that she provided, many

reasons are contextual, situational and personal class. She describes that switching

normally happens when the speaker is quoting someone else. As Holmes referred

to “referentially oriented code switch” (2001: 37) which is used to emphasize

precise massage content. The second reason is that when the speaker is being

emphatic about something. The last reason, in addition, is that when the speaker

repeats their utterance for clarification.

Some additional reasons for code-switching are explained by Oksaar (1974),

Poplack (1980) and Calsamiglia and Tusón (1984) as cited by Hoffmann (1991)

said that people might switch their code to express their group identity and to

show solidarity with a certain group.

d. Code-switching and Language Learning

Social factors, as stated by Ellis (1997) on his book Second Language Acquisition, have an indirect effect, influencing the communication the learners engage in and through this rate and possibly the route of interlanguage

development. One of the external factors to explain why learners acquire an L2 in

certain ways is input or “the samples of language to which a learner is exposed”

(Ellis, 1997: 5) that they receive. However, interactionist theories of L2

acquisition acknowledge the importance of input and internal language

processing. Therefore, “if learner discourse can be shown to have special

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1997: 45). Just like caretakers modify the way they speak to children learning

their first language, so do native speakers modify their speech when they are

communicating with learners. This phenomenon is evident in both input and

interaction.

There was a study that has investigated that phenomenon called foreigner

talk, “the language that native speakers use when addressing non-native speakers”

(Ellis, 1997: 45). There are two types of foreigner talk that can be identified. First,

it is called ungrammatical foreign talk. Ungrammatical foreign talk is

characterized by the deletion of certain grammatical features such as copula be,

modal verbs and articles. In addition, it can be indicated by the using of base form

of verbs instead of the past tense form and the using of special constructions such

as ‘no + verb’ (Ellis, 1997: 45). Ungrammatical foreign talk’s features or forms are normally the same as those in the learners’ L1.

The second type is grammatical foreigner talk. In this type, it can be

acknowledged as a variety of modification of native speakers’ talk to other native

speakers. First, it is conveyed at slower rate. Second, the input is simplified by

using shorter sentences, avoiding the use of subordinate clauses, and omitting

complex grammatical forms. Third, it uses the basic forms by using a full forms

rather than the contracted one. The last type of modifications is that it sometimes

involves the lengthening of phrases to make the meaning clearer.

Furthermore, according to Krashen’s (1993) input hypothesis as cited in

Ellis (1997) second language acquisition happens when a learner comprehends

(33)

situational context to make massages clear and through the kinds of input

modifications found in foreigner talk” (Ellis, 1997: 85). Therefore, when L2

learners receive acceptable input of the target language, they would be able to

produce the correct utterances.

B. Theoretical Framework

A phenomenon that people may switch to a certain language frequently

happened in the society. Since this study investigated English code-switching

phenomenon in written form, the writer employed four out of six types of

code-switching based on the length of juxtaposed utterances proposed by McCormick

(1994). Those are diglossia, conversational switching, single-word

code-switching, and integrated loanwords. The other two types of code-code-switching,

situational and metaphorical code-switching, were omitted because those types

only exist in oral communication. Conversational code-switching itself, however,

is divided into three smaller classes based on the length of juxtaposed utterances

which are called phrase code-switching, whole sentences code-switching and

whole clauses code-switching.

Then, to account for the possible reasons for code-switching in the target

magazines, the writer employed two reasons from Holmes (2001). Those are

choice of topics and social distance between the writers of the articles in the

magazines and the readers.

Finally, to answer the third question of this study, the writer employed a

(34)

foreigner talk. The first modification is grammatical talk which may facilitate the

second language acquisition. The second modification is ungrammatical foreigner

(35)

18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises research method, research participants, research

instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research

procedure.

A. Research Method

The underlying reason of choosing one research method over another is

based on the research problems and the possibility of answering those problems. It

is a field research, which is done to find the types and reasons for code switching

in translated woman magazines in Indonesia.

