ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND
SHIFTS OF
BATAK TOBA
CULTURAL TERMS
IN
INSIDE SUMATERA: TOURISM AND
LIFE STYLE
MAGAZINE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
M E D A N
2013
ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND
SHIFTS OF
BATAK TOBA
CULTURAL TERMS
IN
INSIDE SUMATERA: TOURISM AND
LIFE STYLE
MAGAZINE
A THESIS
Submitted in accordance with the requirement to achieve the degree of Magister Sains of Linguistics at the Postgraduate School of Faculty of Cultural
Sciences of University of Sumatera Utara
By
BERTOVA SIMANIHURUK
117009030/ LNG
POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Has been examined on August 28, 2013
___________________________________________________________________
THE EXAMINER COMMITTEE OF THESIS Chairperson : Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Members : 1. Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum
ABSTRACT
This thesis is entitled “Analysis of Translation Techniques and Shifts of Batak Toba Cultural Terms in Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style Magazine”. It is a translation product analysis applying the descriptive qualitative method by adopting Newmark’s theory of cultural category (1988:95), Molina and Albir’s theory of translation techniques (2002:509), and Catford’s theory of shifts (1965:73-82). It aims to: (1) find out the category of the Batak Toba cultural terms; (2) analyze the translation techniques applied; and (3) analyze the shifts applied in 6 articles of Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style magazine, namely: (1) Dua Jendral di Satu Kampung and its translation Two Generals in One Village; (2) Mangongkal
Holi Leluhur Keluarga Ompu Djanile Raja Dorpi Pintu Batu and its translation
Mangongkal Holi Ancestors Ompu Djanile Raja Dorpi Pintu Batu; (3) Tunggal
Panaluan, Roman Incest, dan Kesaktian yang kian Terbenam and its translation
Tunggal Panaluan, an Incestuous Romance and Buried Magic Powers; (4) Mudik
and its translation “Mudik”: Return to the Village; (5) Cicak dan Orang Batak and its translation Geckos and Bataks; and (6) Opera Batak: Antara Nostalgia dan
Mangongkal Tradisi yang Terkubur and its translation Batak Opera: Between
Nostalgia and Buried Tradition. The results of this study reveal that: (1) the cultural terms of organisations, customs and concepts dominate all the cultural terms (55.93%), followed by material culture (25.42%), ecology (10.17%), and social culture (8.47%); (2) pure borrowing dominates all techniques (34.72%), followed by literal translation (16.66%), calque (9.72%), compensation (8.33%), description (6.94%), reduction (5.55%), adaptation (4.16%), generalization (4.16%), discursive creation (2.77%), particularization (2.77%), amplification (1.38%), modulation (1.38%), and transposition (1.38%) ; (3) intra-system shifts dominates all the shifts (50%), followed by unit shifts (35.18%), structure shift (11.12%), and class shift (3.70%).
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini berjudul “Analisis Teknik Penerjemahan dan Pergeseran Istilah Budaya Batak Toba dalam Majalah Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style”.Penelitian ini menganalisis produk terjemahan dengan menggunakan metode descriptif-qualitatif. Analisis kategori budaya menggunakan teori Newmark (1988:95), analisis teknik penerjemahan menggunakan teori Molina dan Albir (2002:509), analisis pergeseran menggunakan teori Catford (1965:73-82), dengan tujuan untuk: (1)
menemukan kategori budaya suku Batak Toba; (2) menganalisa teknik
penerjemahan yang digunakan; dan (3) menganalisa pergeseran yang terjadi pada 6 artikel dari majalah Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style, yaitu: (1) Dua Jendral
di Satu Kampung dan terjemahannya Two Generals in One Village; (2)
Mangongkal Holi Leluhur Keluarga Ompu Djanile Raja Dorpi Pintu Batu dan
terjemahannya Mangongkal Holi Ancestors Ompu Djanile Raja Dorpi Pintu Batu;
(3) Tunggal Panaluan, Roman Incest, dan Kesaktian yang kian Terbenam dan
terjemahannya Tunggal Panaluan, an Incestuous Romance and Buried Magic
Powers; (4) Mudik dan terjemahannya “Mudik”: Return to the Village; (5) Cicak dan Orang Batak dan terjemahannya Geckos and Bataks; and (6) Opera Batak:
Antara Nostalgia dan Mangongkal Tradisi yang Terkubur dan terjemahannya
Batak Opera: Between Nostalgia and Buried Tradition. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kategori budaya organisations, customs dan concepts
mendominasi semua data yang ditemukan (55.93%), diikuti oleh kategori budaya material culture (25.42%), kategori budaya ecology (10.17%), dan kategori budaya social culture (8.47%); (2) teknik penerjemahan pure borrowing mendominasi semua penerjemahan (34.72%), diikuti oleh literal translation (16.66%), calque
(9.72%), compensation (8.33%), description (6.94%), reduction (5.55%),
adaptation (4.16%), generalization (4.16%), discursive creation (2.77%), particularization (2.77%), amplification (1.38%), modulation (1.38%), dan transposition (2.77%); (3) pergeseran intra-system mendominasi semua jenis pergeseran (50%), diikuti oleh unit shifts (35.18%), structure shifts (11.12%), dan class shifts (3.70%).
