Language functions used by Hillary Clinton in the Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016.

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LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY HILLARY CLINTON IN THE PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES OF UNITED STATE OF AMERICA IN 2016

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Eka Sartika

Reg. Number: A73213091

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

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ABSTRACT

Sartika, Eka. 2017. Language Function Used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016. English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

The Advisor: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag

Keywords: Discourse, Language Function, Presidential Debate, Utterances, Hillary Clinton.

This research investigates about language function used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016. The problem of this study are analyze the kinds of language functions which are used by Hillary Clinton and the meaning behind language functions of Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016. The objective of this study are to explain the kinds of language functions that are used by Hillary Clinton and to describe the meaning behind language functions of Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016.

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ABSTRAK

Sartika, Eka. 2017. Language Function Used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag

Kata kunci: Discourse, Fungsi Bahasa, Debat Presiden, Ucapan, Hillary Clinton.

Penelitian ini meneliti tentang fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton dalam The Presidential Debates of United States of America pada tahun 2016. Masalah penelitian ini adalah menganalisis jenis fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton dan makna di balik fungsi bahasa ucapan Hillary Clinton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan jenis fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton dan untuk menggambarkan makna di balik fungsi bahasa Hillary Clinton dalam The Presidential Debates of United States of America 2016.

Metode yang digunakan oleh peneliti bersifat kualitatif karena data yang terkumpul berupa kata-kata. Data dikumpulkan dari ucapan Hillary Clinton dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori fungsi bahasa Roman Jakobson (1960). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan enam fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton dalam The Presidential Debates of United States of America pada tahun 2016, seperti 147 fungsi referensial, 18 fungsi konatif, 17 fungsi emotif, 11 fungsi phatik, 1 fungsi puitik, dan tidak ada fungsi metalinguistik. Fungsi bahasa yang banyak digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton adalah fungsi referensial. Selain itu, ada beberapa makna di balik fungsi bahasa ucapan Hillary Clinton. Pertama, makna di balik fungsi referensial ucapan Hillary Clinton adalah

menginformasikan atau menggambarkan tentang objek, situasi dan masalah di Amerika. Hillary Clinton juga ingin membagikan pendapatnya, argumentasi, ide, dll. Kedua, makna di balik fungsi konatif ucapan Hillary Clinton adalah

meyakinkan pendengar untuk melakukan sesuatu, bergabung, percaya dan memilihnya dalam pemilihan presiden Amerika. Ketiga, makna di balik fungsi emotif adalah mengekspresikan perasaan atau emosinya kepada pendengarnya. Keempat, makna di balik fungsi fatik ucapan Hillary Clinton untuk mendekati Donald Trump dan pendengar dalam perdebatan ini. Kelima, makna dibalik fungsi puitis ucapan Hillary Clinton adalah memberikan pesan positif kepada

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The first chapter explains about the basic of the research that includes the reason why the researcher chooses the topic in background of the study, statement of the problems which are investigated, objectives of the study, expectation of some target readers in significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and the definition of the key terms.

1.1Background of study

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social group. From this statement, we can know that language is also part of culture and environment. Every person uses language to inform what someone feels to other people, to share information, and others. The purpose of language for communication is to get the message across to the others clear, so they can understand each other.

When language is performed, there must be a Discourse. Discourse is the study of language used for communication. Discourse is also a term becoming increasingly common in a wide range of academic and non-academic contexts. Based on Chojimah (2012, p.3) discourse is defined as Linguistic unit larger than sentence, or a stretch of language having the quality of unity and language or code. Cook (1989, p.156) explains discourse as a stretch of language perceived to be meaningful unified and purposive. Besides, discourse is the part of discourse analysis.

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Language function is important in communication because it leads the

listeners to achieve the purpose of the speaker’s utterances. Language function is

part of discourse analysis theory. Halliday (1973, p.35) explains that the function of language is to describe how language is used. According to Cook (1989), language function deals with the use of language and the meaning of the messages between the addresser and the addressee that contain function of language. Brown and Yule (1983) divided Language into two basic functions, those are; transactional, which language serves in expression of content and interactional function, which is involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes. Language function can be found in various genres, such as speech, novel, movie, seminars, talk show, lyric of song, and debate. Jones (2012, p.15) states, when people speak, they also produce different kinds of genres (such as casual conversation, debate, lecture, and speech) and use different kinds of registers or social languages. Therefore, debate is the one of genres that can use language function as the theory.

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ideas, argumentations, opinions, and solutions about some topics or problems in their country. There are some countries that used Democratic system such as America, Indonesia, and any other countries.

