THESIS
Submitted to Board Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for Literature Degree
at English Literature Department
by FITRIANI NIM. 403170870
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND.HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN.THAHA.SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2021
i
NOTA DINAS
Jambi, April 2021 Pembimbing I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Pembimbing II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
Alamat : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN STS Jambi Kepada Yth
Ibu Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN STS Jambi Di-
Tempat Assalamu‟alaikum wr.wb
Setelah membaca dan mengadakan perbaikan seperlunya, maka kami berpendapat bahwa skripsi saudari :Fitriani, Nim.403170870, yang berjudul“Politeness Strategies in Virtual Communication Between Students and Lecturers in English Literature Department”. telah dapat diajukan untuk dimunaqosahkan guna melengkapi tugas - tugas dan memenuhi syarat syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana strata satu (S1) pada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN STS Jambi. Maka, dengan itu kami ajukan skripsi tersebut agar dapat diterima dengan baik.
Demikianlah kami ucapkan terima kasih, semoga bermanfaat bagi kepentingan kampus dan para peneliti.
Wassalamu‟alaikum wr.wb
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Dian Mukhlisa, M.A NIP. 198411272011012012 NIP. 198808112015032006
ii Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
Address : Adab and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
To
The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
State Islamic University In
Jambi
Assalamu’alaikumwr.wb
After reading and revising everything extended necessary, so we agree that the thesis with the title “Politeness Strategies in Virtual Communication Between Students and Lecturers in English Literature Department ”. can be submitted to Munaqasyah exam in part of fulfillment to the Requirement for the Degree of Humanities Scholar. We submit it in order be received well. Thus, we hope it can be useful for all.
Wassalamu’alaikumwr.wb
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
NIP. 198411272011012012 NIP.198808112015032006
iii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION
This thesis has been examined by the session of Adab and Humanity Faculty of The State Islamic University Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi May 28 th 2021 and accepted as a part of the requirement which has to be fulfilled for obtaining Undergraduate Degree (S1) in English Literature Department.
Jambi, May 28 th 2021
Dean of Adab and Humanity Faculty
Dr. Halimah Dja’far, S.Ag.,M.Fil,I NIP. 196012111988032001
Secretary Chairman
Rahmad Fajar, M.A Chandri Febri Santi, M. Pd NIP. 19861227202012201005 NIP. 198902032018012002
Examiner I Supervisor I
Yenti, SS. M. Pd Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA NIP. 197208052007102004 NIP. 198411272011012012
Examiner II Supervisor II
Firdiansyah, S.S. M.A Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
NIDN: 200418102 NIP.198808112015032006
iv
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT The undersigned,
Name : Fitriani Reg, Number : 403170870
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A Faculty : Adab and Humanity Department : English Literature
By signing this latter, I state that the thesis entitles: “Politeness Strategies in Virtual Communication Between Students and Lecturers in English Literature Department”. This is my original work. If this thesis is not original or cheating from other researcher, I will be ready to be responsible and get punishment based on the role of Adab and Humanities Faculty of the State Islamic University Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Therefore, I make this statement in good health and mind.
Jambi, April th 2021
FITRIANI NIM. 403170870
v MOTTO
(٤٤) ىَش ْخَي ْوَأ ُرَّكَذَتَي ۥُهَّلَعَّل اانِّيَّل الَ ْوَق ۥُهَل َلَوُقَف
“So speak both of you to him in gentle words, hopefully he will remember or fear”1
“Maka berbicaralah kamu berdua kepadanya dengan kata-kata yang lemah lembut, mudah-mudahan ia ingat atau takut”.
(Q.S Taha Ayat 44)2
1 Maulawi Sher, The Holy Qur‟an, (United Kingdom: Islam International Publications, 2004), p.323.
2 Al-Aliyy, Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahan, ( Ponogoro: Ikatan Penerbit Indonesia, 2005 ), p.
251.
vi
DEDICATION
The Last and Final Messenger of Allah, Muhammad (pbuh) a good role model and the leader of human kind.
I dedicated this thesis to:
Myself who never give up no matter what happen.
To both of my parents who always give me the best prayers, supports, and love.
To my brother and sisters is always there for me in any circumstances.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer would like to say Alhamdullilahirabil‟alamin, all the praise to Allah SWT the lord of all creatures, for his blessing from the starting point of my study until now the end of my study. After that, Shalawat and salam be upon to our prophet Muhammad SAW, hopefully
we will get his syafa‟at later at the last day. Secondly, I would like to express her deepest gratitude to people who helped the writer in accomplishing this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisors Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA and Dian Mukhlisa, M.A who have helped, adjusted, supported and suggested me in writing this thesis. I also would like to say thanks for all classmates English Literature 2017 who have given additional suggestion and support to finish this thesis.
To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many people. So, the writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are:
1. Prof. Dr. Suaidi, MA., Ph. D as a Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
2. Dr. Halimah Dja‟far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I. as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
3. Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag as the first Vice Dean of Academic. Dr.
Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the second Vice Dean of Finances, and Dr.
Roudhoh, S.Ag.,SS.,M.Pd.I as the third Vice Dean of University Student of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
4. The Head of English Literature Department Dian Mukhlisa, MA and The Secretary of English Literature Department Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd.
5. All the Lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then
viii
contribution and assistant during studying in UIN of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
6. My father, Dg. Mallongi ( Alm ) who always reminds me of Allah, who always told me to be patient and accept what happen for those are Allah‟s teachings and plans. For my mother, Dadda who always gives me the best she could possibly give, for always there when I need her.
7. For my brother and sisters is always there for me in any circumstances.
8. For all of my classmates for sharing all the moments during 3 years pass.
9. For all my friends , Kucar - Kacir Squad, Abal - Abal Squad, TOD & WW Squad thanks for your kindness, helped as long as the writer‟s processd until finish this thesis.
10. Last but not least, I want to thank me for believing in me, I want to thank me for doing all of this hard work, I want to thank me for having no days off, I want to thank me for never quitting, I want to thank me for never giving up on me.
