SPEECH FUNCTIONS USED BY MEN AND WOMEN IN BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS IN THE TRADITIONAL MARKETS.

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SPEECH FUNCTIONS USED BY MEN

AND

WOMEN IN BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS IN

THE TRADITIONAL MARKETS

A THESIS

B:r:

SEMPA PERANGIN-ANGIN

Su6mittecf to the qradtuzte Program of

P.ng{isfi

Jlpplied£inguistics

In Cl'artia( CFu(fi{fment for tile Vearee

of

!Magister J{umaniora

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUIS'fiCS

GRADUAT

~PROGRAM

THE STATE UNIVERSIY OF MEDAN

ME DAN

A THESIS

SPEECH FUNCTIONS USED BY MEN AND WOMEN

IN BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS IN THE

TRADITIONAL MARKETS

Consultan

I

Arranged

by :

SEMPA PERANGIN- ANGIN

Reg.No.045010154

English

Applied Linguistics Graduate Program

State University of Medan

Has been defended before thesis Examination

Committee, on August.

23rd, 2006

And declared to have fulfilled the requirements

Approved

by

Consultant commission

Consultan II

'I~

Prof. Dr.

Jawasi

Naibaho.

· Head

of

English Applied Linguistics

I

Prof.

Amrin Saragih,

MA., Ph.D.

Directo

Progra

Prof. Dr. Jawas1 a1

: Sempa Perangin- angin

:August. 23rd, 2006

1. Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibabo.

2. Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D.

4. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.

Approved by

Director of Grad

-Prof. Dr. Belferik Manullang

ACKNOWLEDGEMNETS

Th1s

Study

is

concerned with speech functions used by men and women in the

usiness transactions

in

traditional markets. ft is submitted

to (Jraduatc

Program of

nimed as one of the requirements

tor

the degree of

Magister

Humaniora in English

pplied

Linguistics. The completion

of1his thesis \vould have never been

made \Vithout

t c help from several people.

F1rst of all, I particularly indebted to

my

first and second consultants: Prof Amrin

aragih, M.A, Ph.D and Prof. Dr. J. Naibaho

for

their generosity guidance, patience,

ncouragement motivation, and many usetul advices they

have given

to me during the

omplction ofthis thesis.

I would also like

to acknowledge the

valuable and helptul

constructive

uggcstions made

by

the

reviewers: Prof D.P.

Tampubolon,

M.A, Ph.D, Dr Berlin

. ibarani, M.Pd and Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd. Thanks are also due

to

the Head and the

ecreta!)· of English Applied Linguistics Program:

Prof

Dr. Jawasi Naibaho and Ora.

eisuri,

M.A,

and to all the lecturers: Prof D.P Tampubolon, M.A, Ph.D, Prof M.

utarbutar, Ph.D, Prof M. Silitonga, Ph.D, Prof Bahren Umar, Ph.D, Dr. Lince

ihombing, M.Pd, and the stair: Sudianto Manullang to

gwdc

and facilitate

the

students

f

Graduate Program in English Applied Linguistics of Unimcd, And my special thanks

my

brother lr. lswanto

Scmbiring AMKA, \Vho always support the writer during

-inishing her study

The sincere thanks should always be oJlered to my

beloved

husband, Jr.

Ed1

artua Lubis

f(Jr

his support in moral and material. Thanks to

my son and daughter,

izl-\i Enda

Pratama

and Namira nw1 \Vufan

and all my friends in Applied

LingUistics

I

MIUK

PERPUS'i

A.~·~A£!,1\:

·

t

UNIMED

j

rogram, especially to my closest ti"1ends: Ora. Hamid.ah S1dabalok, Neni Ati"1da Sari

arahap, S.Pd, M.Hum, and Drs.

Wahidin

Purba

tor

their encouragement

and

motivation

uring tile proce~s Cor this study.

Medan, 14 Agustus 2006

G

Sempa Br. Perangin-Angin

ABSTRACT

'erangin- Angin Sempa. 2006. Speech Functions of Men and Women in Business

Transactions in the Traditional Markets. English ApJllied Linguistics,

Graduate Program of VNIMEn.

TABLl: OF CONTENTS

:ontents

Pages

Ackno~·ledgements

... .

AbNtract.... •• . •• .. • .. • .. . . ... .. .. .. .. •. . . .. . • . . . • . . .. .. .. .. . ... .... ... iii

able of (:ontents.. ... .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .•. .. . .. ... ... .. .. ..

".

List

of

'fables...