America is one of the countries that applies debate as a tool to apply Democratic system to their citizens. Based on Freeley and Steinberg (2008), presidential debates are a new tradition in American history. America only has two parties, they are: Republican Party and Democratic Party. The first general election presidential debate of United States was held on September 26, 1960

between John F. Kennedy from Democratic Party and Richard Nixon from

Republican Party in Chicago. Since 1964 until 1976 there is no Presidential

debate. In fact, America held Presidential Debate since 1976 until now for once in

four years. In 2016, America also made Presidential Debates between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. There are two candidates of Presidential Debates, they are Donald Trump from Republican Party and Hillary Clinton from Democratic Party. This debate was also held to find out a new President to changed Barrack Obama as a President in America. America divided Presidential Debates into some parts such as the first, the second and the third Presidential Debate in 2016.

The researcher chose several debates videos between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in Presidential Debates 2016 and only focuses on Hillary

Clinton’s utterances, sentences, terms or topics. The researcher chose Hillary

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Clinton is a candidate of President from Democratic Party. This research used

Roman Jakobson’s theory (1960) of language function. In Jakobson's theory, there

are six components of communication, they are; addresser (speaker), addressee (receiver), channel, message, context and code. There are also six types of language function, such as referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic function.

Since Jakobson (1960) introduced the theory about language functions, many researchers are interested in using Language function as the theory. Some researchers have analyzed language function in several subjects, such as in movie (Tobing, 2016), in novel (Permatasari, 2015), in campaign speech (Diansari, 2015), and in social media (Chofiyya, 2016; Khoir, 2016).

There is one researcher who analyzed language function in movie. Tobing (2016), he analyzed language function in Men, Women and Children Movie. He found out 116 utterances which consist of 32 emotive functions, 13 conative functions, 25 phatic functions, 29 referential functions, and 17 metalinguistic functions, but there is no poetic function in this movie.

On the other hand, there is one researcher who analyzed language function in novel. Permatasari (2015), she analyzed Language Function Used by Six Characters in Translated Novel of The Land of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi.

She used Jakobson’s theory. She reveals that there are six functions used by the

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function and referential function. The language function that is mostly used is referential function.

Meanwhile, there is one researcher who analyzed language function in campaign speech. Diansari (2015), she analyzed Language Function Used by Michelle Obama in “Let Girls Learn” Campaign Speech. She used Jakobson’s

theory. She found 81 sentences; 12 emotive functions, 6 conative functions, 5 phatic functions, 3 poetic functions, 55 referential functions. Michelle Obama mostly used referential function to give some information about “Let Girls Learn”

and her experiences.

Then, there are two researchers who analyzed language function in social media. The first is Chofiyya (2016), she analyzed language function that is used by Ani Yudhoyono in her instagram captions. Chofiyya used Roman Jakobson’s theory to analyze and find out the kinds of language functions. The result of

Chofiyya’s research showed that there are six language functions used by Ani

Yudhoyono on her instagram captions, they are; emotive function, conative function, referential function, phatic function, poetic function and metalinguistic function. The other researcher is Khoir (2016), he analyzed language function used by Donald Trump in his Twitter tweets. He applied Roman Jakobson’s

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Based on the previous study above, mostly researchers analyzed language function in movie, novel, television commercial, speech and social media. There is no researcher who analyzes language function in the Presidential Debates exactly in United State of America. Because of that, the researcher wants to fill in the gap because Presidential Debate is something new, hence, in this present research, the researcher conducts a research on language function. In Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016, there are two debates; The Democratic Presidential Debate between Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton to choose candidate from Democratic Party and the last is Presidential Debate in United State of America between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. Because of that, the researcher chose The Presidential Debates in United State of America between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton to be analyzed.

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1.2Problems of the Study

This present research deals with the observation about language functions used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016. Related to the background of the study, the researcher formulates the research problems to be analyzed in the present research as follows:

1. What kinds of language functions are used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016?

2. What are the meanings behind language functions of Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016?

1.3Objectives of the Study

Based on the statement of the problems above, the researcher formulates the research objectives of the study as follows:

1. To explain the kinds of language functions that are used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016.

2. To describe the meaning behind language functions of Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016.

1.4Significance of the study

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functions by using Jakobson's (1960) theory. Then, this research could be a reference to other researchers who are interested in language function as their theory.

Practically, through the result of this research, the researcher wants to help the readers in understanding language functions that are used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America 2016. So that, the readers feel easier to understand the ideas, opinions, argumentations that she delivered in this debate because she is the only woman candidate of President United State of America 2016.