This thesis is still far from perfection, the researcher humbly request some critiques and suggestions in order to make it better in the future time. Finally, the researcher wishes that this thesis could extend useful contribution to the readers, especially for the students of English Literature Department of Adab and Humanity Faculty.
Jambi, April th 2020 The writer
FITRIANI NIM: 403170870
ix ABSTRACT
Fitriani, 2021 : Politeness Strategies in Virtual Communication Between Students and Lecturers in English Literature Department
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
This research discusses about the kinds of politeness strategies in virtual communication used by students to lecturers English Literature and the factors that influence the politeness of students to lecturers. This research is designed to find the politeness strategies used in student communication and to find out the factors that influence the politeness of students to lecturers of English Literature lecturers. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The object of this research is the Students of English Literature. The research data were taken from screenshots of messages from students and lecturers and google forms. The method of collecting data is by using documentation. The data is classified according to the type of politeness and the factors of politeness strategy according to Brown & Lavinson theory. In this study, the writer found there are 28 data that the writer got from send messages student to lecturer in English Literature UIN STS Jambi. From 4 kinds of politeness strategies according to Brown and Levinson theory, the writer got 1 data of bald on record, the writer got 19 data of positive politeness, negative politeness got 6 data, and last but not least off record got 4 data. In addition, there are 6 data that the writer got from sending massages students to lecturers in English Literature. From 2 factors of politeness strategies according to Brown and Levinson theory, the writer found the factors of politeness startagy is socialogical variables, the writer got 2 of social distance, the researcher got 2 of relative power and got 2 of rank of imposition.
Keywords : Politeness Strategy, Virtual Communication, English Literature.
x ABSTRAK
Fitriani, 2021 : Politeness Strategies in Virtual Communication Between Students and Lecturers in English Literature Department.
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
Penelitian ini membahas tentang jenis- jenis kesopanan dalam komunkasi virtual yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa ke dosen Sastra Inggris dan faktor yang mempengaruhi kesopanan mahasiswa ke dosen. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk untuk menemukan kesantunan strategi yang digunakan dalam komunikasi mahasiswa dengan dosen dan mengetahui aktor yang mempengaruhi kesopanan mahasiswa ke dosen Sastra Inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Objek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Sastra Inggris. Data penelitian diambil dari screenshot pesan mahasiswa dan dosen serta formulir google. Cara pengumpulan data adalah dengan menggunakan dokumentasi. Data tersebut diklasifikasikan menurut jenis kesantunan dan faktor yang mempengaruhi kesopanan menurut teori Brown & Lavinson. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menemukan ada 28 data yang peneliti dapatkan dari pengiriman pesan mahasiswa ke dosen Sastra Inggris UIN STS Jambi. Dari 4 jenis strategi kesantunan menurut teori Brown dan Levinson, peneliti mendapatkan 1 data tentang bald on record, peneliti mendapatkan 19 data kesantunan positif, kesantunan negatif mendapatkan 6 data, dan off record mendapatkan 4 data.. Selain itu, terdapat 6 data yang peneliti dapatkan dari pesan mahasiswa dan dosen Sastra Inggris. Dari 2 faktor strategi kesantunan menurut teori Brown dan Levinson, peneliti menemukan bahwa faktor kesantunan strategis merupakan sociological variables, penulis menemukan of social distance, nememukan 2 relative power dan menemukan 2 rank of imposition.
Kata Kunci: Strategi Kesopanan, Komunikasi Virtual, Sastra Inggris.
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TABLES OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ... i
NOTA DINAS ……….………..…..ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ………..….………iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ……….………..iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... iv
ACKNOWLADGEMENT ... vii
ABSTRACT ... viii
ABSTRAK ... xi
TABLES OF CONTENT ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem... 1
B. Formulation of the Problem ... 4
C. Limitation of the Problem ... 4
D. Purpose of the Problem ... 5
E. Significance of the Research ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A.Pragmatics ... 7
B.Definition of Politeness Strategy ... 9
C.Kinds of Politeness Strategy ... 10
1.Negative Politeness Strategy ... 10
2.Positive Politeness Strategy. ... 13
xii
3.Bald on-record ... 14
4.Off-Record Politeness Strategy ... 15
D. Factors of Politeness Strategies ... 16
1. Payoffs ... 16
a) Bald On Record Payoff ... 16
b) Positive Politeness Payoff ... 17
c) Negative Politeness Payoff ... 17
d) Off Record Payoff ... 18
2. Sociological Variables ... 18
a) Social Distance ... 18
b) Relative Power ... 19
c) Rank of Imposition ... 19
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH A. Design of Research... 23
B. Source of Data ... 24
C. Technique of Collecting Data ... 25
D. Technique of Data Analysis ... 26
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings ... 28
1. Kinds of politeness strategy students to lecturers ...
Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. The Factors of Politeness Strategy ...
Error! Bookmark not defined.
