NON-OBSERVANCE OF MAXIMS IN FACEBOOK CONVERSATION FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE: A Case Study of the Ninth Semester of English Students at One University in Bandung.

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Irma Rizkiana Hanifah , 2013

Non-Observance Of Maxims In Facebook Conversation From Gender Perspektive Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

Non-Observance Of Maxims In Facebook Conversation From

Gender Perspective

(A Case Study of the Ninth Semester of English Students at One University in

Bandung)

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Language and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education in a Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Irma Rizkiani Hanifah

0801276

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Contoh Halaman Hak Cipta untuk Mahasiswa S1

Studi Kinerja Rumah Sakit Khusus

Gigi dan Mulut Kota Bandung

dengan Pendekatan Balanced

Scorecard

Oleh Asaretkha Adjane A

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis

Januari 2012

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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==================================================================

English Education at Secondary

Education

Oleh Didi Sukyadi

S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993

Sebuah Tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Juli 2004

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==================================================================

English Education at Secondary

Education

Oleh Didi Sukyadi

S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993 MA in Primary Education, 1997

Sebuah Tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Doktor Pendidikan (Dr.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Juli 2004

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

NON-OBSERVANCE OF MAXIMS IN FACEBOOK CONVERSATION

FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE

By

Irma Rizkiani Hanifah

0801276

Approved By

The First Supervisor The Second Supervisor

Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed.

NIP. 196611271993031002 NIP. 198105252005011002

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.

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ii Abstract

This study was aimed at investigating types of maxims which are not observed by male and female users and how male and female users fail to observe a maxim in their conversation. This study involved 16 male and 15 female Facebook users of students majoring in English at one university in Bandung.

This study applied qualitative case study method. The data were in the form of conversations in Facebook that were downloaded from August 2012 until December 2012. The data were collected through several considerations of non-observance of maxims within the conversation based on Grice’s theory of conversational implicature. There were several procedures in analyzing the data: identifying, classifying, calculating, and interpreting.

The findings showed that male users commonly failed to observe the maxim of relation by giving irrelevant contribution, while female users commonly failed to observe the maxim of quantity by giving more information. In addition, flouting of maxim is the most frequent non-observance of maxim that was performed by both male and female users in their conversation. Thus, both users tended to make a joke, to stay close with friends, or just to contribute the conversation when they performed such non-observance of maxims.

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ii Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu macam-macam maxim apa saja yang gagal diamati oleh para pengguna Facebook baik pria maupun wanita dalam percakapannya. Penelitian ini melibatkan 16 pengguna Facebook pria dan 15 pengguna Facebook wanita dari murid-murid bahasa Inggris di satu perguruan tinggi di Bandung.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif studi kasus. Data penelitian ini berupa percakapan dalam Facebook yang diunduh dari Agustus hingga Desember 2012. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui beberapa pertimbangan dalam pelanggaran maxim-maxim di dalam percakapan berdasarkan teori Grice mengenai implikatur dalam percakapan. Terdapat beberapa prosedur dalam menganalisa data penelitian ini: mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, menghitung, dan mentafsirkan.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa para pengguna pria cenderung melanggar relation maxim dengan memberikan kontribusi yang tidak relevan, sementara pengguna wanita cenderung melanggar quantity maxim dengan memberikan informasi yang berlebih. Sebagai tambahan, flouting maxim ditemukan sebagai pelanggaran maxim yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh para pengguna baik pria maupun wanita. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa para pengguna cenderung menyiratkan suatu lelucon, menyiratkan keingingan tetap berkomunikasi dengan teman , atau hanya ingin berkontribusi di dalam percakapan ketika mereka melakukan pelanggaran maxim-maxim tersebut.

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vi Irma Rizkiana Hanifah , 2013

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an introductory section of the study. It covers background of

the study, research questions, aims of the study, limitation of the study,

significance of the study, research methodology, clarification of terms, and

organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Study

Nowadays, people prefer using social networking for a variety of reasons. People

want to build an easy conversation with friends by using social networking as

their medium of written conversation. Kelsey (2010) believes that social

networking is the greatest part of communication in sharing stories and getting

people‟s reaction. In addition, the use of social networking is considered to be an

important thing as people‟s business medium. Thus, people tend to use social

networking in order to retain social relationship with others.