In many areas of investigation, documents are important sources of data

(Best, 1981). Since this study was conducted to comprehend a written language

phenomenon in society, in this case code switching, the methodology used in this

study was document analysis as a kind of qualitative research. Qualitative

research, as Fraenkel says (1993: 380), “is a kind of research study that

investigates the quality of relationship, activities, or materials”. In documentary

analysis, reports, printed forms, books, newspapers, bulletins, films, and pictures

might be used as the sources of data. In this case, the writer chose translated

woman magazines in Indonesia as the subject of the research. One of the typical

steps of qualitative research using content analysis as stated by Leedy and Ormrod

(36)

studied”. Since there are great numbers of translated woman magazines in

Indonesia, the researcher selected purposive sampling to decide the magazines

which would be taken as the subject of the research. To answer the second and

third questions, the writer conducted library study to gaining related theories.

B. Research Subjects

The population is three editions of three translated women magazines. Those

are:

1. COSMOPOLITAN magazines

COSMOPOLITAN is a magazine originated from United States. It has been

translated into more than 34 languages. This monthly magazine presents

information for women such as beauty, fashion, events reports, health and other

articles.

2. HERWORLD magazines

HERWORLD is a monthly magazine from Singapore. It offers fashion and

beauty update, tips in the working area, entertainment and other articles.

3. FEMALE magazines

FEMALE is a magazine from Singapore. This is a monthly magazine which

provides women with lots of information such as fashion news, tips around beauty

and marriage, places report, lifestyle and other articles.

The writer chose three month editions orderly to avoid the repetition of

topics discussed in those magazines. In addition, the number of the magazines as

(37)

explain the existence of code switching in translated woman magazines in

Indonesia. They were HERWORLD magazine December 2008, HERWORLD

magazine January 2009, HERWORLD magazine February 2009,

COSMOPLITAN magazine January 2009, COSMOPLITAN magazine February

2009, COSMOPOLITAN magazine March 2009, FEMALE magazine January

2009, FEMALE magazine February 2009 and FEMALE magazine March 2009.

C. Research Instrument

“A second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the

researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and data analysis”

(Merriam, 2002). Therefore, the instrument that the writer chose to be used to

examine code-switching in the three translated woman magazines was the

researcher herself. According to Leedy and Omrod (2005: 31) human mind is an

important tool of a research since “its functioning dwarfs to all other gadgetry.

Nothing equals its power of comprehension, integrative reasoning, and insight”.

D. Data Gathering Technique

The data were obtained from the researcher’s observation to the three

magazines chosen. The researcher looked up code-switching cases in those data

sources. The observation was done in three steps. The first step was the researcher

designed the observation form to list every code-switching phenomenon exists in

(38)

The second step was the researcher classified the articles on the magazines

into four categories. They were news, opinion, feature, and advertisement. The

first category was news which means “new information or report of what has

recently happened” (Hornby, 1974). In this study, an article was considered as

news when it contained 5W+1H questions to answer. The second category was

opinion. As Hornby stated opinion is “belief or judgement not founded on

complete knowledge; views, beliefs, of a group; or professional estimate or

advice”. The next category was feature which means “prominent article or subject

in a newspaper” (Hornby, 1974). This category included any special articles in the

magazines. The last category was advertisement which means “public

announcement (in press, TV, etc)” (Hornby. 1974).

The last step, after obtaining the classification, the researcher identified any

code-switching cases in the magazines by using scanning reading and then listed

every code-switching case on the observation form.

E. Data Analysis Technique

In order to gain qualified findings, the researcher would focus on every

English language element written in the target magazines. The basic steps after

getting the data from the researcher’s observation were:

1. The researcher organized the data by classifying the code-switching cases

into six categories, those were morpheme, single-word, phrase, clause, sentence,

(39)

the observation form. It was a checklist of types of code-switching adapted from

McCormick (1994).

Table 3.1 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-Switching

Types of CS

CS Page CS case

D SW P C WS IL

Note:

D : Diglossic SW : Single Word P : Phrase C : Clause WS : Whole Sentence

IL : Integrated Loanwords CS : Code-switching

2. After the identification process of code-switching types in the target

magazines was finished, the writer counted the number of code-switching

happened in each classification of types and then counting the percentage of each

of it. In addition, to make the data classification easier, the researcher employed a

computer program, Concordance 3.20, to count the single word and phrase

code-switching frequency existing in the target magazines.