,.i

ist of J<igures.. ... ... .. . .. . . .. .. .... .. • ... . . .. .... .. .. . .. . . .. . ...

vii

ist of

Appendices...

viii

'HAPTER I

INTRODlJCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study ... .

1.2 The Problems of the Study...

5

1.3 The objectives of the Study...

5

1.4 The Scopes of the Study...

6

1.5 The Significances

of

the

Study ... ..

'HAP'I'ER IJ

THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SI<'L) ... . 2.1.1 Metafunction

and System ... .

2.1.2

Interpersonal

Jo'unction ... ..

2.1.3 Speech functions ... ..

2.1.3.1 Types of Speech Functions ... .

2.1.3.2 The Realization of Speech

(<unctions in Moods ... .

.l.3.3 The Structures of Speech Functions...

17

2.1.4

Business Transactions ... .

6

8

10

12

lJ

14 16 24

2.1.4.1 The Elements of Business Transaction.25

2.1.4.2 Business Transaction in the

Traditional ;\'larket...

29

:IIAPTER Ill METUOI> OF RESEARCH 3.1 Rcsc;1

rch

Design... .. .. . .. .. .• . . . .. . .. ... .. ... 31

3.2 The Sour<.•cs ofthe Data ... ..

3.3 Population and Sample...

32

3.4 The Instruments of l>ata Collection...

32

3.5

The Techniques

of

Collecting

Data...

33

3.6 The Techniques of Oata Analysis...

33

:HAPTER lV FINDINGS AND DISCtiSSIONS

4.1 The Realization of Speech Functions...

34

4.2 The Realization of Moves...

36

4.3 Sociolinguistics Patterns...

40

4.4 Discussions...

4 I

I-IAPETR VCONCLlJSIONS AND SU(;GESTIONS

5.

t

Conclusions...

43

5.2 Suggestions...

44

eferences... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . ... . . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . • .. .. .. .. • .. . .. .. . .. ..

45

LIST OF

TABLES

· ables

Pages

lable L Speech Functions ... __ ... . ... , _ ___ ... .. . .. . . ₁₃

1 able 2. The Analysis of Conversation Structures. _ .. ... __ ... _. _ .. . .. . 18

· able 4. Speech Functions

by

Women .. . . . ... . . .. . .. . .... _ .. . _ . . .. ..

35

ble 7. Moves in Business Transaction ... .... .. ... __ ... .. ... _ _ ... _ 37

hie 8. Moves in Business Transaetion

a. Moves Related to f ntorrnation ... _ .. ___ ... __ . .. ... .

38

ble 9. Moves in Business Transaction

b. Moves Related to Goods and Services ... .. .... _ 39

ble 10. Moves

by

Men.. .. ... .. .. .. __ ... . ₃₉

ble II. Moves by Women ... __ _ .. ... . ₄₀

LIST OF HGtmEs

'igures

Pages

-igure 2.! The Derivations of Sp~ech functtons ... _ __ 15

·,gure 3. I The RealizatiOns of Speech

Functions

m

Moods. .. ... ..

16

LIST OF APPE"IHCt:S

The Transcriptions of Data. . . . . .... . ... . ... .

The Reali.t.ation of Speech Functions ... .

The Calculation of Speech Functions

by

Men ... .

The Calculation

of

Speech Function by Women ...

The Calculation of Speech Functions

by

Men and Women.

The Calculation of Moves

in Business Transaction .

The

CalcLtlation

of Moves

in

Business Transaction ..

a.

Moves

Related

to lntonnation ... .

b.

Moves

Related to Goods

and

Services ... .

The Calculation of Moves

by

Men ... .. .

The Calculation of Moves

by

women ... . . .

<..:HAPTER l

INTROI>L!CTION

1.1 The Background of the Research

The success of business transaction depends mainly on the effectiveness

of interchange between the sellers and purchasers (buyers). This study ts aimed

at investigating the roles played by the rn.·o sides. Specifically, it is a study of

speech ti.mctions used by

participants in

business transactions.

Speech tunctions

refer to the roles played by addressers and addressees. Specifically. speech

ti.mction concems w1th whether t11e addresses

make

a

statement,

que~tiou, offer,

and command. This speech tl.tnction theory is based on Systemic Ftmctional

Linguistics (SFL). The writer is interested to analyze this topic because she

wonders to know the types of

spcc:ch

function take place in business transaction

through buyers and sellers conversation in a traditional market.