By using social networking, people can communicate easily with friends

any time and any where. There are several kinds of social networking that are

used to communicate with others: Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, etc. People tend

to use those social networking websites because they are user friendly and easy to

use. Facebook, for instance, is a simple communication medium for keeping in

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2

eMarketer.com on Facebook users in 2011 showed that Indonesia ranked the 2nd

largest market with 35 million Facebook users (McNaughton, 2011).

Communication among social networking users commonly happens in

informal situation. The use of informal language shows closeness between the

speaker and hearer. In social networking, for instance, people People imply

another meaning from what they say and expect the hearer to know what they

mean (Thomas, 1995). Thus, people have to understand what speaker says by

interpreting what is said and what is implied.

On the other hand, the unexpected feedback from people causes

misunderstanding between speaker and hearer in conversation. Grice (1975)

names this issue as implicature phenomenon. In identifying and classifying this

phenomenon, Grice (1975: 45) proposes the cooperative principle as a rule of

conversation and it runs as follow: “Make your contribution such as is required, at

the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk

exchange in which you are engaged”. This principle consists of four maxims: (1)

maxim of quality; (2) maxim of quantity; (3) maxim of relation; and (4) maxim of

manner (Thomas, 1995).

Since the cooperative principle is setas the rules of conversation, it should

be observed by social networking users in their interaction. However, users may

be failed to observe maxims. Grice (1975, cited in Thomas, 1995) proposes five

ways people fail to observe a maxim, among others: flouting a maxim, violating a

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3 conversation, people may fail to observe a maxim because, for instance, they

cannot speak clearly or unreasonably choose to lie (Thomas, 1995).

There are some studies which have been conducted in examining the

cooperative principle in oral conversation (Morini, 2007; Dornerus, 2005; Jia,

2008; Thornberg, 2011; and Nanda et al, 2012). In investigating the cooperative

principle, Morini (2007) found out that people fail to observe a maxim because of

their social relation with others. Meanwhile, Dornerus (2005), Jia (2008), and

Nanda et al. (2012) believed that in creating humorous situation, people have to

break a maxim in their verbal interaction. Different from those studies, Thornberg

(2011) investigated the cooperative principle in sociolinguistic field. He found out

that boy and girl fail to observe a maxim because they use different turn-taking

strategies in conversation.

On the other hand, there are also studies concerning the cooperative

principle in written conversation (Thurlow, 2002; Ling, 2005; Budiarti, 2008;

Hals, 2006; and Jara, 2003). In investigating the cooperative principle, Thurlow

(2002), Ling (2005), and Budiarti (2008) argued that people commonly fail to

observe a maxim because they use Short Message Service (SMS) as their

communication medium to share their personal feeling, for instance, by using

ambiguous expression in the conversation. Meanwhile, Hals (2006) and Jara

(2003) believed that users in chat room conversation have their conversational

patterns and tend to imitate oral conversational environment in their written

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4 The previous studies show that there is a situation which is not

investigated conclusively. Those previous studies do not discuss how male and

female break a maxim in their conversation. The studies of non-observance of

maxims particularly emphasizing written conversation in pragmatic field are still

rarely accomplished. Thus, the present study focuses on the analysis of Indonesian

Facebook users‟ non-observance of maxims from a gender perspective. According

to Nazaryan and Gridchin (2006), linguists are attracted in investigating language

used in written conversation, for instance, in internet, because they are concerned

with the possible influence on language in general as the living language.

Moreover, Martin (1984, cited in Eggins, 2004) considers modern communication

modes, such as chat rooms conversation, as the non-visual and non-aural, and the

rapid feedback communication media that takes place in the middle of distance

between spoken and written conversation.

1.2 Research Question

The following are the research questions of this study:

1. What types of maxims are not observed by male and female Facebook

users in their conversation?

2. How do male and female users fail to observe the maxims in their

conversation?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Relevant to the background of the study above, the aims of the study are stated as

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5 1. To identify types of maxims that are not observed by male and female

Facebook users in their conversation.

2. To reveal how maxims are failed to be observed by male and female

users in their conversation.