xiii B. Analysis
1. Kinds of politeness strategy students to lecturers ... 28
a. Positive Politeness... 28
b. Off Record ... 38
c. Negative Politeness ... 42
d. Bald of Record ... 45
2. The factors of politeness strategy ... 46
A. Sosiological Variables 1) Social Distance ... 49
2) Relative Power ………49
2) Rank of Imposition ... 50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclustions ... 51
B. Suggestions ... 52 REFERENCES
APPENDIX
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
At this time, the world has been shocked by a virus that is very easy to spread. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared the Covid-19 a pandemic because it is spread so fast that it is categorized as a pandemic. According to WHO, a pandemic is the scale of the spread of disease that occurs globally throughout the world. Pandemics also have higher levels than epidemics or compilations of diseases that spread rapidly among many people and in greater numbers than those that occur normally.3
Communication is a manner that may be finished in oral or written form. Everyone wishes to speak with every different to carry what they need to achieve, each informal and formal situation. Communication among human beings is feasible due to the fact such information is shared with others, even though how it is miles shared (or maybe how it is far acquired) is not always properly understood. When one speaks, he must constantly make choices of many different kinds of what he wants to say, how he wants to say it, and the specific sentence types, words, and sounds that best unite the what and the how. Fiske stated that verbal exchange is one of the human sports that many human beings understand however there are most effective 2 that may be described satisfactorily communication as social interplay the messages in its way. lt is known that communication does now no longer most effective arise in people however additionally happens in an organization. lt may be visible that maximum agencies speak with every different sequentially to achieve goals. This goal can be achieved successfully from how well the communication has been done, due to the
3Https://m.mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/298260-belajar-di-masa-pandemi/( accessed at 16:20 on Thursday, August, 23. 2020 )
2
fact via way of means of speaking nicely, the organization will increase properly in its interactions.4
In interaction, humans should be aware of different human being‟s faces to recollect different human being‟s emotions or keep relationships with different humans. According to Yule "as a technical term, face manner one's public self-image". It refers back to the emotional and social emotions of self that everybody possesses and expects all and sundry to recognize.5 ln every interaction people have unique methods of handling every different. Their way of speaking may sound special to humans who have an extraordinary reputation for them. According to Holmes, the manner someone speaks is encouraged due to the social context wherein they speak.
lt is critical who hears and wherein which they speak and the way they feel.
People use exclusive patterns in one of a kind social contexts to expose factors in their social identity through the manner they speak. The equal message may be conveyed in a different way to distinct human beings.6 WhatsApp is an application that is widely used today. WhatsApp makes
use of the net to ship messages, pictures, audio, or video to speak with others. This provider could be very just like a textual content messaging provider, but, due to the fact WhatsApp makes use of the net to ship messages, it costs a little less to use WhatsApp than sending messages. You also can use WhatsApp on your desktop, simply visit the WhatsApp internet site and download it to windows. lt is famous amongst teens because of functions like institution chats, voice messages, and region sharing.
According to Kurniasih WhatsApp has been constructed of educational environments in Indonesia like share everything of campus activity, research collaboration, and detailed information. The situation has been
4 Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies ( London: Routledge, Print 1990 ), p. 1
5 George Yule. Pragmatics. ( Oxpord: Oxpord.University.Press 1996 ), p. 60
6Holmes, Janet. An.introduction.to Sociolinguistic. (NewYork: Addison.Wesley.Longman Publishing, 1992 ), p. 260
built on a communication platform. Some issued that have been done are a communication mismatched among interlocuters7.An offline environment are the interlocutors are face to face and communication among them is share fluently so the meaning of their said is the most understandable.
Despite online or virtual learning is hard to find the best diction that is used.
The condition makes the sentence are impressed impoliteness. So the communication is seemed rude as mean the meaning among interlocutors is not sent.
Politeness is a very universal thing and is always well expressed. On the practical application of good manners and etiquette. According to Leech to avoid strategic conflict, which can be measured in terms of the level of effort and put into conflict avoidance, as well as situation, maintenance and shaping of the good.8 The avoidance is represented as a conscious effort on part of the person to be polite. Politeness strategies are more likely to be used when a speaker of relatively lower power makes a larger request in a more distant relationship than when a speaker of relatively higher power makes a smaller request in a closer relationship.
Politeness strategies are ways to convey the speech act as politely as possible. To achieve that, some strategies can be applied in a specific context used by an individual in a certain society.
One of the phenomena of language used for communication is politeness. This is a linguistic study that pays attention to social interactions in communication to avoid misunderstandings. Politeness takes the case of how the relationship between something is said and the recipient's judgment and response to the speaker's speech. One of the issues that have emerged is the use of text messages via the WhatsApp application, among lecturers and students are concerned about the immodesty of students. The body of literature has widely stated that
7Kurniasih,Virtual ethnography study of inter-lecturer communication in national young lecturers forum whatsapp group. ( OSF reprints,2018) p. 50
8 Geoffray N. Leech, The Pragmatic of Politeness . (Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press, 2014 ), p. 81
4
student language users are not polite when texting their teachers, and current research seeks to check politeness strategies used by both groups.9 The writer will analyze this because at the time of Covid-19 and study at home, the learning process was carried out online where students were required to communicate with lecturers through online media and various applications such as zoom, classroom, and WhatsApp. The media for communicating between students and lecturers that is often used is WhatsApp. Sending messages to lecturers via WhatsApp, causes students to send messages to their lecturers.using the language and style they usually use for friends and elements of immodesty. Based on the reasons above, the writer will analyze this thesis under the title “Politeness Strategies in Virtual Communication Between Students and Lecturers in English Literature Department”.
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background above, this research aims to find the answer to the following questions :
1. What are the kinds of politeness strategies used in the communication of students to lecturers during Covid-19?
2. What are the factors that influence of politeness strategies using by students to lecturers?
C. Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the writer only limited the research to the politeness strategy and the factors that influence the use of politeness strategy by students to lecturers in English Literature 7th Semester and 9th Semester Adab and Humanities Faculty and the time is from 2020 to 2021. This study involved 39 Students of English Literature. This research focused between students and lecturers communication via WhatsApp.
9 Mulyono, “Politeness Strategies in Teacher-Student WhatsApp Communication”. A PASAA Vol, 58 , No. 1, July - December 2019, p.1
D. Purpose of the Problem
Based on the problems, the aim of this research :
1. To find the kinds of politeness strategies used in the communication of students to lecturers during Covid-19.
2. To know the factors that influence politeness strategies using by students to lecturers.
E. Significance of the Research
Theoretically, this research is expected to provide a forum for thinking in the field of linguistics regarding politeness strategy in virtual communication of students and lecturers, so with the research, it hoped that it can make it easier for someone knows about politeness strategy and to give further information for student about the employment of the politeness strategy during corona virus. Then for practically, to make the readers understand about the politeness strategy and its purpose they for every day, therefore, they can apply this strategy appropriately to make communication students to lecturers harmony.