1.5Scope and Limitation

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1.6Definition of the key terms

Related to the title of this research, the researcher wants to give some definitions of the key terms to avoid misunderstanding among the readers. Therefore, the reader can easily understand this research.

Discourse is a stretch of language in use, taking on meaning in context for its users, and perceived by them as purposeful, meaningful, and connected (Cook 1994, p.25)

Discourse analysis is fundamentally concerned with the ‘general principles of interpretation by which people normally make sense of what they hear and read’ (Brown and Yule 1983).

Language function is how the language is uses in the right way to reach its communication purposes (Holmes, 2005). Language function also is language that has some functions or purposes such as greeting, asking question, expressing feeling and others.

Presidential Debate is a debate of two or more than two people who want to be candidates of President in a country. The candidates discuss about the

issues or problems in that country. They share the solutions, arguments,

opinions in this debate.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher presents some terms of theories related with the topic of the research, which is language functions. In this chapter also, the researcher divides the discussions of the theories into four sub chapters. The first sub chapter discusses about Discourse. The second sub chapter explains about Discourse analysis. The third sub chapter tells about the kinds of language functions proposed by Jakobson (1960). The fourth sub chapter is about the utterance. The fifth sub chapter is about Presidential Debate. And the sixth sub chapter is about previous study.

2.1 Discourse

In this subchapter, they are some explanations about the definition and types of discourse.

2.1.1 Definition of Discourse

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on linguistic messages in order to interpret them. It means that, discourse is the study of language use in written and spoken texts in a social context.

2.1.2 Types of Discourse

Based on how discourse is produced, there are two types of discourse, they are; spoken discourse and written discourse. Spoken discourse is a discourse which is delivered orally such as speeches, conversations, interviews, debates, and so on. Written discourse is a discourse which is delivered in print or paper such as novels, books, newspapers and so on.

2.2 Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is the study about analyzing the use of language. According to Jones (2012, p.2), discourse analysis is the study of the ways sentences and utterances are put together to make texts and interactions and how those texts and interactions fit into our social life. It means that discourse analysis about how addresser delivers the messages or meanings to addressee and how addressee can understand the messages or meanings well.

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discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the context which it is used. It means that, discourse analysis not only discuss about language but also the context. Moreover, Abrams and Harpham (2005) explains Discourse Analysis concerns itself with the use of language in a running discourse, continued over a number of sentences, and involving the interaction of speaker (writer) and the auditor (reader)in a specific situational context, and within a framework of social and cultural conventions.

In conclusion, discourse analysis is study of language use in the form of written discourse or spoken discourse. Discourse analysis also is learns and analyzes of forms of language which contain sentences and involving interaction people in spoken with utterances and interaction in written within the context, social and cultural framework. Because that, the function of language under the discussion of discourse analysis.

2.3 Language functions

Language functions are the ways to know and understand meaning from the speaker to the readers. Cook (1989, pg.24) explains language functions as the functions which is the sender of a message intends to achieve with it. According to Savignon (1983) states a language function as ‘the use to which language is put, the

purpose of an utterance rather that the particular grammatical form an utterance

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2.3.1 Components of communication

Before explain about the types of language function. We must know the six components of communication based on Jakobson (1980), those are explained as follows:

1. Addresser

Addresser is the person who send the messages to the reader, e.g. Motivator, Presenter, News Anchor, Moderator, etc.

2. Addressee

Addressee is the person who receive the messages from the speaker, e.g. Audiences, News Viewers, Listeners, etc.

3. Channel

Channel is the medium through which the message travels between the addressee and the addresser, e.g. Internet, Radio, Television, etc. 4. Context

Context is the social or physical context. It can be explains as the situation, when and where the communication takes place.

5. Message form

Message form is the particular grammatical and lexical choices of the message.

6. Code

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CONTEXT (referential function)

ADDRESSER CONTACT ADDRESSEE

(emotive function) (phatic function) (conative function)

MESSAGE

(poetic function)

CODE

(metalinguistic function)

Figure 2.3 Jakobson’s schema of Language Function

(source Fasold (2006, p. 193)

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2.3.2 Types of Language Function

Based on Jakobson’s theory, there are six types of language function:

1. Emotive Function

The emotive function focuses on the addresser. Its purposes for communicating the inner states and emotions of the addresser (direct expression of the speaker attitudes toward what he/she is speaking of). For example: “Oh, My God!”, “Amazing”.

2. Conative Function

The orientation of conative function is the addressee. The aim of this function is seeking to affect others, whether the behavior, emotion, or even the feeling of the addressee.