1.4 Limitation of the Study

The study only focuses on types of maxims that are not observed by male and

female Facebook users and how male and female users fail to observe a maxim

in their conversation. In addition, several male and female users who post a status

and get comments on it are involved in this study.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, the study is expected to enrich a linguistic study, especially in

pragmatics field. By doing this study, it might identify the way social networking

users observe the maxims. It shows that not only the types of maxim which are

not observed by Facebook users, but also how they fail to observe a maxim in

their interaction from gender perspective. Moreover, it provides a practical

guidance in analyzing text based on a written conversation in social networking.

There is also benefit that can be gained from this study: the reader will gain

knowledge about non-observance of the maxims occurring in social networking

from gender perspective.

1.6 Research Method

Qualitative case study method is applied in this study in order to reveal aims of

the study. Since qualitative method is concerned with explaining the social

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6 this study in explaining the implicature phenomenon occuring in Facebook.

Moreover, the study is a case study since the data are collected from a sample of

several students majoring in English at one university in Bandung.

Furthermore, the collected data are in the form of Facebook conversations

that are chosen from several active users. Those conversations are downloaded

from August 2012 until December 2012. The conversations that contain

non-observance of maxims are identified based on four types of maxims and those data

are changed into transcription format in order to help the process of analyzing.

In analyzing the data, several steps are conducted in this study. The first

step is to identify the transcribed conversations of male and female users based on

four types of maxims proposed by Grice (1975). The second step is to classify the

data that contain types of maxims that are not observed by users into the table of

non-observance of maxims. The third step is to calculate those identified data into

table of frequency in order to find out the most frequent non-observance of

maxims used by male and female Facebook users in their interaction. Afterward,

the study interprets how male and female users fail to observe a maxim in their

interaction.

1.7 Clarification of Terms

There are several key terms that need to be clarified in order to avoid

misunderstanding:

1. Non-observance of Maxims: The way people fail to observe a maxim

in their conversation. Sometimes, non-observance of maxims is used in

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7 flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, infringing a maxim, opting out of

a maxim, and suspending a maxim (Thomas, 1995).

2. Facebook: A social networking website designed for anyone 13 years

of age or older. Facebook users can create and customize their own

profiles. Friends can browse the profiles of other friends and write

messages on their pages. Each Facebook profile has a „wall‟, where

friends can post comments. Since the „wall‟ is viewable by all users‟

friends, wall postings are basically a public conversation.

(http://www.techterms.com/definition/facebook).

3. Gender: Gender is a part of social interaction and social practice

(Paltridge, 2006). Trudgill (2000, cited from Thornberg, 2011) argued

that there are differences between men and women language, for

instance, in using vocabulary.

4. The Cooperative Principle: A conversation principle proposed by

Grice (1975) that each participant should be cooperative in

contributing a conversation by following the set of certain rules and

giving their required contribution in the talk exchange (Grice, 1975).

5. Implicature: the inference a hearer makes about a speaker‟s intended

meaning that arises from their use of the literal meaning of what the

speaker said, the conversational principle and its maxims (Paltridge,

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8

1.8 Organization of the Paper

The study is organized in five chapters. Each chapter contains several subtopics.

The first chapter puts forward an introduction of the paper. It presents the

background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, limitation of the

study, significance of the study, research method in conducting the research,

clarification of terms, and organization of the paper. The second chapter

formulates a theoretical framework of the paper. It includes more than one

theoretical foundations related to the research questions. The third chapter consists

of research method and research procedures. It elaborates the research design,

object of the study, data collection, and data analysis. In this chapter, the writer

informs about the procedures of analyzing the data. The fourth chapter focuses on

the findings from the data analyses that are represented. It discusses the writer‟s

interpretation of the implicature phenomenon that occurs in Facebook based on

Grice‟s cooperative principle. Further, the discussion is elaborated in this chapter.

The fifth chapter covers the conclusion of the study and its result. It consists of

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37

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter outlines the methodology of the study. It consists of statement of the

problems and research method. The formulated research questions are elaborated

in statement of problems of the recent study. Moreover, research method

elaborates research design, participants, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Statement of the Problems

By considering gender comparison, the statement of the problems of the

non-observance of maxims in Facebook conversation is formulated in the following

research questions:

1. What types of maxims are not observed by male and female Facebook

users in their conversation?