7 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistic that is a study about the aspect of meaning in the situation and other features of the context of utterance.
This study is focused on how people express different meanings and interprets them in different ways. According to Yule defines pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning and contextual meaning.10 Meanwhile, According to Levinson assumes that pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. From the definition above, it can be understood that pragmatics is a study about the ability of language users to interpret what people mean in a particular context and how context influences what is said.11
Pragmatic can be interpreted as a knowledge of understanding the meaning of words in certain situations. According to Yule “The branch of science, the studies what is desired by speakers is called pragmatics.
Pragmatics also examines the meaning of speech and meaning that are bound by context and approaches in linguistics include consideration of contexts in language studies”.12
In pragmatic studies, politeness is closely related to how relational functions with the actions of linguistic studies are expressed. In other words, it concerns how a language is used in a strategic way to achieve a goal such as supporting or maintaining other interpersonal relationships.
However, politeness does not only indicate the concept of pragmatic studies but also must signify lay concepts and sociolinguistic concepts.
The lay concept of modesty is closely related to appropriate social behavior and respect for others.
10 George Yule,.Pragmatics, (Newyork: Oxford.University.Press, 1996), p. 3
11 Levinson, Pragmatics.( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Print, 1983 ), p. 24
12 George.Yule,.Pragmatics. p. 4
1. Parts of Pragmatic
This part discusses some relevant theories which are related to the pragmatics study.
a. Context
Context is any relevant condition of the dynamic setting or environment in which is a linguistic unit used by the speaker.
Furthermore, Louise states that context can be seen in three different sources. First, there is the physical context, which refers to the physical setting of the utterances. Second, type is the linguistic context, which refers to the surrounding utterances in the same discourse. Finally, third is general knowledge of the context.13 There are some aspects of the communicative context. First is the language user utterance and interpreter. Second is the mental world. Third is the social world. Finally is the physical world.
1) Social context is a major factor that drives our language choices. For example, consider the language you might have used in an interview situation, perhaps with a prospective employer or college admissions officer. If you are like many other people, in the interview you probably were as much concerned with how you spoke as with what you said. You may have even practiced sounding confident, for instance, or intelligent, so that you would make a good impression during the interview. We make decisions every day or have decisions made about us by other people, based on the language we use.
We frequently evaluate a person is education, socioeconomic level, background, honesty, friendliness, and numerous other qualities by how that person speaks. And when we want to consciously choose our language, just as we choose our hairstyles or clothing.
13 Louise Cummings, Clinical Pragmatics, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 18
9
2)Physical Context encompasses what is physically present around the speakers/hearers at the time of communication. What objects are visible, where the communication is taking place, what is going on around, etc. The example about context, when a man says to his wife “I am tired” it has many possibilities meaning depending on the context. If the man says it at late night, it can interpret as a way of excusing to go to sleep before his wife. On the other hand, it also can interpret that he asks his wife to go to bed too. Both those interpretations have the meaning that the man wants to go to bed. But if the man says “ I am tired” at eight in the morning, it probably means that the man does not want to get out of bed or it can be interpreted that he asks his wife to get out of bed and then makes a cup of coffee or tea for him.
3)Linguistic context is how meaning is understood without relying on intent and assumptions. In applied pragmatics, for example, meaning is formed through sensory experiences, even though sensory stimulus cannot be easily articulated in language or signs. Then, reveals that meaning is both something affected by and affecting the world. Meaning is something contextual concerning language and the world, and is also something active toward other meanings and the world. Linguistic context becomes important when looking at particular linguistic problems such as that of pronouns.14
B. Definition of Politeness Strategy
The politeness strategy according to Yule is a concept of social behavior that is very polite in a certain culture which can be shown by showing courtesy to people around you and on the other hand, Brown and Levinson put forward the concept of a face related to politeness.
14 Patrizia Tabossi and P. N. Johnson-Laird, Linguistic Context and the Priming of Semantic Information, (University of Sussex,Brighton, BNI gQG, England 1980),p. 4
The face is a form of public self-image that is different for everyone. Therefore, everyone should consider faces as the basic desire for each other to know each other. 15
Politeness strategies are used when two or more people who are having a conversation are in different social distances, ranks of coercion, and other things related to social values such as power, and age. So that it can be different from one place to another, depending on the context of the communication and the culture embedded in it. One uses the politeness strategy for many reasons because it is used to save the listener's face and his own.
When a person is older than another, he or she tends to expect that the younger will use the politeness strategy when they talk to them. The more powerful one expects respect and when he does not get it, his face is threatened. In this situation, the less powerful need to choose words that are polite in the culture in general, even though they may be longer and less straight to the point than rude words. Therefore, the politeness strategy is used to reduce intimidating situations and make them more comfortable for everyone.
C. Kinds of Politeness Strategy
According to Brown and Lavinson theory there are 4 kinds of politeness strategy, there are :
1. Negative Politeness Strategy
There are some strategies.that are mentioned by Brown and Levinson to show negative politeness strategy.16 Those are as follows.
a. Be.conventionally.indirect.By.expressing.an FTA.indirectly,the speaker.has.shown.her/strategy.in.showing negative politeness.
E.g. can you.lend me your pen, please?
15George Yule, Pragmatics, (Newyork: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 60
16Brown,P&Lavinson. Politeness : some.universals in language usage. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1987), p. 131
11
b. By.using.question.and.hedge we all know that.expressing our sentence in a.question is more polite.than in a declarative or imperative.sentence. Yet we still can make our statement becomes more polite by using hedges. Hedges (e.g. well, perhaps, sort of, regular, true, rather, probably, pretty quite, etc.) will modify the level of predicate or noun phrase
c. Be pessimistic.
In negative politeness strategy, the speaker needs to be pessimistic or have a doubt whether the hearer is willing to do what s/he has asked for. For example: You couldn‟t.possibly tell me your secret, could you?
d. Minimize the imposition.