For example: “Please, open the door!”, “Shut up!”

3. Referential Function

The referential function means carrying information which is focused on the context. This function usually can be used to inform something such as report, description, statement, or confirm and explaining something. For example: “This room is hot”

4. Metalinguistic Function

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5. Phatic Function

The phatic function which is focuses on the contact, means opening the channel or checking that something is working either for practical reasons or social ones to establish and maintain the channel of communication. For example: “Anybody hear me?”

6. Poetic Function

The poetic function is a particular form chosen to deliver a message. Its orientation is the message for its own sake and the sound must be seen as an echo the sense. It also be used to express something in different way using poetic words which plays with forms of the text like rhyme, repetition, alliteration (repeat consonant), assonance (repeated vowels, and so on. For example: “no pain no gain”

2.4 Utterance

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2.5 Presidential Debate

Debate is a process in which people try to give their argument for opposing a conflict. Debate is a method of formal situation to give an argument with a disciplined manner. A debate consists of contestant arguing opposite sides of a specific proposition or resolution in order to win the adherence of listeners (Lee and Lee, 1898, p.25). Debate are divided into two kinds, there are formal debate and informal debate. Formal debate between candidates for elected office, such as the leader debates that are sometimes held in democracies or candidate of president. Informal or forum debate is relatively shown by TV show such as America talk show and other talk show. Presidential debate is the kind of formal debate because consist of candidate of President in a country. Presidential debate is the same with political debate. Presidential debate contain attributes consistent with all three definitions. In essence, these definitions provide three requisites for debate: (1) participants are on opposing a conflict; (2) participant to a formalized set of rules to present their ideas and opinions; (3) a third party is the target of candidate messages.

According to Freeley and Steinberg (2008, p.368) proposed that presidential debates are a new tradition in America history. Debate between presidential candidates are now well established in election.

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the others. Questions, responses, and positions taken do not begin or end with the political debate. The presidential debates have specific purposes to each people. The purpose of candidates it is an opportunity to discuss their agendas and to demonstrate their leadership potential if they win this campaign. The purpose of the panelist it is an opportunity to raise issues and positions they consider important or they perceive as being important to voters. The purpose of the public, the debates are as the one opportunity in the campaign to view the candidates for an extended period of time in a live situation without a formal script. The public can make judgments about their ability to articulate the direction they would take if elected.

2.6 Previous Studies

Previous study is given to show the similarities and differences between this research and another research. There are three review the previous that related in this research. The first previous studied is Saphira (2015), she analyzed Language Function Found in Novel by Ika Natassa Entitled “Antologi Rasa”. She used Roman Jakobson theory and used qualitative approach by used document analysis to analyze the data. She found 142 utterances which consist of 32 emotive functions, 29 conative functions, 28 phatic functions, 53 referential functions, and there is no poetic function and metalinguistic function used by the main characters in the novel.

The second previous studied has done by Supriyono (2015), he analyzed Language Function Found in Mizone Fres in Television Commercial. He used

Hymes and Gumperz’s theory (1964) and used qualitative approach. He found out

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and referential function. Referential function is the most frequently used function that contained some information. He also found double function that exist in one utterance.

The last previous studied done by Alfina (2015), she analyzed Language Functions Used by the Main Character in “The Pacifier” Movie. She used Holmes’s

theory to analyze language function and also used Hymes’s theory to explain the

context of the language function in “The Pacifier” Movie. She found out seven types

from eight types of language functions categorized by Holmes, they are; expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, phatic, heuristic and commissive functions of language. She also found out the context of the use of language functions, they are; setting, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norms and genre.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

This chapter discusses about the methodology of the research. This chapter consists of research design, the role of the researcher, research instrument, subject of the research, data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This present research is focused on the language function used by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016. In addition, the purpose of this research is to identify the kinds of language function and the meaning behind language function that used by Hillary Clinton.in presidential debates.

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interpreting its meaning. Qualitative research is method that usually applied to verbal data such as interview transcripts, books, newspapers, articles, and others.

3.2. Research Instrument

There are three instruments that used in this research. The first instrument is a human because the researcher became the one who collected the data and analyzed the data. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982, p.27), qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument. Lincoln and Guba (1981, p.236), the instrument of choice in naturalistic inquiry is the human, we shall see that other forms of instrumentation may be used in later phases of the inquiry, but the human is the initial and continuing mainstay. From this statement, we can know that the researcher is the key instrument because the researcher collected, identified and analyzed the data and we called as human instrument. The second instrument is notebook as a tool to download the transcript and video about The Presidential Debates in 2016 between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. The third instrument is book to collect some references.