2. How do male and female users fail to observe a maxim in their

conversation?

3.2 Research Design

The study is a qualitative case study. Qualitative approach is concerned with

explaining the social phenomena of certain human behavior and has a goal in

identifying unexpected phenomena and influences, and developing concepts and

theories (Hancock, 1998). In other words, people can understand why they behave

in the certain condition and how they are influenced by the situation around them.

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38 case such as people, institution, organization, or community (Stake, 1995 cited in

Dornyei, 2007). Dornyei (2007) emphasizes that case study presents a depth of

analysis and creates new understanding of certain phenomena.

Qualitative approach is applied in this study because it is the most

appropriate approach in explaining the implicature phenomenon occurring in

Facebook. Since the data are collected in the form of conversations in Facebook,

this can generate different possibilities of implicature. These different possibilities

of implicature are mapped based on the failures in observing a maxim by male

and female Facebook users in their interaction. The use of additional information

by users, for instance, is one of the samples of implicature phenomenon occurring

in social networking. Male and female users’ activity here is considered as the

social phenomenon that is influenced by their behavior. By using qualitative

approach, it can develop concepts and theories of implicature occurring in social

networking from gender perspective.

Furthermore, the study is a case study since the data are collected from a

sample of several students majoring in English at one university in Bandung. 16

male users and 15 female users are considered as sample of units in this study. In

addition, the case of this study is language used by male and female users based

on types of maxims that are not observed by them in their conversation.

3.3 Participants

The students majoring in English at one university in Bandung from the ninth

semester who have signed up as Facebook users are chosen as the participants of

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39 status and get comments on it. The total of male participants is 16 users, and the

total of female participants is 15 users.

There are several reasons in choosing the above characteristics of

participants. The main reason is the study represents the gender comparison in

Facebook. Both men and women are chosen because they are active users in

Facebook. Then, those participants are chosen because they fail to observe a

maxim and perform such non-observance of maxims in their conversation.

3.4 Data Collection

The data which are in the form of conversations in Facebook were collected first.

Those conversations were downloaded from August 2012 until December 2012.

Afterward, the conversations were separated with the types of maxim and without

the types of maxim. The conversations that contain non-observance of maxims

were identified based on types of maxim that are not observed by users. The data

collections were taken from 16 male and 15 female users as participants in this

study. Furthermore, those data were changed into transcription format in order to

help the process of analysis. In addition, the data were full script of conversations

that consisted of male and female status which included several comments from

other users.

3.5 Data Analysis

The collected data were analyzed afterward through several procedures of

identifying, classifying, calculating, and interpreting. As mentioned earlier in the

process of collecting the data, the identification was started by choosing several

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40 The identified conversations were presented in the table based on types of maxims

that are not observed by users.

In the process of identifying, the use of symbol was used in this study. The

checklist (√) symbol was used in order to indicate the expression that fails in

observing Grice’s maxims. All names of participants were changed into initial

based on the conversation. For example, A1 and A2 were symbols of participants’

name in conversation 1. Both male and female users were also differentiated by

using symbol (m) which stands for male and (f) which stands for female.

Moreover, the bold sentence in identified conversation was indicated as the

sentence that was not observed by users in their conversation. Afterward, the use

of abbreviation of maxims was used: (1) QL (quality); (2) QN (quantity); (3) RT

(relation); and (4) MN (manner). Moreover, the use of abbreviation of

non-observance of maxims was also used: (1) FLO (flouting); (2) VIO (violating); (3)

INF (infringing); (4) OPT (opting out); and (5) SUS (suspending). Table 3.1

concerning the failures in observing the maxims and types of non-observance of

maxims is described as follows:

Table 3.1

The framework of detail analysis on non-observance of maxims

Context Status and

Comments Transcriptions

Failures in observing

Grice’s CP Non-Observance of Maxims Implication

QL QN RT MN FLO VIO INF OPT SUS

√ √

The next step was classifying the data. The classification was started by

separating those identified conversations into table of maxims and non-observance

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41 analysis in this step only focused on the status and comments that were classified

into non-observance of maxims data. The table of maxims and non-observance of

maxims by different genders is described as follows:

Table 3.2

Maxims and non-observance of maxims by male users

Status and Comments Transcriptions

Non-Observance of Maxims Maxims FLO VIO INF OPT SUS

Maxims and non-observance of maxims by female users

Status and Comments Transcriptions

Non-Observance of Maxims Maxims FLO VIO INF OPT SUS

observance of maxims based on its maxims. That calculated data were classified

into table of frequency in order to find out the most frequent non-observance of

maxims performed by male and female Facebook users in their interaction. The

frequency of non-observance of maxims by different genders was calculated into

table 3.4 concerning distribution of non-observance of maxims based on types of

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42

Table 3.4

Non-observance of maxims distribution based on types of maxims by different genders

After calculating the occurrences frequency of non-observance of maxims

based on its maxims, the next step was interpreting the occurrences patterns in

order to figure out the tendency of those occurrences patterns. There are several

occurrences patterns that are interpreted in this study. First, the data were

interpreted based on types of maxims that were not observed by male and female

users in their conversation. Second, the data were interpreted based on how male

and female users failed to observe a maxim in their interaction. Last, the findings

were interpreted based on gender perspective.

In interpreting the types of maxims that are not observed by male and

female users in their conversation, the calculated occurrences frequency was used

in order to find out the most frequent maxim and the least frequent maxim that

were not observed by users. Afterward, the occurrences patterns of those

calculated data were interpreted based on different genders.

In interpreting how male and female users fail to observe a maxim in their

interaction, the study focuses on the way they break a maxim such as by giving

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43 irrelevant object of question. This study also focuses in interpreting the

implication behind users’ utterances. In addition, since the implication of

utterances by users is specifically intended, this study outlines the analysis of

particularized conversational implicature occurs in Facebook conversation.

Afterward, in interpreting findings based on gender perspective, the study

considers how male and female users fail to observe a maxim and what maxims

that are not observed by them in their interaction. The use of linguistics features

and the content of conversation are also considered in interpreting gender

realization of non-observance of maxim. In this step, it reveals a comparison

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64

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

The last chapter represents the conclusions and suggestions of the study. The

conclusions are made based on the findings and discussions presented in the

previous chapter. The present study was motivated by the use of Facebook as a

communication medium by Indonesian society and the theory of non-observance

of maxims by Grice (1975). Additionally, the study gives some suggestions for

further studies related the study of non-observance of maxims from gender

perspective.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the results of the analysis that are discussed in the previous chapter,

there are 2conclusions for this study. First, there is a similar pattern between male

and female Facebook users in terms of how they fail to observe a maxim in their

conversation. Both male and female users commonly flout a maxim in a

conversation because they expect other users to look for other interpretation for

what they say literally. On the other hand, both users have different reasons when

they use this non-observance of maxim in their interaction. Male users intend to

make a joke when they try to contribute the conversation, while female users

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65

Second, there is a different pattern between male and female users in terms

of types of maxims that are not observed by them. Male users commonly fail to

observe the maxim of relation by showing no interest to the topic being discussed.

Meanwhile, female users tend to fail to observe the maxim of quantity in their

interaction by giving more information than is required because they intend to

maintain social relationship with other users.

From those explanations above, it can be concluded that non-observance

of maxims proposed by Grice (1975) can be found also in written conversation

especially in Facebook conversation. This happened because there is no limitation

for the users to comment other users post in their interaction. In addition, the use

of non-observance of maxims in Facebook can be created by male and female

users by using different ways and reasons. Flouting a maxim is the most frequent

non-observance of maxim that is found in Facebook conversation. It shows that

Facebook users tend to expect others to look for other interpretation when they

imply something because they want to make a joke, stay close with friends, or just

contribute the conversation.

5.2 Suggestions

There are some suggestions for further studies related the study of non-observance

of maxims from gender perspective. First, it would be better for the researchers to

have more theoretical foundations on the topic in order to get a better result of the

study. Second, this study can be conducted in other different contexts such as

conversation in a formal situation by considering gender, age, or institution, for

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66 In addition, some other pragmatic issues are also available to be explored. Other

researchers can investigate issue related the implicature in communication situation by

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67

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