When the speaker asks the hearer to do or to give her/him something, it means the speaker imposes the hearer through her/his language. It is as if the speaker gave her/him a burden to follow her/his utterance. This situation is considered hard to.the hearer. Therefore, the speaker should use this strategy to be polite. For example: I just stopped by for a.minute to ask if you could join us for dinner tonight or not. The speaker will give.more burden to the hearer if s/he asks directly.what s/he wants. The use of “I just stopped by for a minute to ask you if”
in that sentence can lessen the burden of the hearer.
e. Give difference
It is related.to the power.difference.between the speaker and the hearer. The speaker can show his/her respect.to the hearer by his/her expression. For example: We look forward very much to having a talk with you, Madam. The use of “Madam” shows that.the speaker respects the hearer. So, instead of calling.her name directly, the speaker used.term “Madam” to address the.hearer.
f. Apologize.
One of the ways to be.polite is by making an apology to the hearer. For example: I hate to intrude, but..- Please.forgive me if.
g. Impersonalize speaker.and hearer
It means making the person with which we communicate unmentioned. The speaker usually avoids the use of “I” and
“you” and s/he may change it by using “it” or by not mentioning him. For example: Fix it for me. In a.complete.form, that sentence will be “I ask you to fix it for me”. However, the speaker does not want to harm the hearer by.ordering him/her to do so. Therefore, s/he avoids omits the use of “I” and “you” in his/her sentence.
h. State.the FTA as a general rule
This strategy can.be used when the speaker actually doesn‟t want to disturb.or intrude the hearer, but due to a certain situation s/he forces the hearer to listen to her/him. For example: Passengers will.please refrain from.flushing toilets on the train (from “you will please.refrain from )
i. Nominalize.
By nominalizing the expression (use the form of nominal phrase), the speaker shows the negative politeness. For example: 1. your good performance on the examinations impressed us favorably (compared to: you performed well on the examination and we were favorably impressed).
j. Go in record as incurring a debt, or not.indebting hearer. The speaker requests or offers.something on record. If the request is done, the speaker should feel as if he.received a debt from the hearer. Nonetheless, when the speaker.does something to pay his/her „debt‟ to the hearer, the hearer should not feel indebted.
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For example: It wouldn‟t be any trouble; I have to.go right by there anyway.
2. Positive Politeness Strategy.
There are some strategies that are mentioned by Brown and Levinson to show positive politeness strategy. 17 Those are as follows.
a. Notice and.attend to H (his interests, wants, needs, and goods) the speaker notices the.condition (hearer‟s interest to something, physical change appearance, or possessions) of the.hearer and gives specific expression. E.g. Goodness, you look so.gorgeous today! By the way, I came here to borrow.some flour.
b. Exaggerate (interest,.approval, and sympathy with hearer) Showing a sign of enthusiasm by exaggerating expression, intonation, stress, etc is one of the positive politeness strategies.
E.g. What a fantastic car you.have!
c. Intensify.interest to hearer.
This strategy is.done by making the hearer as if contributes to.event happens at that time. For example: I came.into my room, and what do you think I see? A complete.mess all over the place, the books and clothes are scattered.all over.
d. Use in-group.identity markers.
The speaker tries to show.that s/he and the hearer are in the same position by using group membership term. It is common to find address form, dialects, jargon, slang and elliptical form in this situation. In English, the address forms.usually used are mac, mate, buddy, pal, honey, dear, luv, babe, mom, Blondie, brother, sister, cutie, sweetheart, guys, and fellas. Mentioning
17Brown,P&Lavinson. Politeness : some universals in language usage. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997), p. 101-129
the brand of a product is considered.using.slang. For example:
Lend us.two bucks then, would „a mac?
e. Seek.agreement
There are two.ways of seeking agreement: by seeking.the safe topic, by repetition. For example:
A: My dad bought me a new.Maserati yesterday.
B: Oh God, a new Maserati!
f. Avoid.disagreement
There are four.ways to avoid disagreement between the speaker and the hearer. First, it is by using false.agreement. Second, speaker.can express pseudo-agreement. Third, it is by.unclear opinion using hedge. Fourth, speaker.can make white.lies, lying for the sake of goodness. For example: A: And they haven‟t heard a word, huh? B: No. Not at all.
g. Presuppose/raise/assert common.ground It is something which the speaker and.the hearer.have in.common. For example:
Don‟t you think this movie is very hilarious?
h. Joke.In certain occasion, making a joke.in conversation is a.way to minimize FTA. For example: Isn‟t it sad when.I only get a small bite of pizza when.I‟m the one who order it?
i. Assert or.Presuppose S‟s Knowledge of and Concern for H‟s wants the speaker uses his.knowledge and.concern to understand the hearer‟s wants. For example: I know you.love roses but the florist didn‟t have anymore, so I bought you.geranium instead
3. Bald.on-record
Bald on.record strategy provides no.effort by.speakers to minimize the impact of FTA‟s. The speakers.usually shock the hearers, embarrass. Them, or make them feel a bit uncomfortable. This type of strategy is commonly found with people know.each other very well and very comfortable in their areas such as close and family. Bald
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on-record strategy including:
a. Cases of non minimization of the face threat. For example: “Watch it!”
b. Cases.of FTA-oriented usage. In Cases of FTA – oriented usage have three.strategy including:
c. Welcoming: come.in, don‟t hesitate, i‟m not busy.
d. Greeting.and.farewell: I‟m staying, you go!
e. Offers: Don‟t.Bother, I‟ll clean it up/ leave it to.me.