Halliday ( 1985) has sought to create an approach to linguistics that

threats language as foundational for the building ofhuman experience. The work

of Halliday is concemed with the meaning. A language cannot be disassociated

from the meaning. His insights and publications torm an approach called

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)_ SFL is an approach to linguistiCS

developed by Halliday which sees language 111 a social context. This approach is

based on the theory of grammar which considers language as a resource used tor

communication and not a set mles Halliday's metali.mction and system

or

lant:,'llage _con~ider language as ha.,·ing tltrce main tlmctions, they are: ( l ) flit'

imaginary world, that is lan!,'l.tagc reters to real or imagined persons, things,

actions, events, states, etc; (2)

the interpersonalfunction

is to indicate, establish,

or maintain social relationships between people

v.·hic\1

includes

fon11S

of address.

speech function modality. etc; (3)

the textual.functwn

is to create written or

spoken texts which cohere within themselves and which fit the particular

siluation

in which

they are used

(Martin, 1992 : 8-13). In line with

these three

meta-fimctions,

this study

will

tocus

only on the

interpersonal

functions in which

language is used to enable us to participate in communicative function with other

people. to take

on roles

and to express and understand feelings, attitude and

In an interaction, there are

two

terms mostly involved. speaker and

listener.

In the act

of speakmg.. the

speaker

adopts a

particular

speech role and

assigns to the listener a

complementary role

in which he wishes him to adopt

in

his

tum.

For

instance, in asking a

question, a speaker is taking on the role of

seeker of

information

and requiring the listener to take on the supplier of the

information demanded. The most fundamental types

of

speech role, which lie

behmd aU the more specific types are

giving

and demanding. Either the speaker

is giving

something

from

listener (a piece of intonnarion, for example)

or

he

is

demanding something trom him. Even these elementary categories involve

complex notions, giving means "inviting to receive'', and demanding means

"invitmg to give". The speaker is not only doing something himscl( he IS also

requiring somcthmg of the listener. Therefore. an ·'act" of speaking is something

Cutting across this basic distinction between giving and demanding is

another distinction, equally fundamental, that relates to the nature of the

commodity being exchanged (Halliday, 1978 : 68)_ This may be ether (a) good

and services or (b) mtonnation. For example, the utterance ' kiss me~' or get out

of my daylight~. · pass the salt!', the exchanged commodity is strictly non verbal:

what is being demanded is an obJe<:tive or an action, and language ts brought in

to help the process along. Tltis is an exchange of goods and service. But the

utterance · is

it

Tuesda)/?' or 'when did yoll last see your titther'!" what is being

demanded is

intonnation:

language is the end as well as the means, and the only

The

two

variables, giving and demanding, detine the

tour

primary speech

functions of

Offer,

Command, Slalement, and Question. lntonnation is opposed

to goods and service (indicative versus imperative).

Ofter

and Statement

tor

Kiving (declarative) are

opposed to Command

and Question

tor

demanding

(interrogative). For intonnation area or knowledge (K) the Statement and

Question are two spee<:h functions used. And

Otler

and Command functions are

used tor goods and service as actions (A). These, in tum, are matched by a set of

desired responses: accepting an

otter,

canying out a command, acknowledging a

statement and answering a question_

Martin (1992:32) proposes a semantic perspective on the grammatical

-labels along the semantic interpretation of central mood system. It is a paradigm

with ()jji:Ts vnJ ( ·ommanJ, arc grouped as proposals and Sraremenr and

Questions arre as proposition.\.

Proposals:

Otter

:Can I get you a drink

Command : Get me a drink, would you

Propositions :

Statement: There's lots of beer

Question : Is there any T ooheys

'!

Speaking a language is engaging in a rule-governed

tom1

of behavior. By

using the theory of latJb'lJage as mle -governed intentional behavior in a research

is

to provide evidence,

and explain the

possibility of

language use

characterization (Searle,

1980; 16). Speaking a language

speech function

(such

as

making

statements, giving

commands,

asking questions,

making

promises,

and so

on).

TI1e topics of sociolinguistics are very wide, they are; (I) socio-economic

status, (2) gender, (3) ethnic

group,

(4) age, and (5)

occupation (Southerland,

and

Katamba,

in

0

Grady,

1996). This

research is

narrowed

to study on sociolects.rn

sociolects research the researcher concerns

with I:

social-economic

2.Gender

From these sociolect

factors,

this study is related

to

gender

and occupation.

This

research is planned

to

analyze speech function of traditional

market

sellers'

interaction

to

their buyers

Observation

is

planed to

record the string of

conversations of

sellers and buyers.