3.3. Data and data sources

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Nevada in Las Vegas on October 19, 2016. The researcher got the transcripts as the data on http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=11903. The first transcript is 25 pages. The second transcript is 22 pages. The third transcript is 24 pages. Thus, the total of the transcripts is 71 pages.

3.4 Technique of Data collection

The data were collected from The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016 by Hillary Clinton. All of the data are the utterances, words, and sentences that contain language functions based on Jakobson’s theory as found in this three debates. The researcher collects the data by several steps below:

1. The researcher search on youtube and downloaded the videos The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016.

2. After found the video, the researcher downloaded the transcript of The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016.

3. The researcher watched the video while read the script and take some notes to construct the analysis based on the data obtained.

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3.5Data Analysis

The researcher used some step to analyze the data, as these following steps: 1. Identifying

The researcher identified the data, which are collected from conversations by Hillary Clinton in The Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016. The researcher identified the utterances that containing the kinds of language function used Jakobson’s theory. The process to identify the data, the researcher

make easier analyzed by giving underline every utterance and gives code to make easier analyzed the data.

The kinds of Language Function:

EF = Emotive Function PoF = Poetic Function CF = Conative Function RF = Referential Function PhF = Phatic Function MF = Metalinguistic Function

2. Classifying

The researcher classified and categorized the utterances produced used by Hillary Clinton as the data into table form based on Jakobson’s theory, to make the data easy to understand by the reader.

Sample Table of Language Function used by Hillary Clinton

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3. Determining and calculating

After identified and classified, the researcher make a table to determine the total and calculated the percentage for kinds of language function which produced by Hillary Clinton in debate. Then, the researcher counted the frequency kinds of language function by Hillary Clinton.

No. Language Function Frequency 1. Emotive

2. Conative 3. Phatic 4. Poetic 5. Referential 6. Metalinguistic

4. Interpret the data

After determined and calculated the data, the researcher interpreted the data, especially the kinds of language function based on Jakobson’s theory.

5. Drawing conclusion

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the result of the study through some steps as mentioned in data analysis that involves the language functions of Hillary Clinton’s utterances and the meaning behind language function of Hillary

Clinton’s utterances in The Presidential Debates of United State of America. The

researcher divided this chapter into two parts; findings and discussion. 4.1 FINDINGS

The researcher found and analyzed kinds of language function which are

found in Hillary Clinton’s utterances and the meaning behind language function of

Hillary Clinton’s utterances in The Presidential Debates of United State of

America.

4.1.1 The Findings on the Kinds and the Meaning behind Language Function in Hillary Clinton’s utterances in The Presidential Debates of United State of America.

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[image:38.595.113.516.114.550.2]

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Figure 4.1. The Frequency of Language Functions

To be more specific, each of language function found in Hillary Clinton’s

utterances is elaborated in the following sub headings.

4.1.1.1 Language Function as Emotive Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Emotive function focus on the addresser or sender in relation to other components entails such types of function as identification of the source, expression of attitude toward one or another component or toward the event as a whole excogitation (thinking aloud), etc. There are seventeen emotive functions that the researcher found in Hillary Clinton’s utterances and the meaning behind

language function of Hillary Clinton’s utterances in The Presidential Debates of

United State of America.

. The researcher found that language has function as emotive function, such as:

17 18

11

1

147

0 0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Emotive Conative Phatic Poetic Referential Metalinguistic

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Datum (1)

CLINTON: Well, thank you, Lester, and thanks to Hofstra for hosting us.

Table 4.1 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterance on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Elements Explanation

Addresser Hillary Clinton

Context Hillary Clinton talking to Lester and audiences.

Message Well, thank you, Lester, and thanks to Hofstra for hosting us.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Addressee Lester Holt and audiences.

In Hillary’s utterances above, the researcher analyzed that “Well, thank

you, Lester, and thanks to Hofstra for hosting us.” is included as emotive function

because Hillary Clinton said “Thank you” to Lester and also said “Thank you to

Hofstra”. It means that Hillary want to express her feeling with the word “Thank

you” to Lester because gives chance for Hillary to give arguments or ideas in this

debate and Hillary also said “Thank you” to Hofstra because Hofstra to be

[image:39.595.108.508.233.531.2]

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Datum (2)

CLINTON: We need to have more second chance programs. I'm glad that we're

ending private prisons in the federal system; I want to see them ended in the state

system. You shouldn't have a profit motivation to fill prison cells with young Americans. So there are some positive ways we can work on this.