4. Off-Record.Politeness.Strategy
According to Brown & Lavinson,Off-record.strategy is usually used when the speaker avoids.being responsible for FTA that s/he has done18 This action makes the hearer.interprets the speaker‟s utterance.more than.what the speaker actually utters.
a. Give hints
It is a strategy.when the speaker.gives hints to the.hearer so that the hearer does the speaker‟s favor. For example, instead of asking the hearer to.close the window, the speaker can.express it by giving hints likes, “its cold in here.”
b. Give.association.clues
The speaker uses this.strategy when s/he wants to mention.something by associating it with the hearer‟s mutual.knowledge. For example, when the speaker says “My house, it is not very far away”, it means the speaker implicitly wants to.invite the hearer to her/his house.
c. Presuppose.
The speaker presupposes something which is relevant.with the context of conversation. For instance, the speaker says, “I washed the dishes again last night” to her/his sister. By using the.word again, it means the one who wash the dishes.previously is the
18Brown,P&Lavinson. Politeness : some universals in language usage. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997), p. 211-212
speaker, and now the.speaker wants her/his sister to.wash the dishes.
d. Understate.
The.speaker may choose one way of generating.implicatures by saying less than is.required. For example: A: What a marvelous place you.have here. B: Oh, I don‟t know its a.place.
D. Factors of Politeness Strategies
Brown and Levinson state that there are two factors which can influence the speaker to use politeness strategies. The factors are the politeness strategies payoffs and the sociological variables.
1. Payoffs
Brown and Levinson state that payoffs are the expected results of the politeness strategies. When politeness strategies are used by the speaker, there will be the expected result concealed in the strategies. In addition, Brown and Levinson explain that the expected results in applying the strategies must be beneficial for him. Therefore, every politeness strategy has its own advantages for the speaker.
The payoff is classified into four payoffs based on each politeness strategy, namely bald on record payoff, positive politeness payoff, negative politeness payoff, and off record payoff. The following sections discuss the four payoffs.
a) Bald On Record Payoffs
Brown and Levinson state that bald on record is used by the speaker when he wants to be clear, straight-forward, and efficient in expressing his wants. Meanwhile, the speaker has particular intentions in applying this strategy that will give them some advantages. Brown and Levinson state that by using bald on record strategy, the speaker avoids the possibility of being misunderstood, being seen to be a manipulator, and being dishonest. In addition, the speaker who uses this strategy can have the opportunity to give compensation for the face that has been threatened by the FTA.
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b) Positive Politeness Payoffs
Based on Brown and Levinson one of the advantages for the speaker who applies positive politeness strategy is that he can minimize the threat of an FTA by assuring the addressee that he is the same kind as the hearer. It means that the speaker likes the desire that a hearer wants. Furthermore, Brown and Levinson state that positive politeness is used by the speaker to satisfy hearer„s positive face in some respects. By doing so, the speaker wants to maintain social closeness toward the hearer. The speaker who uses positive politeness can value what the hearer has by giving compliments towards the hearer. Therefore, the speaker can also avoid or minimize the debt implication of doing the FTA by referring to the relationship between speaker and hearer.
c) Negative Politeness Payoffs
Negative politeness is a strategy that is used by the speaker to satisfy hearer„s negative face. Brown and Levinson explain that by using negative politeness, the speaker wants to pay his respect and deference towards the hearer for the FTA that he makes. In other words, by using negative politeness, the speaker wants to respect other, maintain social distance, and avoid the threat that speaker gives to the hearer .The example from this case is when the speaker gives the hearer freedom to decide his choice in perceiving the speaker„s request. The speaker who uses negative politeness will clarify that he does not really expect the hearer to say Yes in perceiving the speaker„s request unless he wants to.
Thereby, the speaker can minimize the mutual face loss incurred if the hearer has to say no. Furthermore, the speaker can avoid the threat of advancing familiarity towards the hearer by maintaining social distance.
d) Off Record Payoffs
Brown and Levinson state that the off record strategy is used by the speaker to satisfy the hearer„s negative face and to minimize the threat which the speaker makes towards the hearer in a greater degree. By applying the off record strategy, the speaker can have profit in the following ways: the speaker can get credit for being sympathetic and non-coerciveness, avoid responsibility for the potentially face-damaging interpretation, and give the hearer an opportunity to be seen to care for speaker so that he can test hearer„s feelings towards him.
2. Sociological Variables
Another factor that influences the speaker in using politeness strategies is the sociological variables. There are three variables that are proposed by Brown and Levinson namely social distance, relative power, and the rank of imposition. It is considered as the calculation in the assessment of the seriousness of an FTA. The calculation affects the way the speaker uses the politeness strategies. Furthermore, each of the calculation has its own values that the hearer knows.
a) Social Distance
Brown and Levinson social distance is symmetrical social dimension of similarity or difference. Moreover, Holmes describes that the dimension deals with the judgment of the relationship between the speaker and hearer. Thus, intimacy between the speaker and hearer affects the choice of the strategy. Social distance also discusses how stable social attributes (age, social class, and ethnic background affect the relationship between the speaker and hearer Brown & Levinson, In other words, it indicates the intimacy between the speaker and hearer whether they have close or distant relationship. If the speaker has high intimacy with the hearer, the speaker will choose the least polite strategies as in positive politeness and bald on record strategies. Meanwhile, if the speaker
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has less intimacy with the hearer, the speaker will choose more polite strategies as in negative politeness and off record strategies b) Relative Power
Relative power is an asymmetric relation. Brown and Levinson explain that relative power is the degree to which the hearer can impose his own wants. It is supported by Holmes that using similar terms of relative power. It explains about the status of the hearer over the speaker which actually focuses on the power of the hearer over the speaker. It means that the speaker will use more polite strategy when the speaker has lower power than the hearer.
Meanwhile, when the speaker has higher power than the hearer, the speaker will use less polite strategy.
c) Rank of Imposition
The last sociological variable is rank of imposition. Brown and Levinson state that the rank of imposition is the degree of a matter that is considered as the interference to the face of the hearer. The interference itself is the FTA that the speaker made. In other words, the degree of the FTA defines the rank of impositions.