Kata Kunci : istilah budaya, teknik penerjemahan, pergeseran
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to thank to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ for all
overwhelming bless each single day and for the wisdom and strength to allow me to
complete this thesis as a prerequisite for gaining Magister Sains (M.Si) of
Linguistics at the Postgraduate Studies of Faculty of Cultural Sciences of
University of Sumatera Utara.
Without any doubt, the writer is indebted to numerous people involved in
this research. The writer gratefully acknowledges the assistances, suggestions,
advice, constructive criticism and contributions of:
1. Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu, DTM&H., M.Sc, (CTM), Sp.A(K)., the head of
University of Sumatera Utara;
2. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences of
University of Sumatera Utara and the first examiner;
3. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D., the head of the Linguistic of Faculty of
Cultural Sciences of University of Sumatera Utara;
4. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the supervisor of the writer;
5. Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum., the secretary of the Linguistics of Faculty of Cultural
Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara, who is also the co-supervisor
of the writer;
6. Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum., the second examiner;
7. Dra. Hayati Chalil, M.Hum., the Program Manager of Translation Studies of
8. Colombus Siringoringo, M.M., the Director of Politeknik Santo Thomas
Medan;
9. Tikwan Raya, S.S., M.Si., the Owner of Sumatera & Beyond: Tourism and
Life Style magazine;
10. Panut Hadi Siswoyo, S.S., M.A., M.Sc., the Editor of this thesis;
11. All the collegean friends in Translation Studies of Linguistics: Ismail Husaini,
Demetrius Waoma, Tedty Tinambunan, Supriyadi, Apraisman Ndruru, Merry
Silalahi, Ganda Simatupang, Irfah Zukhairiyah, Nurhanifah Lubis, Boy
Hendrawan Manurung, Evi Sovia Manurung, Ratih Maulidina, and Yuni Zai;
12. The administration staff of Linguistics of Faculty of Cultural Sciences of
University of Sumatera Utara; Miss Loly, Miss Nila and Miss Yuni.
There are still many other contributors that are not mentioned here and
therefore may the Almighty God compensate them with the abondance of blessings
and health.
This thesis is dedicated for my beloved three sons; Steven Eleazar
Simanihuruk, Nathan Imanuel Simanihuruk, and Raynata Timothy Simanihuruk;
my beloved parents; M. Simanihuruk and K. br Bukit (†), and my brother and
sisters; Bripka K. Simanihuruk and his wife H. br Naibaho, Pdt. Morisda br
Manihuruk, S.PAK and her husband, Pdt. T.J. Padang, S.Th, Erika Desiswaty br
Manihuruk, A.Md and her husband, M. Purba, A.Md, and Sry Arina br Manihuruk,
S.ST and her husband E. Girsang, SP. They have encouraged the writer to finish the
study as soon as possible.
Nonetheless, notwithstanding that this thesis is far from perfect, it is hoped
that this thesis provides benefits to the readers and the development of linguistic
studies in Indonesia. .
Medan, October 2013 Writer,
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Bertova Simanihuruk
Place and date of birth : Tigapanah, September 9th, 1973
Sex : Male
Religion : Protestant
Address : Komp. Griya Tanjung Selamat Blok C No. 6 Medan
Email Address : bertovasimanihuruk@yahoo.co.id
Mobile Phone : 0813 6119 5573
Formal Education :
1. State Elementary School No 3 Berastagi (Graduated in 1986);
2. State Junior High School No 15 Medan (Graduated in 1989);
3. State Senior High School No 10 Medan (Graduated in 1992);
4. North Sumatera University majoring in English Department (Graduated in
1998); and
5. Translation Studies of Lingustics Program of University of Sumatera Utara
(2011 up to the present time).