3. The writer analyzed the possible reasons for English code-switching.

Furthermore, to observe the reasons for code-switching the writer also employed

Holmes’ (2001) theory on reasons for code-switching and

4. After analyzing the possible reasons, the writer employed theory of input

proposed by Ellis (1997) to analyze whether the code-switching cases in the target

(40)

5. The writer summarized the data and presenting the summary in an

organizational idea like table or figure.

F. Research Procedure

This section described the procedure of this study which were organized and

done to obtain deep comprehension of the phenomenon being studied. There were

six steps conducted to accomplish the research.

1. Selecting the Target Magazine

There were three editions of each magazine used as the subject in this study

since they had been able to represent the existing phenomenon in translated

woman magazines in Indonesia. The writer chose the subject orderly to avoid the

repetition of the topic discussed.

2. Designing the Observation Form

It was important to formulate the observation in the very beginning of the

research. Observation form was needed to accommodate the data of

switching cases from the target magazines. They were used to list all of the

code-switching cases found in the magazines.

3. Listing the Code-switching Cases on the Observation Form

After the observation form was designed, the code-switching identification

could be conducted. Since most of the borrowed language elements were

italicized, the writer gained much help in this process. Every code-switching case

found in the magazines was listed on the observation forms.

(41)

The data listed on the observation forms were directly analyzed to find the

types according to the categories employed in this study.

5. Identifying the Possible Reasons for Code-switching

Analyzing the type of code-switching, the writer, then, identified the reasons

for code-switching in the target magazines based on the theory by some linguists.

The writer’s personal interpretations were also important in this process.

6. Identifying the Possible Implications of Code-switching Phenomenon towards English Education

Implementing the theory of Second Language Acquisitions, the writer

observed whether or not the code-switching cases in the target magazines support

the English education.

7. Making Conclusions Based on the Findings

The results of the steps were concluded in this step. They were the answers

(42)

25

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter includes the research findings and the discussions on the types

of switching, the reasons for switching and the implications of

code-switching towards the English learning process.

A. Types of Code-switching

After doing the calculation, the researcher found the number of

code-switching cases. According to the types of code-code-switching that the writer proposed

to discuss in this study, there were six types of code-switching cases found in the

Indonesian translated woman magazines.

1. Diglossic Code-switching

Based on the length of juxtaposed utterances, the first type of

code-switching is diglossic code-code-switching, which has the longest juxtaposed utterance

that is a whole discourse. This type of code-switching mostly happened in

advertisement category. It might be done in purpose to attract readers, which are

women, to read the magazines since most of the advertisement were beauty

products and fashion items. In Cosmopolitan magazines, this type of

code-switching occurred 37 times, 36 times in Female magazines and 35 times in

(43)

Table 4.1 The Number of Diglossic Code-switching Cases

Categories Magazines

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

Cosmopolitan 34 1 - 2

Female 28 5 3 -

Herworld 33 - - 2

a. Advertisement

In Cosmopolitan magazines, there were 34 cases of diglossic code-switching

existing in advertisement category. Out of 34 cases appearing in this category,

there were only three cases that emerged twice. Moreover, the rest just happened

once.

Female magazines had the least number of diglossic code-switching cases

which were 28 cases in this category. In addition, there was only one case

happened twice and another case happened three times.

In Herworld magazines, 33 diglossic code-switching cases were found in

advertisement category. Out of 33 cases occurring in this category, there was only

one case happening three times and another case happening twice. Furthermore,

the rest emerged once.

b. Feature

In Cosmopolitan magazines, there was only one case of diglossic

code-switching found in this category. While in Female magazines, there were five

diglossic code-switching cases discovered in feature category. In addition, none of

them existed more than once. On the contrary, there was no case of diglossic

(44)

c. News

The least number of diglossic code-switching cases occurred in this category

and it was found only in Female magazines. There were three cases found in news

category of Female magazines. Since it is news category, the writer of the news

must intend to make the readers fully understand the content of the news by lessen

the existence of the use of code-switching.

d. Opinion

In this category, diglossic code-switching happened only in the two target

magazines which were Cosmopolitan and Herworld magazines. There were two

cases in each of those two magazines. While in Female, this type did not exist.

2. Single-word Code-switching

This type of code-switching is also called lexical borrowing. There were

2614 cases existing in Cosmopolitan magazines, 2075 cases in Female magazines

and 2333 cases in Herworld magazines. The writer also presented the number of

single word code-switching in every category in the target magazines in table 4.2.