A speaker who wants to impose the hearer„s negative face will choose more polite strategies as in negative politeness and off record strategies. Meanwhile, a speaker who wants to impose the hearer„s positive face will choose less polite strategies as in positive politeness and bald on record strategies.19
E. Review of Related Research
There have been relevant previous researchers investigated about Politeness, there are: Firstly, previous research was written by Anne Fletcher, Department of English Faculty of Letters and Humanities. Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya entitled “the politeness strategy used by the main characters in the film proposal”.
19 Brown,P&Lavinson. Politeness : some.universals in language usage. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1987), p. 76-77
This thesis uses qualitative and descriptive methods of politeness strategy theory by Brown and Levinson. The data collection of this thesis is through the process of collecting data, namely by watching movies, writing transcriptions, and grouping the data. Then the data is analyzed through two processes, namely (1) grouping data based on types of politeness strategies, and (2) describing the politeness strategies that are more prominent in films and the results of this study indicate that there are eighteen positive politeness strategies, there are eight negative politeness strategies and there are two bald on record
Secondly, this thesis was written by Umayah 20 English Department Faculty Letters and Humanities. Conducted research entitled “Politeness Strategy In Teacher- Students Classroom Interaction at the Eleventh Grade Student of SMK PGRI 1 Singraja” This study aimed to explain the types of politeness strategy used by the teacher-students in classroom interaction, how the politeness strategies realized in classroom interaction, and the pedagogical function of politeness strategies. The subject of this study was as many as twelve students and one teacher who used politeness strategies. This study was a qualitative study. The data were collected through observation and interviews .The findings of the study showed the following: 1) Bald on record became dominant types of politeness strategies and it was close enough to their teacher to talk baldly in the teaching and learning process. 2) The students used positive politeness because they met the teacher for the first time the teacher to show respect to the teacher. 3) Negative politeness was used by the eleventh-grade students that had some social distance or when they were awkward. 4) Off record strategy was used by the students to talk to the teacher when the meaning of the utterances was told implicitly. There were four pedagogical functions of politeness strategies, namely the social distance between teacher-students, maintaining the general atmosphere of teaching and learning process, reducing stress (tension reduction), and
20 Umayah, Politeness Strategy In Teacher- Students Classroom Intraction at the Eleventh Grade Student of SMK PGRI 1 Singraja, English Department , Facuilty Letters and Humanities, 2018.
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creating teacher-students social interaction.
Thirdly, the related study is a journal which is entitled study is written by Gunawan (2019),21Muhammadiah University Jakarta. The research entitled"Politeness Strategies in Teacher-Student WhatsApp Communication"
One of the problems that arise from the use of text messages through the WhatsApp application, among teachers and students is a form of concern for the incivility of students. A broad body of literature argues that when students communicate they are more likely to use offensive language when sending texts to their teachers, and current research seeks to examine the politeness strategies used by both groups. The politeness strategy analysis is based on Brown and Levinson's framework of politeness. The findings of this study revealed that students used more politeness strategies than their teachers.
With an emphasis on age and social status, EFL English learners perceive teachers as a higher social class in which students are asked to uphold them.
Fourthly, research on Politeness Strategies Used in Text Messages written by Eshghinezad and Moini (2016) 22 This study investigated whether there was a significant difference between the use of courtesy of male and female EFL students in the use of positive and negative strategies when texting their university professors. For this purpose, a total of three hundred Persian and English written text messages have been analyzed. The research findings found positive evidence that both male and female students used all politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson to maintain modesty to their professors. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups and no significant differences between the use of positive and negative strategies in text messages either.
21 Gunawan. “Politeness Strategies in Teacher-Student WhatsApp Communication’
University of Muhammadiah Jakarta 2019.
22Eshghinejad&Moini(2016).”Politeness strategies used in text messaging: pragmatic competence in an asymmetrical power relation of teacher–student”. SAGE PASAA Vol. 58 July - December 2019. p.317
From the review of related research above, it can be seen that this research has differences and similarities from them, all of the research is quite similar. They use the same theory from Brown and Levinson, although it is the same, they also have different things. In contrast to focused studies, communication during the corona virus and using different objects and focuses on English Literature students at State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
23 CHAPTER III
METHOD.OF.RESEARCH
A. Design of Research
Method is a basic working set to collecting data in systematic. In writing this thesis, the writer used qualitative research and descriptive method that is suitable with aim of this research in analyzing the problems. In the book, “Method Linguistic” Fatimah explains describe the characteristic of the data accurately.23
In the research, a method is used to find the answer to the problem which is needed and relevant. The method is an important part of finding the answer in research and analyzing or determining the result. The writer uses qualitative research and descriptive method in writing this research which is fitting for this research purpose. According to Denzin and Lincoln define:
“Qualitative is a multi-cognizance technique, which includes each interpretive and naturalistic strategy to the problem matter. This should imply that qualitative researchers look at matters of their herbal setting, looking to recognize or interpret phenomena in phrases that mean human beings convey to them.24
Based on that statement, qualitative research is a multi-method that relies on perception, which is a subject matter, and qualitative.research includes the study that uses and compiles of a range of observational.case studies,.personal experiences, interviews, observations, historical, lifestyle, introspective, and visual texts that illustrate daily and troublesome moments and meanings in the lives of individuals.
23Djajasadarma Fatimah Metode Linguistic Ancongan Metode Penelitian Dan Kajian, (Bandung, PT . Rineka Cipta , 2010 ), p. 14
24 Denzin and Lincoln in John W. Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Deseign, ( United stated of America:California, 1997), p. 15
Therefore, it can be concluded that qualitative research is research that analyzes descriptive data that can be collected in the form of objects, where descriptive data is in the form of written or oral form.
B. Source of Data
The information of facts is called the data.25 Data is important in a study in the form of phenomena that occur in the field. From these data, the researcher will know the purpose of this study. Data collection must be in line with the research problem. In conducting this research, the writer used student messages screenshots with English Literature lecturers.
