STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION PERFORMANCE
THROUGH DEBATING IN ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as requirement to obtain degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in International Program on Science Education (IPSE) Study Program
Proposed by
Lidya Velesia
0902271
Supervisors:
Dr. Diana Rochintaniawati, M. Ed
Rini Solihat, S.Pd, M.Si
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
BANDUNG
STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC
ARGUMENTATION PERFORMANCE
THROUGH DEBATING IN ECOSYSTEM
CONCEPT
Oleh Lidya Velesia
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan (S,Pd) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
© Lidya Velesia 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
September 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
APPROVAL FORM OF RESEARCH PAPER
LIDYA VELESIA
0902271
STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION PERFORMANCE THROUGH DEBATING IN ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
APPROVED AND AUTHORIZED BY
First Supervisor
Dr. Diana Rochintaniawati, M.Ed
NIP. 196709191991032001
Second Supervisor
Rini Solihat, S.Pd, M.Si
NIP. 197902132001122001
Chief of IPSE Study Program
Dr. Diana Rochintaniawati, M.Ed
STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION PERFORMANCE
THROUGH DEBATING IN ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
LIDYA VELESIA
0902271
ABSTRACT
The research is conducted under the students’ need about students’ argumentative skills during debate in classroom. This research aimed to investigate students’ argumentative skill using criteria rubrics which consist of organisation and strategy, evidence, presentation, rebuttals and procedure according to SEDA (Saskatchewan Elocution and Debate Association). The method used in this research is descriptive by using one classroom (N: 26). This study showed that criteria used from the rubrics had resulted several variety of argumentation that skilled students, criteria in rubrics could shown the linkages therein of fulfil each other. Organisation and strategy used in scientific argumentation implementation
were introduce idea of problem without extend the argumentation with information meanwhile students’ criteria consist of fact without credited references. SEDA criteria rubric also measured skill of students’ argumentation presentation that found they had low of voice loudness and intonation that would be affected to debate enunciation, this also affect students intention to refute ideas and asking the questions relevantly. This students’ performance was supported by questionnaire data that students enhanced the ability of argumentation and debate. Further habituation of debate method is needed to increase students’ ability of argumentation and debate in ecosystem concept.
STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION PERFORMANCE
THROUGH DEBATING IN ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
LIDYA VELESIA
0902271
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa tentang kemampuan siswa dalam berargumen didalam kelas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan argumentasi siswa dengan menggunakan penilaian berdasarkan kriteria yang ada dalam Asosiasi Debat Saskatchewan Elocution and Debate Association (SEDA); organisasi dan strategi, bukti, gaya presentasi, sanggahan dan prosedur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan satu kelas debat (N: 26). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kriteria yang digunakan dari rubrik ini mempunyai beberapa variasi argumentasi dalam keterampilan siswa dalam berargumentasi, kriteria ini menunjukkan keterkaitan
antara satu kriteria dengan yang lainnya. Hasil dalam kriteria organisasi dan strategi ditemukan bahwa murid memperkenalkan gagasan masalah tanpa
memperpanjang argumentasi dengan informasi yang disajikan sementara untuk kriteria bukti siswa dapat memberikan fakta tanpa menyebutkan referensi yang terkait. Gaya presentasi siswa yang dinilai dalam kriteria ketiga menunjukkan siswa memiliki intonasi dan kenyaringan suara yang rendah yang dapat mempengaruhi keinginan untuk berdebat dan mempengaruhi niat siswa untuk menolak argument lainnya dan mengajukan pertanyaan yang sesuai. Hasil ini didukung dengan data kuisioner bahwa siswa dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berargumen dan kemampuan berdebat. Diperlukan tahapan lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa untuk berargumentasi ilmiah dalam konsep ini.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION
ABSTRACT ... i
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi
TABLE LIST ... viii
FIGURE LIST ... ix
APPENDIX LIST ... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. BACKGROUND ... 1
B. RESEARCH PROBLEM ... 3
C. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ... 4
D. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH ... 4
E. RESEARCH PAPER STRUCTURE ... 4