Table 4.2 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases

Advertisement Feature News Opinion Cosmopolitan 477 1321 481 335 Female 572 905 504 94

Herworld 704 915 586 128

Cosmopolitan magazines had the least number of single-word

(45)

category. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in

advertisement category were noun words.

In Female magazines, there were 572 single-word code-switching cases

occurring in advertisement category. In addition, the most frequent single-word

cases that happened in advertisement category were noun words.

Herworld magazines had the most number of single-word code-switching

cases in this category. There were 704 cases found in this category. Moreover, the

most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement category were noun

words.

In addition, table 4.3 showed some single-word code-switching which

existed frequently in the advertisement category of the target magazines.

Table 4.3 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement Category

Magazines Single-word examples Total amount

Makeup 19 Foundation 11

Clutch Shampoo

10

Styling Cosmopolitan

Conditioner

9

Makeup 24 Clutch

Conditioner Hairdryer

11 Female

Fashion 10

Cupcakes 20 Pancake 18 Shopping 15 Fashion 14 Herworld

(46)

b. Feature

This category contained the most number of single-word code-switching

cases in all of the magazines. Cosmopolitan magazines had the most number of

single-word code-switching cases in feature category. There were 1321

discovered in this category. In addition, the most frequent single-word

code-switching cases that occurred in feature category were noun words.

Female magazines had the least number of single-word code-switching cases

in feature category. There were 905 cases found in this category. Moreover, the

most frequent single-word code-switching cases that happened in feature category

were noun words.

In Herworld magazines, 915 cases of single-word code-switching were

found in this category. Additionally, the most frequent single-word

code-switching cases that emerged in feature category were noun words.

occurred frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.

Table 4.4 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature Category

You 78 Tip 76 Foundation 41

Eyeliner 38 Cosmopolitan

Film 28 Fashion 49

Makeup 36

Tips 34

Film 33

Female

Feature 23

(47)

Continued from page 29

Fashion 24 Feature 21 Backstabber 20

Womanizer 18 Food

Herworld

Film

12

c. News

In Cosmopolitan magazines, single-word code-switching were found

infrequently. There were 481 single-word code-switching cases appearing in this

category. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases

that existed in news category were noun words.

In Female magazines, there were 504 cases of single-word code-switching

found in this category. In addition, the most frequent single-word code-switching

cases that occurred in news category were noun words.

Herworld magazines had the most number of single-word code-switching

cases happening in news category. There were 586 cases established in this

category. Furthermore, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that

emerged in news category were noun words.

(48)

Table 4.5 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News Category

Film 32 You 18 Well 10 News

Cosmopolitan

Love

9

Fashion 22 Treatment 16

Makeup Film

14 Female

Facial 10 Fashion 28 Single 9 Beauty

Brand

8 Herworld

Body 7

d. Opinion

This category contained the least number of single-word code-switching

cases in those three magazines. Out of the target magazines, Cosmopolitan

magazines had the most number of cases which were 335 cases in this category.

Additionally, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that existed in

opinion category were noun words.

On the contrary, Female magazines had the least number of single-word

code-switching cases in opinion category. There were 94 cases in this category.

Moreover, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that happened in

opinion category were noun words.

In Herworld magazines, there were 128 cases of single-word code-switching

in opinion category and the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that

(49)

existed frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.

Table 4.6 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion Category

Magazines Single-word examples Total amount Who Where 32 Makeup 11 Sexy 10 Cosmopolitan Skanky 8 Do 16 Not 10 Foundation 8 Cocktail Female Fashion 3 Beauty Creamy Foundation 4 Dear Herworld Debate 3

3. Phrase Code-switching

The third type that will be discussed is phrase code-switching. This type of

code-switching happened mostly in Cosmopolitan magazines. There were 2198

cases in Cosmopolitan magazines, 1850 cases in Female magazines and 2065

cases in Herworld magazines. Table 4.7 explained the detailed number of phrase

code-switching cases in each category.

Table 4.7 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases

Advertisement Feature News Opinion Cosmopolitan 747 877 343 231 Female 647 664 492 47

(50)

In this category, Cosmopolitan magazines contained the most number of

phrase code-switching cases which were 747 cases. In addition, the most frequent

phrase code-switching cases that happened in advertisement category were noun

phrases.