Table 4.2 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton express her feeling to the audiences.

Message I'm glad that we're ending private

prisons in the federal system; I want to

see them ended in the state system.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Addressee Lester Holt, Donald Trump and the audiences.

From Hillary’s utterances above, Hillary expresses her feeling to the all of audiences with the sentence “I'm glad that we're ending private prisons in the

[image:40.595.109.507.276.646.2]

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“I'm glad” is included as emotive function. It means that, Hillary Clinton want to give the audiences information about her feeling to the audiences because private prisons in federal system was ended.

Datum (3)

CLINTON: Well, everything you've heard just now from Donald is not true. I'm sorry I have to keep saying this, but he lives in an alternative reality. And it is sort of amusing to hear somebody who hasn't paid federal income taxes in maybe 20 years talking about what he's going to do.

Table 4.3 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton say sorry to the audiences.

Message I'm sorry I have to keep saying this, but he lives in an alternative reality.

Contact Spoken

Code English

[image:41.595.110.511.261.701.2]

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Based on Hillary’s utterances above, Hillary expresses her feeling to the

audiences and used sentence “I'm sorry I have to keep saying this, but he lives in an alternative reality.” So, the sentence “I'm sorry” is included as emotive function. It means that, Hillary Clinton want to say sorry to the all of audiences because she have to keep saying about Donald Trump. And finally Hillary tell the audiences about Donald Trump’s lives.

Datum (4)

CLINTON: Well, 67 percent of the people voted to re-elect me when I ran for my second term, and I was very proud and very humbled by that.

Table 4.4 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Message I was very proud and very humbled by that.

Contact Spoken

Code English

[image:42.595.111.511.234.728.2]

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According to Hillary’s utterances above, Hillary expresses her feeling to

the audiences and said “I was very proud and very humbled by that.” So, the

sentence “I was very proud”is included as emotive function. It means that, Hillary Clinton share her feeling to the audiences because Hillary feel proud because 67 percent of people vote her and re-elect her in second term.

Datum (5)

CLINTON: And on the day when I was in the Situation Room, monitoring the raid that brought Osama bin Laden to justice, he was hosting the "Celebrity Apprentice." So I'm happy to compare my 30 years of experience, what I've done for this country, trying to help in every way I could, especially kids and families

get ahead and stay ahead, with your 30 years, and I'll let the American people

make that decision.

Table 4.5 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas on October 19, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton share her feeling to the audiences.

Message So I'm happy to compare my 30 years

of experience, what I've done for this

country, trying to help in every way I

[image:43.595.106.512.223.764.2]

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ahead and stay ahead, with your 30

years, and I'll let the American people

make that decision.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Addressee Chris Wallace, Donald Trump and the audiences.

The researcher analyzed Hillary’s utterances above. Hillary said “So I'm

happy to compare my 30 years of experience, what I've done for this country,

trying to help in every way I could, especially kids and families get ahead and stay

ahead, with your 30 years, and I'll let the American people make that decision.”

So, the sentence “So I'm happy” is included as emotive function. Hillary Clinton express her feeling to the audience because she feel happy. Hillary feel happy because she tells the audiences about her experiences about help kids and families during 30 years.

Datum (6)

CLINTON: Well, very quickly, we at the Clinton Foundation spend 90 percent— 90 percent of all the money that is donated on behalf of programs of people around the world and in our own country. I'm very proud of that. We have the highest rating from the watchdogs that follow foundations. And I'd be happy to

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people and bought a six-foot portrait of Donald. I mean, who does that? It just

was astonishing.

Table 4.6 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas on October 19, 2016.

Message I'm very proud of that. We have the highest rating from the watchdogs that

follow foundations. And I'd be happy

to compare what we do with the

Trump Foundation, which took money

from other people and bought a

six-foot portrait of Donald. I mean, who

does that? It just was astonishing.

Contact Spoken

Code English

[image:45.595.109.508.232.703.2]

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In Hillary’s utterances above. Hillary said “I'm very proud of that. We

have the highest rating from the watchdogs that follow foundations. And I'd be

happy to compare what we do with the Trump Foundation, which took money

from other people and bought a six-foot portrait of Donald. I mean, who does

that? It just was astonishing.” So, the sentences “I'm very proud” and “I'd be

happy” is included as emotive function. Hillary Clinton tell the audiences about her feeling or emotion to the audience because she feel proud and happy. Hilary feel happy because Clinton Foundation spent 90 percent of money and give donation to people around the world and people in America. Hillary also proud because Clinton foundation have the highest rating.

