1
E-Busines & E-Commerce
Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007).
Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition,
2
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
3
Outline Materi
• Databases & The Digital Economy:
E-Business & E-Commerce
E-Business
“The use of electronic network and assosiateed
technologies to enable, improve, enhance,
transform, or invent a business prosess or
business system to create superior value for
current or potential customer”
8-5
Databases & The Digital
Economy
• E-Commerce
– The buying and selling of products and
services through computer networks
– Examples of some e-tailers (electronic
retailers):
•
www.amazon.com sells books and music online
•
www.sees.com sells candy online
8-6
Databases & The Digital
Economy
• Innovative e-tailer technologies make online
shopping easier
– One-click option
• Allows you to click on an item and immediately go to the check-out process
– 360-degree images
• Allow you to see all sides of an item
– Order tracking
• Bar codes are assigned to items being shipped that allow customers to check shipping progress via the internet
– Shop bots
8-7
Databases & The Digital
Economy
• Types of E-Commerce
– Business-to-business (B2B)
• A business sells to other businesses using the
internet or a private network to cut transaction
costs and increase efficiencies
– Business-to-consumer (B2C)
• A business sells goods or services to consumers
– Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
8-8
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• What are the qualities of good
information?
– Correct and verifiable
– Complete yet concise
– Cost effective
– Current
8-9
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Most organizations have 6 departments to
which information must flow
– Research and development
– Production (or operations)
– Marketing and sales
– Accounting and finance
– Human resources (personnel)
– Information systems (IS)
8-10
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Besides the 6 departments, many organizations
also have 3 levels of management
– Strategic-level management
• Top managers concerned with strategic or long-term planning and decisions
– Tactical-level management
• Middle level managers who make decisions to implement the strategic goals set for the organization
– Operational-level management
• Low-level supervisors make daily operational decisions
8-11
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Decentralized Organizations – a new structure
– Employees increasingly telecommute – some staff
have no desk or office at work
– Employees communicate with each other more via
email than in person
– Companies use Groupware CSCW
(computer-supported cooperative work) systems to enable
cooperative work by groups of people
– The management structure is flattened as employees
are given more authority to make day-to-day
e-Business is Interdisciplinary
Marketing
Computer sciences
Consumer behavior and
psychology
Finance
Economics
Management
information systems
Accounting and
auditing
Management
Business law and
ethics
Spectrum Value e-Busines
Spectrum Value e-Busines
Spectrum Value e-Busines
Spectrum Value e-Busines
– Structure
Konsep brick-and-morter menjelma menjadi click-and-morter telah mengubah prilaku perusahaan dalam pendekatan bisnis
– Opportunity
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Sistem informasi di dalam
Organisasi/Perusahaan
Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007).
Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-110768-6
Sumber:
Chapter 8. Databases & Information Systems: Digital
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Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• menjelaskan: pengertian dari sistem
informasi, sistem informasi yg umum
digunakan di dalam organisasi, serta
jenis-jenis sistem informasi; pengertian
artificial intelligence dan area
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Outline Materi
8-20
Using Databases to Help Make
Decisions
• 6 computer-based information systems – Office information systems
– Transaction processing systems – Management information systems – Decision support systems
8-21
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)
– Transactions are recorded events of routine
business activities such as bills, orders, and
inventory
– TPS systems keep track of the transactions
needed to conduct a business
– TPS systems are used by operational
managers to track business activities
– Transactions database provides the basis for
management information systems and
decision support systems
8-22
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
– Computer-based information system that uses
data recorded by a TPS as input to programs
that produce routine reports as output
– Features
• Inputs are processed transaction data. Outputs are
summarized structured reports
• Designed for tactical managers
• Draws from all departments
8-23
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
– Computer information system that provides a flexible
tool for analysis and helps management focus on the
future
– Features
• Inputs are external data and internal data such as summarized reports and processed transaction data. Outputs are demand reports
• Mainly for tactical managers • Produces analytic models
8-24
Using Databases to Help
Make Decisions
• Executive Support Systems
– An easy-to-use DSS made especially for
strategic managers to support strategic
decision-making
– Might allow executives to call up predefined
reports
– Includes capability to browse through
summarized information on all aspects of the
organization and drill down for detailed data
– Allows executives to perform “what-if”
8-25
Artificial Intelligence
• Expert System
– One of the most useful applications of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
– AI is a group of related technologies used to develop
software and machines that emulate human qualities
such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and
hearing
– Areas include
• Expert systems
• Natural language processing • Intelligent agents
• Virtual reality and simulation devices • Pattern recognition
8-26
Artificial Intelligence
• Three components of an expert system
– Knowledge base
• An expert system’s database of knowledge about a
particular subject
– Inference engine
• The software that controls the search of the expert
system’s knowledge base and produces
conclusions
– User interface
8-27
Artificial Intelligence
• Natural language processing
– Allows users to interact with a system using normal
English
– The study of ways for computers to recognize and
understand human language
• Intelligent agents
– A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors
work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks
on your behalf
• Pattern recognition
– Involves a camera and software that identify recurring
patterns in its vision and maps the pattern against
8-28
Artificial Intelligence
• Fuzzy logic
– A method of dealing with imprecise data and
uncertainty, with problems that have many answers
rather than one
– Has been applied in running elevators to determine
optimum times for elevators to wait
• Virtual reality
– A computer-generated artificial reality that projects a
person into a sensation of 3-D space
8-29
Artificial Intelligence
• Robotics
– The development and study of machines that
can perform work that is normally done by
people
– Commonly found in manufacturing plants and
also in situations where people would be in
danger
• Nuclear plants
• Assembly lines, especially paint lines
• Checking for land mines
8-30
Artificial Intelligence
• Weak vs. Strong A.I.
– Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to
simulate human cognition
– Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a level
that is equal to or better than humans, and can also
achieve consciousness
• Cyc approach to strong A.I.
– A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million basic truths – Plan is that Cyc will automatically make human-like
assumptions
– Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own
• Cog approach to strong A.I.
– MIT project that is a humanoid robot
8-31
Artificial Intelligence
• Test for Human Intelligence
– In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would be able to mimic human thinking
– The Turing test determines whether the machine is human • Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer • If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent – Ethics in A.I.
• Prof. William Wallace from R.P.I. says that computer software is subtly shaped by the ethical judgments of its creators
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