CHAPTER II: STUDENTS SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION USING DEBATE IN CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM ... 6
A. SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION AS CONVERSATION WITH PURPOSE ... 6
B. DEBATE METHOD IN SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTATION ... 11
C. POLLUTION IN ECOSYSTEM ... 20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 33
A. LOCATION AND RESEARCH SUBJECT ... 33
C. RESEARCH METHOD ... 33
D. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ... 34
E. RESEARCH PROCEDURE ... 34
F. INSTRUCTIONAL TOOL ... 38
G. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT ... 38
H. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT ... 39
I. DATA ANALYSIS ... 39
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 42
A. RESEARCH RESULTS ... 42
B. RESEARCH DISCUSSION ... 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 76
A. CONCLUSION ... 76
B. SUGGESTION ... 77
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 78
TABLE LIST
Table 2.1 Pollutant Substance and Impact ... 23
Table 3.1 Percentage in A Criterion (Example) ... 40
Table 3.2 Percentage of Summary Every Criterion (Example) ... 41
Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics Summary in Debate Criteria ... 42
Table 4.2 Percentage of Summary Every Criterion ... 43
Table 4.3 Percentage of First Criteria Based on 1-5 Score (Organisation and Strategy) ... 62
Table 4.4 Percentage of Second Criteria Based on 1-5 Score (Evidence) ... 63
Table 4.5 Percentage of Third Criteria Based on 1-5 Score (Presentation) ... 63
Table 4.6 Percentage of Fourth Criteria Based on 1-5 Score (Rebuttals) ... 64
Table 4.7 Percentage of First Criteria Based on 1-5 Score (Procedure) ... 64
Table 4.8 Students’ Answer Percentage between Statement and Answer Possibilities ... 66
FIGURE LIST
Figure 2.1 Toulmin’s Argumentation Pattern (Toulmin, 1958) ... 10
Figure 2.2 Guideline Two Person Speeches Debate ... 14
Figure 2.3 Standard Debate Format ... 15
Figure 2.4 Cross Examination Debate Format ... 15
Figure 2.5 Debate Format According to David Leuser (2003) ... 17
Figure 2.6 Riverside Society in Jakarta ... 22
Figure 2.7 Acidity of Rain in Indonesia ... 24
Figure 2.8 Process of Acid Rain Scheme ... 24
Figure 2.9 Greenhouse Effect Scheme ... 26
Figure 2.10 Biological Magnification of PCBs in Great Lakes Food Web ... 29
Figure 2.11 a Gravel and Clay Mine Site in New Jersey Before and After ... 32
Figure 3.1 Flows of Research ... 37
APPENDIX LIST
Appendix A: Instructional Tools ...
Appendix A.1 Debate Lesson Plan in Research Implementation ... 85
Appendix A.2 Students’ Reflection Sheets ... 92
Appendix A.3 Agreed Debate Instrument for Peer Assessment ... 93
Appendix B: Research Instrument ... Appendix B.1 Debate Instrument Rubric According to SEDA (2007) ... 94
Appendix B.2 Questionnaire Sheet ... 95
Appendix B.3 Observation Sheets for Observer ... 96
Appendix B.4 Teacher and Students Activity Sheets for Observer ... 97
Appendix C: Research Results ... Appendix C.1 Video Transcript First Meeting ... 100
Appendix C.2 Video Transcript Second Meeting ... 115
Appendix C.3 Video Transcript Last Meeting ... 139
Appendix C.4 Students Debate Score Using SEDA Rubrics ... 165
Appendix C.5 Questionnaire Scoring ... 166
Appendix D: Research Documentation ... Appendix D.1 First Meeting of Implementation ... 178
Appendix D.2 Second Meeting of Implementation ... 180
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Science is a way of knowing by asking and answering questions about the universe (Trefil & Hazen. 2010), science is the most powerful tool to understand how the world works and the interaction between surroundings. Science also develops deeply to explore the environment that surrounds people. Science encounters social life of human being, therefore science is proposed to the entire citizen known as „science for all people’ (Liliasari, 2009). The issue of socio-scientific, for example genetic engineering, reproduction technology, and science as politic issue, such as food safety is spreading though media into society and always debated.
Nowadays issue, it is arising that science must become basic thinking of people to withstand in their daily life. Because of much contribution of science
within people‟s life, for example using chemicals as the housewives‟ use; and also utilization of wavelength for television are strengthening the contribution of
science in daily life.
Since science must be the basic thinking to develop people in every country, education about science must be given from early age of children. Students must be able to apply the knowledge of science in their daily life. Students should not only learn about the concept of science that has been taught by the teacher, but also strengthen it as their basic thinking. This basic thinking also provides critical thinking and develops cognitive thinking of students.