4.1.1.2 Language Function as Conative Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

The orientation of conative function is the addressee. The aim of conative function is to direct addressee to do something on purpose. There are eighteen conative functions found in Hillary Clinton’s utterances in The Presidential Debates of United State of America and the meaning behind it. The researcher found that language has function as conative function, such as:

Datum (1)

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That starts with raising the national minimum wage and also guarantee, finally, equal pay for women's work.

Table 4.7 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton want the audiences to investment.

Message I want us to invest in you. I want us to invest in your future.

Contact Spoken

Code English

From Hillary’s utterances above. Hillary said “I want us to invest in you. I

[image:47.595.110.506.230.555.2]

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Datum (2)

CLINTON: Well, let's stop for a second and remember where we were eight years ago. We had the worst financial crisis, the Great Recession, the worst since the 1930s. That was in large part because of tax policies that slashed taxes on the wealthy, failed to invest in the middle class, took their eyes off of Wall Street, and created a perfect storm.

Table 4.8 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on

Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton want the audiences to remember eight years ago.

Message Let's stop for a second and remember where we were eight years ago.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Based on Hillary’s utterances above. Hillary said “Let's stop for a second

[image:48.595.110.508.277.643.2]

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audiences to stop for a second and remember eight years ago. Because since 1930s America had the worst financial crisis and the Great Recession. And Hillary want the audiences still remember about that incident.

Datum (3)

CLINTON: So, please go to HillaryClinton.com and you can see it.

Table 4.9 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton want the audiences to check her website.

Message So, please go to HillaryClinton.com and you can see it.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Addressee Anderson Cooper, Donald Trump and the audiences.

In Hillary’s utterances above. Hillary said “So, please go to

HillaryClinton.com and you can see it.” The sentence “So, please go to

[image:49.595.108.509.274.628.2]

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information about Hillary and her organization and the audiences can see the all of Hillary’s activities in her website.

Datum (4)

CLINTON: We have to save as many lives as we possibly can.

Table 4.10 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton invite the audiences to save other people’s lives.

Message We have to save as many lives as we possibly can.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Addressee Anderson Cooper, Donald Trump and the audiences.

According to Hillary’s utterances above. Hillary said “We have to save as

many lives as we possibly can.” The sentence “We have to save as many lives as

we possibly can.” is included as conative function. Hillary Clinton asks the

audiences to save other people’s lives as they can possibly can. Hillary also wants

[image:50.595.110.504.252.587.2]

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4.1.1.3 Language Function as Phatic Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

The phatic function is to open the conversation or check that it is working and also for maintaining social relationship. Phatic function consists of greetings, complements, gossip, etc. For greeting friend, a speaker can “Hello” or “Hi”. As

for greeting a stranger, the speaker can also use “Hello”, but the more formal

greetings between strangers are “Good morning”, “Good afternoon” or “Good

evening”.

Datum (1)

CLINTON: How are you, Donald? [applause]

Table 4.11 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk to Donald Trump

Message How are you, Donald?

Contact Spoken

Code English

[image:51.595.107.510.270.703.2]

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From the utterance above, Hillary said “How are you, Donald?”. The

sentence “How are you, Donald?” is included as phatic function. The meaning

from Hillary’s utterance is Hillary greet Donald Trump and ask to Donald Trump

about his condition. Hillary also want to accost Donald Trump and started discussion with Donald Trump.

Datum (2)

CLINTON: OK, Donald. I know you're into big diversion tonight, anything to avoid talking about your campaign and the way it's exploding and the way Republicans are leaving you. But let's at least focus on some of the issues that people care about tonight. Let's get to their questions.

Table 4.12 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk with Donald Trump

Message OK, Donald

Contact Spoken

Code English

[image:52.595.110.510.221.728.2]

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In Hillary’s utterance above, the researcher analyzed “OK, Donald” as

Phatic function. Hillary used this sentence because Hillary want to greet Donald Trump and open discussion with Donald Trump. Hillary also give argumentation, opinions and so on to Donald Trump.

Datum (3)

CLINTON: Well, Chris, let me respond to that, because that's horrifying. You know, every time Donald thinks things are not going in his direction, he claims whatever it is, is rigged against him.

Table 4.13 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas on October 19, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk with Chris

Message Well, Chris, let me respond to that, because that's horrifying.

Contact Spoken

Code English

Addressee Chris Wallace, Donald Trump and the audiences.

Based on utterance above, the researcher analyzed “Well, Chris, let me

[image:53.595.108.510.244.670.2]

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sentence because Hillary want to open discussion with Chris Wallace. After that, Hillary give argumentation, opinions and so on about Donald Trump to Chris Wallace.