In contrast, phrase code-switching cases were rarely found in Female

magazines. There were 647 cases in advertisement category. Furthermore, the

most frequent phrase code-switching cases that existed in advertisement category

were noun phrases.

In Herworld magazines, there were 708 cases of phrase code-switching

existing in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase

code-switching cases that occurred in advertisement category were noun phrases.

In addition, table 4.8 showed some phrase code-switching which happened

frequently in the advertisement category of the target magazines.

Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement Category

Magazines Phrase examples Total amount Price upon request 93 Fun Fearless Fashion 19 Hand bag 8 Eye shadow 7 Cosmopolitan

Blow dry 6 Beauty beat 26 Fashion Beat 17 Blow dry 7 Note Book

Female

Peep toe

6

(51)

Continued from page 33

Editor’s Choice 13 Reader’s Choice 11 Beauty Awards 9

Beauty puff 5 Style guy

Herworld

Butter cream

4

b. Feature

The most cases of phrase code-switching happened in this category of the

magazines. Additionally, Cosmopolitan magazines experienced the most cases

which were 877 cases. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase

code-switching cases that appeared in feature category were noun phrases.

On the contrary, Female magazines had the least number of phrase

code-switching cases in feature category. There were 664 cases happened in this part.

Moreover, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that existed in feature

category were noun phrases.

In Herworld magazines, 756 cases of phrase code-switching were found in

this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases

that emerged in feature category were noun phrases.

In addition, table 4.9 showed some phrase code-switching which occurred

(52)

Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature Category

Magazines Phrase examples Total amount Eye shadow 38 Man Manual 21 Mr. Happy 14

Miss Cheerful Cosmopolitan Common Mistake 10 Eye shadow Beauty Beat 12

Fashion Beat 9 Signature Style

Female

One night stand

8

Work smart 18 Work hard 14 Work life 9

Makeup artist Herworld

Pre-wedding jitters

8

c. News

In this category, phrase code-switching were found infrequently in

Cosmopolitan magazines. There were 343 cases of phrase code-switching

happening in news category of Cosmopolitan magazines. In addition, the most

frequent phrase code-switching cases that appeared in news category were noun

phrases.

In Female magazines, there were 492 phrase code-switching cases found in

this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching that

emerged in news category were noun phrases.

Herworld magazines contained the most number of phrase code-switching

cases in this category. There were 506 cases found in news category of Herworld

magazines. Moreover, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that

(53)

In addition, table 4.10 showed some phrase code-switching which emerged

frequently in the news category of the target magazines.

Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News Category

Magazines Phrase examples Total amount Fun Fearless Fashion 9 Lip gloss 7 Fashion News

Talk show

4 Cosmopolitan

Eco car 3

Beauty Beat 15 Fashion Beat 11 Skin Pigmentation 10 The process 6 Female

Style Spy 5 Door prize 5 Beauty Awards

Garage sale Time out

4 Herworld

Travel agent 3

d. Opinion

Among the other three categories, this part had the least number of phrase

code-switching cases. However, Cosmopolitan magazines had the most cases of

phrase code-switching. There were 231 cases found in opinion category of

Cosmopolitan. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that

happened in opinion category were noun phrases.

On the other hand, Female magazines had 47 cases of phrase code-switching

which represented the least number of phrase code-switching cases found in

opinion category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching

(54)

In Herworld magazines, there were 95 cases of phrase code-switching found

in opinion category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching

cases that occurred in this category were noun phrases.

In addition, table 4.11 showed some phrase code-switching which existed

frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.

Table 4.11 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion Category

Magazines Phrase examples Total amount Mr. Happy 10 Fun Fearless Fashion 6 Pap smear Base makeup 5 Must-have item Cosmopolitan Body lotion 4 Work wear

Man behind the mix

3 Female

Guy guide Guy talk 2 Editor’s note

Lip pencil

4

In this issue Your say Brand new job Herworld

His say

3

4. Clause Code-switching

The next type of code-switching that is discussed in this study is clause

code-switching. It can be dependent or independent clause. As presented on table

4.12, this type of code-switching occurred mostly in feature parts of the target

magazines. There were 45 cases of clause code-switching performing in

Cosmopolitan magazines, 56 cases in Female magazines and 63 cases in Herworld

magazines. In addition, the writer provided table 4.12 to present the number of

(55)

Table 4.12 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases

Advertisement Feature News Opinion Cosmopolitan 10 20 4 11

Female 8 18 22 8

Herworld 6 46 11 -

In this category, the most number of clause code-switching cases were found

in Cosmopolitan magazines that was ten cases. Out of ten cases found in this

category, there was only one case which existed twice while the rest happened just

once. Moreover, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that existed in

advertisement category of Cosmopolitan magazines were adverbial clauses.