2
capability of thinking critically and decision making rationally based on what people believe. Students as the beginner of scientist will definitely face the issue in their daily life, debating and also arguing about science issue to support claims using evidence and reason that are already explained. Delivering information to strengthen the truth evidence and reason needs some skills to inform the others who do not really know about the information concerning the issue deeply.
Communication skill is needed to inform the argument in order to deliver good content of reports and issue which needs ability to judge the valid and supportive evidence, and to distinguish the correlation, hypothesis, and discussion from observation scientifically. The process of scientific argumentation can be measured by two aspect, communication skill through writing or written argumentation, and communication skill through speaking or verbal argumentation (Kuhn, et.al, 2010). These processes of critical thinking are needed to be trained since young learning process of students through debates.
Debates method is communication process that states with language to defend an argument. Each side will declare argument and give claims with several steps
to counter. This definition states that debates are one method to communicate between people to argue their ideas and declare argument. Using debates to
enhance students‟ scientific argumentation can make students directly involved in teaching learning process in discussion with ideas, arguments, and declared the ideas to strengthen their solution of a problem (Silberman, 2009).
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argumentation using debates, especially using communication skills. This ability can be trained since early age then students become usual to argue and deliver their opinion.
B. Research Problem
In line with explanation above, the problem of this research is, “How is
students‟ scientific argumentation through debating in the conceptof ecosystem?”
Specifically, this research was formulated in problem question and problem limitation.
1. Problem Question
Synchronizing the research problem above, the research explored these following questions:
a. How is students‟ argumentative skill when debate is applied in ecosystem concept?
b. Which criteria is the highest percentage in students‟ debate?
c. How is students‟ response when debate is applied in ecosystem concept?
2. Problem Limitations
To refer the research there are some research limitations, there are several limitations used to prevent problem extension:
a. Scientific argumentation type is argumentation through debate.
b. Scientific argumentation analysis in debate grading groups using argumentation domain from SEDA (2007)
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C. Research Objectives
This research is aimed to analyse about the students‟ scientific argumentation performance during debate in classroom in ecosystem concept; limited to water pollution.
D. Significance of Research
This research is worthwhile in giving alternative learning method in biology concept and beginning to practice scientific argumentative skills at once since young for teacher instruction. Meanwhile increasing students‟ understanding use
different active learning can be taken as one worthwhile. Train students‟ public
speaking skills, as one of helpful skill that can be measured in or out from school. In further, ability of critical thinking can be develop by students if debate always practiced by them.
E. Research Paper Structure
Structured paper or systematic paper can maintain research in order to researcher, this research is arranged on the following structured:
1. CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of sub chapter: A) Background, B) Research Problem; which includes 1) Problem Question and 2) Problem Limitations, C) Research Objectives, D) Significance of Research, and E) Research Thesis Structure; includes chapter one until last chapter overview.
2. CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW
5
3. CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the arrangement of research methodology and research flows. Chapter III describes about A) Research Location and Subject; includes research population and sample B) Research Design C) Research Method D) Operational Definition E) Research Procedure F) Research Instrument; includes 1) Instructional Tool and 2) Research Rubrics; inside this research rubric explained a) Debate Grading Rubrics and 2) Questionnaire. G) Instrument Development and H) Analysis.
4. CHAPTER IV : RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter explains result in data analysis and discussion in research implementation. This chapter would generally describe about dominant percentage of debate domain after implementation, analysis of scientific argumentation when debate is applied in the implementation classroom, and
students‟ response when learning with debate.
5. CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Location and Research Subject
This research was conducted at one public school in Cimahi, one district in Bandung which implemented KTSP (Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan). This school was chosen based on innovation of teaching and learning method in the classroom which was supported by subject teacher. The subject of research in this school is students of seventh grade junior high school (n=26). Sampling technique in this research subject was determined by purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is often used in educational research. Purposive sampling determined sample by several considerations which give better probability in research (Arikunto, 2010). The class was chosen with consideration in preliminary studies that the class with debate as learning method could create better subject’s understanding of the students.
B. Research Design
This research emphasized on the students’ argumentative skill, descriptive
method used. Phase for this research was habituation phase, pre-implementation phase, implementation phase, and analysis phase. Those phases would be described in research procedure.