This study deals with

the

intonnation of

types of speech

function

take

place

in business transaction through buyers and

sellers

conversation in a

traditional market.

Based on the above

explanations,

the approach that used to carry out thJs

research is Systemtc

-,Functional

Linguistics (SFL). The tc.xus of study is speech

fi.mction of sellers and buyers of traditional market. It deals with an analysis

language used by sellers and buyers in traditional markets. There are some

previous studies related to the analysis of conversation structures in Internet or

other media of communication. However, this analysis focuses on the speech

tlmctions used in the function of selling and buying, the types of speech function

used by men

and

women, and the reason why the typical fi.mction is used in

business transactions in the traditional market

1.2 The Problems of the Study

ln

relation to the background ofthe study, the

probl~ms

are tonnulatcd

as

tollows.

I. How is the business transaction linguistically coded in the traditional markets?

2. What types of speech functions are used in traditional the market?

3. What types of speech functions are dominantly used by men and women in the

traditional market?

4. Why are the different types of speech functions used in the traditional market?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relatwn to the problems, the objectives of the study are

I. to describe business transaction linbruistically coded in the traditional mark..,et,

2 to discover types of speech functions used Ill the traditional market

3. to discover the dominant type of speech thnc!ion used by men and women in

the tradi!)onal market.

4. to observe why the different types of speech functions used in the traditional

market.

1.4 The Scope of The Study

This study deals with the interpersonal function of language in which a

language is used as a means whereby a speaker participates in the speech

situation. It involves roles, attitudes and judgments. Participants' choices of

linguistic tbnns are thus constrained

by

their construction of a context. Tllis

interpersonal function defines clause as an exchange. a transaction between

speaker and listener. In this srudy, the tenns speaker and

list~ner

will specifically

be

replaced

with

sellers and

buyers

of traditional market. The analysis of

language used on transaction includes the tour primacy speech functions such as

offer, command, statement, and question.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The findings of this study are expected to give some relevant

contribution to the following

I. Theoretically, sociolinguistics research through a Systemic Functional

Linguistics observation gives contributions ( Otfer, Statement, Command,

and Question ) that are used

by

participants in business transactions, the

systemic theory can explain and predict mood types in traditional mafkec

This systemic observation shows readers how to use of language in a

2. Practically, the result of this study can be used as a model to identifY and

understand speech functions tor serving commodity in traditional markets.

TI1is

model helps the next researchers to investigate moves in traditional

markets. Practically, the study applies systemic the01y in relation to

Lexico-grammar and sematic orientation in a context of situation (in traditional

markets).

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

With reference

to

the findings as described previously, conclusions

are

drawn as the following.

I.

Lin!:,'llistically, speech functions are

realized

in business transaction in

the

traditional market into the fonn of

mood:

declarative, interrogative and

imperative.

2. There are tour types of speech ti.mction used in busim;::ss transaction in the

traditional

market,

namely:

statement, question,

oft.er

and command i n

which

they

are coded in lexicogrammar as the

following.

Statement is coded by declarative

Question is coded by interrogative

Offer has

no

specific mood in speech ti.mctions

Command is

coded by imperative

3. The

most dominant type of speech

function used

by men

is

statement

(48,27%), while

the

most dominant type of speech t\.mction used by

women

is

question (55,36%). Question is the most dominant type of

speech

function

used by men and

women

in business transactions in the

traditional market. It metaph01ically

~urred

in their businl 'is

conversations tor

49,42 %

TI1is

means the Halliday's theory of speech

function 1s truly applied in oml business transaction in the traditional

market.

4. The diftcrent types of speech function used in tradi tiona! market because

linguistically, buyers and sellers need to exchange their experiences each

other to send the messages from one to others successtl.tlly.

5.2 Suggestions

1 It is suggested that in order to do business transaction successfillly, one

should know how to carry out speech timctions well. It is because using

speech functions enable speakers and listeners to deliver their needs,

messages and

infonnation

clearly.

2. In business transactions, both sellers

interpersonal coding in order to avoid misunderstanding each other. It

makes them comprehend the meaning and content of a conversation

much better than the ones who do not.

3. Others researchers are suggested to do further studies on the basis of

Halliday's theories of SFL. Those who are interested in analyzing human

beings communication

process

are needed to give valuable infonnation

about the nature of linguistic process. The Systemic Functional Grammar

(SFL)

is

applicable

to

analyze the

process

of communication in many

aspects of life. Therefore, some linguists should be able to provide

themselves in mastering this tield in line w1th the development of

globali7..ation

era.

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