In Female magazines, there were eight cases of clause code-switching found

in this category. All of the cases in this category emerged only once. In addition,

the most frequent clause code-switching cases that occurred in this category were

also adverbial clauses.

Herworld magazines had the least number of clause code-switching cases in

this category. There were six cases found in advertisement category of Herworld

magazines. Additionally, the most frequent cases of clause code-switching that

appeared in this category were noun clauses.

In addition, table 4.13 showed some clause code-switching which happened

(56)

Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Clause Code-switching in Advertisement Category

Magazines Clause examples Total amount When You Expect the Very Best 2 because nude is the new it-list for

Spring/Summer ’09

Foundation that thinks like a moisturizer and you’ll look very sexy

Cosmopolitan

What you should try

1

When M is The Only Place to Go Foundation that thinks like a moisturizer.

When Technology Meets Glamour And The Best Products Are Female

, our life will be as easy as 1, 2, 3.

1

Your gift when you subscribe 3 Enjoy endless possibilities of sharing

your moments with:

2 Herworld

7 things we love about 1

b. Feature

Clause code-switching cases were mostly found in this category. In

Cosmopolitan magazines, there were twenty cases of clause code-switching found

in feature category. Out of that number, the most frequent cases of clause

code-switching that happened in this category were adverbial clauses.

In Female magazines, there were the least number of clause code-switching

cases found in feature category which were eighteen cases. Among those cases,

none of them emerged more than once. Furthermore, the most clause

code-switching cases that existed in this category were adverbial clauses.

In contrast, Herworld magazines contained the most number of cases among

the target magazines. There were 46 cases of clause code-switching in this

(57)

while the rest did only once. In addition, the most frequent clause code-switching

cases that occurred in this category were adverbial clauses.

In addition, table 4.14 showed some clause code-switching which occurred

frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.

Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Clause Code-switching in Feature Category

Magazines Clause examples Total amount Why Don’t You … 3

Fix it with 2

, the show must go on. My Lipstick says Cosmopolitan

What you need to know

1

Who goes for the shows When Icon Meet Icon It’s a game for two, , the show must go on. Female

, just celebrate your life today!

1

Things I think I know about 6 how to work smarter

, they will catch us. , if you really mean it, Herworld

When I heard something bad,

1

c. News

In this category, Cosmopolitan magazines contained the least number of

clause code-switching cases that was four cases. Among those cases, one clause

emerged three times while the other emerged only once.

On the contrary, Female magazines had the most number of clause

code-switching cases in news category. There were 22 cases found in this category.

Moreover, the most frequent cases of clause code-switching that existed in news

category of Female magazines were adverbial clauses.

In Herworld magazines, there were eleven cases of clause code-switching

(58)

code-switching cases that occurred in news category of Herworld magazines were

adverbial clauses.

In addition, table 4.15 showed some clause code-switching which existed

frequently in the news category of the target magazines.

Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Clause Code-switching in News Category

Magazines Clause examples Total amount Now I’m Reading 3 Cosmopolitan

What you need to know 1

What it is 5

How it works And the result is

4

Where to sleep Female

How to get there

1

What’s new

Dream a little dream of

2

While you were sleeping Which one do you prefer, Herworld

, she’s the lucky winner.

1

d. Opinion

Clause code-switching were found infrequently in this category.

Furthermore, it was not found in Herworld magazines. Conversely, in

Cosmopolitan magazines, there were eleven cases of clause code-switching which

existed in opinion category of Cosmopolitan magazines. Most of the cases were

adverbial clauses.

In Female magazines, there were eight cases of clause code-switching found

in this category. In addition, the most frequent cases of clause code-switching that

English code-switching in Indonesian translated woman magazines - USD Repository