C. Research Method
Descriptive research method was used in this research as the purpose of this research to get information of which criteria of argumentation dominant in
students and the students’ argumentative skills during debate in classroom with
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D. Operational Definition
In order to interpret linear in the research and prevent misunderstanding some of terms in used in this research, therefore there are some of terms should be explained as follows:
1. Scientific Argumentation Performance
Scientific argumentation performance is students argumentation conducted by
students’ activity with debate procedure adapted from Leuser (2003) that assessed
using formal debate evaluation by SEDA (2007).
2. Debate in Ecosystem Concept
An instruction method that has several stages includes presentation, rebuttal, response and summary especially in sub-concept of water pollution.
E. Research Procedure
Several procedures were conducted in the implementation of this research. Therefore, the procedures were generally classified into three stages; they were preparation stage, implementation stage, and conclusion stage. Each stage consisted of several activities which were conducted during research.
1. Preparation Stage
Preparation stage was made to prepare some useful activities for research:
a. Literature review was conducted to support the analysis about 1) argumentation 2) debate 3) debate rubrics
b. Research problem and research question were arranged after analysing literature review, this stage also re-title the research suitable for questions. c. Instrument adaptation was composed to answer research question. Instrument
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e. Teacher chose three potential class to begin debate habituation f. Habituation phase:
Habituation phase was conducted in the class to introduce first experience in debate motion and to make students usual in debate before implementation, there are several stage conducted in habituation such as follows:
In this phase, teacher made activity in two weeks related to debate. In the first week of habituation, teacher made two big debate team and was proposed them with an air pollution problem related to their condition near school district,
“Kendaraan bermotor di Cimahi menyebabkan siswa-siswi terjangkit penyakit pernafasan” A team as affirmative and B team as contradictory. Students were joined in team and begin to structure the information related to the problem statement. Teacher provided them to search the information through book or internet during instruction. In this habituation, teacher indirectly briefs the students to debate in big team, meanwhile students were debate with their
information and also simple argumentation. In this habituation, students had agreed assessment to determine the winner. In the end of first week, teacher and
students were discussed the problem statement based on their information and teacher modules. Teacher also introducing debate procedure adapted from Leuser (2007) before conducting the second week of habituation, students may ask about debate procedure so that debate is clearly conducted without any obstacles.
Second week of habituation phase, previously teacher informed students to separate two big debate team into four debate team with two problem statement about pollution. The first problem statement is “Banjir di Indonesia diakibatkan oleh percemaran lingkungan” and was debated by A and C team, meanwhile
36
agreed assessment with students. Next, teacher and students were discussed based on the information. In the end of second week students were determined into six teams, students dicing to determine the member of the team and students was informed again about the debate procedure. After is habituation phase, teacher conducted two meeting for their simple papers to put information and argumentation. After two meeting conducted, teacher began the implementation stage.
2. Implementation Stage
Implementation stage was conducted three weeks with 2 x 40 time allocation in each meeting. Implementation stage has several activities such as follows:
a. Before the implementation was occurred, speakers divided into team and they have to arrange papers as their guide. In one week, there were two teams with the same problem statement; it was assessed by teacher and observers in
debate grading rubrics. Description of problem statement is below:
1) First (1st) meeting: The first and second team debated “Pencemaran Sungai
Citarum yang Disebabkan oleh Merk Pakaian Ternama” (Water Pollution Caused by Famous Fashion Brand In Sungai Citarum)
2) Second (2nd) meeting: The third and fourth team debated “Pemerintah
Berperan Penting dalam Kerusakan Ekosistem di Jawa Barat”(Government’s
Role in River East Java Ecosystem Damage in East Java)
37
3. Conclusion stage
After the analysis stage was conducted in implementation stage, conclusion and suggestion for further research and lacks from this research would be presented. The conclusion was made based on research question that was answered from the results. Research flows was described in Figure 3.2
.
Figure 3.1 Flows of Research Problem
Determination
Title Determination
Students’ Scientific Argumentation Performance through Debating in
38
F. Instructional Tool
Process of teaching and learning in the classroom may had supportive tools to complete teacher information of students and also increasing student activity in the classroom. In this research there are three main instructional tools 1) lesson plan was designed as part of instructional planning used by the teacher, especially in the research as instructional tool. Lesson plan is arranged for implementation set in every meeting during implementation. 2) Students’ reflection was designed
to collect students’ perception of sub concept of water pollution and collected students’ major knowledge of what they have learnt in the debate. 3) Peer assessed supported by teacher and discussed with the students so that students has agreement in assessing their friend using agreed assessment.