Therefore, in this research, the writer used purposive sampling.
According to Sugiyono:“Purposive sampling adalah teknik pengambilan sampel sumber data dengan pertimbangan tertentu”26
1. Population and Samples a. Students
The students are the object of the data have criteria below : 1) Semester
The Semester starts from 7th Semester to 9h Semester. The samples from them are collected by 9th Semester are 30 people from the total of students and 7th Semester are 69 people from the total of students.
From each sample are getting a screenshot of WhatsApp messages from students and lectures.
Tables of population and samples :
Semester Population Sample 9th Semester 30 People 9 People 7th Semester 69 People 20 People
25Oxford Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary . 2008. Fourth Edition. P.113
26 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian kuanitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. ( Bandung: Alfabeta, 2014). p. 85.
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b. Lectures
The Lectures are the object of the data have criteria below:
1) Characteristic
The characteristic of the lecturers are 7 lecturer from English Literature that have respond massages from the students used English Language.
2. Criteria of Data
Data are collected from the screenshot messages from students to lecturers.
C. Technique of Collecting Data
There are some activities of the writer in collecting the data in this research because technique of data collection is the way that writer to collect the data. Sugiyono stated that technique of data collecting is the most important step in research, because the main purpose of the research is to get the data.27 The technique of data collection, there are many kinds of techniques. Such as interviews, observation, and documentation. In the research, the writer uses the documentation technique.
Documentation is used to search for statistics approximately matters or variables with inside the shape of notes, picture, books, newspaper, magazine, inscription, time table for records embodied statistic refrering to costumers investigation.28
In collecting the data the writer uses some steps:
1. Samples are collected from English Literature Department 7th Semester to 9th Semester. They are divided as the source of data criteria.
2. Asking the students of their messages to lecturers and collecting their massages as the screenshot.
27Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian kuanitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. ( Bandung: Alfabeta, 2014), p. 240
28Arinkonto, Suharsimi. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu pendekatan Praktik, (Jakarta : PT.
Rineka Cipta, 2020 ), p. 107
3. The screenshot is recorded 4. All of the data are documented.
D. Technique of Data Analysis
The technique used in this research is qualitative research. In qualitative research, data analysis techniques are used to answer questions about the formulation of the problem. The writer analyzes the data by using descriptive analysis:
Sugiyono stated that:
Descriptive studies are generally referred to as qualitative studies the use of qualitative method amassing the statistics in the direction of information naturally. This qualitative study is specifically approximately gathering and analyzing verbal records it is miles regarded to be important in helping.29
The writer has some steps in analyzing the data to make this research more specific such as 30
a. Identifying
The writer identifies the data and makes assumptions or finds the kinds of politeness strategy during corona virus in English Literature and the factors that influence politeness strategy using by students and lecturers.
b. Classifying the data
The writer classifies the kind of politeness strategy during the corona virus in English Literature the factors that influence of politeness strategy using by students and lecturers.
c. Analyzing, describing, explaining
The writer analyzes, describes, and explains the data about the factors that influence politeness strategy using by students to lecturers during corona virus in English Literature.
29Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian kuanitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. ( Bandung: Alfabeta, 2014), p. 8
30 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian kuanitatif Kualitatif dan R & D, p. 244
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d. Making the conclusion
After all the data have been analyzed, described, and explained in the research, the writer will make the conclusion of the research.
28 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings
In this chapter , the result of the research presented in detail on the finding and discussion section. The result answer the objectives the research to identify and to describe the kinds of politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson theory, and the factors that influence politeness strategy between students to lecturers.
In this chapter, the writer explained the result of messages screenshot as the source of data. The writer found four kinds of politeness strategies in virtual communication between students to lecturers, they are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record. As the aspects of linguistics that effected, there are two factors that influences politeness strategy, those are fayyofs and sociological variables. The writer found the factors that influence politeness strategy is sociological variables. As the result , from this research, all the research problems answered in this chapter.
B. Analysis
In data analysis, the writer uses Brown and Levinson‟s theory to answer the research problem. The writer describes the kinds of politeness strategy and the factors that influences politeness strategy. From the data description above, the data analysis can be as follows:
1. Kinds of politeness Strategy Students to Lecturers a. Positive Politeness
The following conversation below is the example of strategy notice attend to hearer‟s wants. Which is found in the conversation between students and lecturers.
1. Notice, Attend to hearer’s wants Datum 1
Student A : Assalamualaikum sir. Sorry to bother you just would like to inform you Mr Beni has approved my thesis. I just wondering if I
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can send you my thesis right away sir.
Thank you very much.
Lecturer AL : Waalaikumsalam, send it through WA Student A : Will do sir, thankyou very much
: Here is my thesis sir, thank you very much
Student A : Pardon me sir, I would like to re-send you latest revision sir, thank you very much
Lecturer AL : Okay, I will read it.
Student A : Thank you sir.
Context :
The conversation takes place between one of the student and the lecturer, the context in the conversation is that the student only wants to inform them that his supervisor has approved his thesis and the student asks permission to submit their latest revision.
Analysis :
Based on the conversation above, the kind of politeness strategy that is used in the task are notice, attend to hearer‟s wants, positive politeness with the strategy notice, attend to hearer’s wants. Like in the word “Just would like to inform you that Mr. Beni has approved my thesis.” and “I just wondering if I can send you my thesis right away Sir.” Both of them are used notice strategy because student wants their statements to be heard with lectures and responded to simply and student only want to provide information to lecturers.
The following conversation below is the other example of strategy:
notice attend to hearer‟s wants. which is found in the conversation between student and lecturer
Datum 2
Student R : Assalamualikum mr, sorry to bother you, I am Rahmania Zakri from English Literature class, you have been appointed to be my supervisor, when I can deliver the letter to you ?
Lecturer B : Ok ,we‟ll discuss this tomorrow Student R : Okay sir. Thank you
Lecturer B : Please email me your proposal