Employment :
1. English Lecturer of Politeknik Santo Thomas Medan (2000 up to the present
time)
2. English Lecturer of Takasima Nursery and Midwifery Academy Kabanjahe
(2005 up to the present time)
3. English Lecturer of Karo State Midwifery Academy Kabanjahe (2000 up to
the present time)
4. TOEFL Instructor of Pusat Bahasa of University of Sumatera Utara (2012
up to the present time)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ………. .. i
Abstrak ……….. .. ii
Acknowledgements ... iii
Curriculum Vitae ………..……… vi
Table of Contents... vii
List of Figure and Tables ... x
List of Appendixes ... xi
List of Abbreviations ... xii
I. INTRODUCTION ………... 1
II. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND THE LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 The Theory of Translation... 8
2.2 Types of Translation ... 11
2.3 Text and Context in Translation …... 12
2.4 Translator’s Competence …….….…………...……….. 14
2.5 Translation and Culture.. ..………... ………...……..…… 18
2.6 The Category of Cultural Terms ………. 19
2.6.1 Ecology ……… 19
2.6.2 Material Culture……….. 19
2.6.3 Social Culture……….. 19
2.6.4 Social Organization-Political and Administrative ……….. 20
2.6.5 Gestures and Habits………. 20
2.7 Translation Techniques ………...……… .. 20
2.7.1 Adaptation………..………. 21
2.7.2 Amplification……….. ………… 22
2.7.3 Borrowing……….. ………. 22
2.7.4 Calque………..……… 22
2.7.5 Compensation………..………… 22
2.7.6 Description………..……… 23
2.7.7 Discursive Creation……….. ….. 23
2.7.8 Established Equivalent……….... 23
2.7.9 Generalization………..………… 23
2.7.10 Linguistic Amplification ……….. 23
2.7.11 Linguistic Compression………... 24
2.7.12 Literal Translation………..……. 24
2.7.13 Modulation………..……… 24
2.7.14 Particularization………..……….. 24
2.7.15 Reduction……….. ……….. 24
2.7.17 Variation………..……… 25
2.7.18 Transposition………..…………. 25
2.8 Shifts ………..………..……...………. 26
2.8.2.4 Intra-System Shifts ………... 29
2.9 Previous Studies………….………...……….…...………... 30
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 37
3.1 Research Design …… ... 37
4.1.1 The Category of Batak Toba Cultural Terms of Ecology… 46 4.1.1.1 Terms of Flora ……….…… 46
4.1.1.2 Terms of Fauna……….…… 47
4.1.1.3 Terms of Hills ………..… 47
4.1.2 The Category of Batak Toba Cultural Terms of Material Culture ……… 48
4.1.2.1 Terms of Food ………..….… 48
4.1.2.2 Terms of Clothes………. ……. 48
4.1.2.3 Terms of Houses and Towns…..………... 49
4.1.2.4 Terms of Artifacts………….……….…... 51
4.1.3 The Category of Batak Toba Cultural Terms of Social Culture………. 53
4.1.3.1 Terms of Leisure …. ... 53
4.1.3.2 Terms of Expressions ……….…….………. 54
4.1.4 The Category of Batak Toba Cultural Terms of Organizations, Customs and Concepts ... 55
4.1.4.1 Terms of Politics and Administration... 55
4.1.4.2 Terms of Customs……….…. 55
4.1.4.3 Terms of Religion ... 56
4.1.4.4 Terms of Titles... 58
4.1.4.5 Terms of Arts…... ... 59
4.1.4.6 Terms of Concepts... 60
4.1.4.7 Terms of Kinship ... 62
4.2 The Analysis of the Techniques of Translation.………. 63
4.2.7 Discursive Creation ……….. … 76
4.3.1.1 SL Head + Modifier is translated into TL Modifier + Head ………... 89
4.3.2 Class Shifts ………. 89
4.3.2.1 SL Verb is translated into TL Adjective………… 89
4.3.2.2 SL Noun is translated into TL Adjective ……….. 89
4.3.3 Unit Shifts ……… ………. 90
4.3.3.1 SL Morpheme is translated into TL Word …….. 90
4.3.3.2 SL Word is translated into TL Phrase …………. 90
4.3.3.3 SL Word is translated into TL Clause …………. 91
4.3.3.4 SL Phrase is translated into TL Word ………….. 92
4.3.4 Intra-System Shifts ……….……… 92
4.3.4.1 SL Plural is translated into TL Singular…. …….. 92
4.3.4.2 SL without Article is Translated to TL with Article the ……… ……… 92
4.3.4.3 SL without Article is Translated to TL with Article a/an……… ……… 93
4.3.4.4 SL without Possessive Adjective is Translated to TL with Possessive Adjective……… 94
4.4 Discussion ……….. ………. 94
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 102
5.1 Conclusions ……….. .. 102
5.2 Suggestions ……….. 103
REFERENCES ….………...… 104
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES
Figure:
3.1 Components of data analysis ……… 39
Tables:
4.1 The list of data sum of Batak Toba cultural terms from 6 articles of Inside
Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style magazine ……….. 43
4.2 The category of Batak Toba cultural terms in Inside Sumatera: Tourism
and Life Style magazine ……….. 45
4.3 The techniques of translation applied in the translation of the Batak Toba
cultural terms in Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style magazine ……. 64
4.4 The language oriented of 13 translation techniques applied in translation Batak Toba cultural terms in Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style
Magazine ……….. 85
4.5The category shift applied in the translation of the Batak Toba cultural
terms in Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style magazine ……….. 87
4.6The list of inaccurate translations found in 15 Batak Toba cultural terms
in Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style magazine ……… 96
4.7The list of unique findings in translating Batak Toba cultural terms
found in Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style magazine ………. 101
LIST OF APPENDIXES
1. The List of Data of Batak Toba Cultural Terms
2. The Manuscripts of the 6 Articles
3. The Biography of the Translator
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. SL = Source Language
2. TL = Target Language
3. ST = Source Text
4. TT = Target Text
5 IS = Inside Sumatera: Tourism and Life Style Magazine