G.Research Instrument
The analysis of scientific argumentation implementation using debate was conducted by using several instruments. These instruments would be elaborated as
follows:
1. Debate Criteria Rubric
Debate criteria rubric is instrument which is arranged to measure debate of each speaker in a team. Debate criteria rubric for this research taken from SEDA (2007) Debate grading rubrics were taken from formal debate planning for Social Science subject for grade 7, it also means that formal debate is suitable to be taught earlier in junior high school. Debate grading team that was used in this research is rating for evaluating the speakers in formal debate which has interval 1 to 5 which state 1) need improvement 2) fair 3) average 4) good 5) outstanding.
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2. Questionnaire
Questionnaire was used to know students’ response after conducting all meetings of debate implementation. The questionnaire consisted of two main indicators; they were 1) students able to have ability to speech, and 2) students able to have ability in debate. Likert scale was used where both indicators consist of favourable and un-favourable statements in the questionnaire; the scoring mark of the questionnaire was done by giving checklist in each number of statement in five answer possibility; 1) Strongly Disagree (SD) 2) Disagree (D) 3) Hesitate (H) 4) Agree (A) 5) Strongly Agree (SA). Each possible answer had different score indicating the value for each possible answer had score range from 0 to 4, orderly. Each statement had positive and negative degree depended on the statement degree, statement number (1, 3, 4, 6, 7) were favourable statement meanwhile number (2 and 5) were unfavourable statement (Appendix B.2)
H. Instrument Development
Instrument procurement would be done if it was not available, researcher could begin to arrange to plan, arrange, test, and revise the instrument. When
there are standardised instrument, the researcher could use and lend them to be used in the implementation process. (Arikunto, 2010). The main development of this research is underlies in the adoption of formal debate evaluation by SEDA (2007) and adaptation from the debate format by Leuser (2003).
I. Data Analysis
1. Debate Criteria Rubrics
Debate grading rubrics data were conducted three times based on the meeting. All speakers or students in both teams in every meeting were assessed. The process of data analysis was descriptive statistics and percentage would be explained as follows:
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observers; they were a teacher and two observers to observe ongoing debate. Besides that, there were three marks per each student. Mean was calculated then divided by maximum score (Navidi, 2008). All criteria had the same team by following formula:
b. Class interval was used to determine the interval boundary (Navidi, 2008). First, determining the maximum and minimum score to process class interval. Class interval was determined by using free scale (Arikunto, 2010) or impermanent scale which could be used to distribute students in several class intervals. Class interval formula:
Second, putting the class interval into first minimum score in interval class by this formula:
c. Determining the frequency and percentage to find score and percent of students performance in argumentative skills suitable to the score in previous rubric (1-5):
Table 3.1 Percentage in A Criterion (Example)
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d. After all criterions were determined, the summary of each criteria data were determined in table as follows:
Table 3.2 Percentage of Summary Every Criterion (Example)
Description
Organization
and Strategy Evidence Presentation Rebuttals Procedure
Frequency (f)
Percentage (%)
Score
2. Questionnaire
The analysis of students’ questionnaire would be done by classifying data
based on the alternative answer given. (Arikunto, 2010) Likert scale process would be used by calculating the following formula. Every statement was
determined by x value to determine the trend of students’ response and those
statements would be inserted to every statement table.
p = proportion
f = frequency
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
Taking into the previous chapter about research findings, it can be concluded that students can adapt in debate classroom especially in argumentation with several skills measure using criteria in SEDA (2007) rubric. Criteria used in
measure students’ skill in scientific argumentation implementation had resulted students’ speech variety in argumentation. Organisation and strategy used in
scientific argumentation implementation were introduce the information generalisation without extend the argumentation with information meanwhile
students’ criteria consist of fact without higher reference of source. Students
presented with low intonation and also low voice volume that indicating the enunciation of debate were less, this affect students to refute the argument of the opponent. In the end students followed the procedure as the last criteria to ask the
question relevantly to opponent directed by teacher to stimulate their awareness of asking questions. There are hecklings from students that prevented by students to
prevent rule breaker. This students’ performance was supported by questionnaire
data that students enhanced the ability of argumentation and debate. Further habituation of debate method is needed to increase students’ ability of argumentation and debate in ecosystem concept.
B. Recommendations
Considering that this debate implementation is still needed to be improved and developed to find information about debate; recommendations are suggested for further research as follows:
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2. Audio recording is suggested to be used in the research to prevent un-audible audio data during decoding process.
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