4.1.1.4 Language Function as Poetic Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

The poetic function focuses on the real meaning of the message, as does

“The sound must seem an echo to the sense” using poetic features to express

something, such as rhyming words, alliteration (poetry), repetition, assonance and so on. This function, by promoting the palpability of signs, deepens the fundamental dichotomy of signs and objects.

Datum (1)

CLINTON: When I hear something like that, I am reminded of what my friend, Michelle Obama, advised us all: When they go low, you go high. [applause] Table 4.14 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Elements Explanation

Context Hillary Clinton give positive meaning or message to the audiences

Message When they go low, you go high.

Contact Spoken

[image:54.595.109.516.268.750.2]

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Addressee Anderson Cooper, Donald Trump and the audiences

According to utterance above, the researcher analyzed “When they go low,

you go high.” as poetic function. Hillary used this sentence because Hillary want to give and share positive message to the audiences and this sentences included poetic function because this sentence used repetition. Repetition is the one of poetic features.

4.1.1.5 Language Function as Referential Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Referential function focused on the context and carrying information. It can be used to inform something, such as report, description, statement, confirm, and explaining something. Referential function used to describing situation, object or mental state. It also is an information carrier. Referential function also shows the condition of the speakers who wants to share their knowledge or news toward the hearer.

Datum (1)

CLINTON: Nine million people—nine million people lost their jobs. Five million people lost their homes. And $13 trillion in family wealth was wiped out.

Now, we have come back from that abyss. And it has not been easy. So we're now

on the precipice of having a potentially much better economy, but the last thing

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Independent experts have looked at what I've proposed and looked at what

Donald's proposed, and basically they've said this, that if his tax plan, which

would blow up the debt by over $5 trillion and would in some instances

disadvantage middleclass families compared to the wealthy, were to go into effect,

we would lose 3.5 million jobs and maybe have another recession.

They've looked at my plans and they've said, OK, if we can do this, and I intend to

get it done, we will have 10 million more new jobs, because we will be making

investments where we can grow the economy. Take clean energy. Some country is

going to be the clean energy-superpower of the 21st century. Donald thinks that

climate change is a hoax perpetrated by the Chinese. I think it's real.

Table 4.15 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton describe about

America’s people and America’s

condition

Message All sentences

Contact Spoken

[image:56.595.107.512.228.757.2]

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Addressee Lester Holt, Donald Trump and the audiences

In utterance above, Hillary uses this sentences “Nine million people—nine million people lost their jobs. Five million people lost their homes. And $13

trillion in family wealth was wiped out.” to give information to the audiences about nine million people lost their jobs, five million people lost their homes and so on. Hillary also gives information about economy condition in America and share her opinions to solve America’s problem.

Datum (2)

CLINTON: Incomes went up for everybody. Manufacturing jobs went up also in the 1990s, if we're actually going to look at the facts.

When I was in the Senate, I had a number of trade deals that came before me, and

I held them all to the same test. Will they create jobs in America? Will they raise

incomes in America? And are they good for our national security? Some of them I

voted for. The biggest one, a multinational one known as CAFTA, I voted against.

And because I hold the same standards as I look at all of these trade deals.

When I was secretary of state, we actually increased American exports globally

30 percent. We increased them to China 50 percent. So I know how to really work

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Table 4.16 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk about trade in America

Contact Spoken

Code English

From the utterances above, the researcher analyzed this sentences as referential function. Because in this sentences, Hillary give information about trade and income in America. Hillary also gave information when she was in Senate and Hillary has solution to get new jobs, get export and to create some new jobs that can increase America’s income.

Datum (3)

CLINTON: Well, I think there are a number of issues that we should be addressing. I have put forth a plan to defeat ISIS. It does involve going after them

[image:58.595.110.508.195.531.2]

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and their operatives from being able to use the Internet to radicalize, even direct

people in our country and Europe and elsewhere.

But increasingly, we are seeing cyber-attacks coming from states, organs of

states. The most recent and troubling of these has been Russia. There's no doubt

now that Russia has used cyber-attacks against all kinds of organizations in our

country, and I am deeply concerned about this. I know Donald's very

praiseworthy of Vladimir Putin, but Putin is playing a really tough, long game

here. And one of the things he's done is to let loose cyber attackers to hack into

government files, to hack into personal files, hack into the Democratic National

Committee. And we recently have learned that, you know, that this is one of their

preferred methods of trying to wreak havoc and collect information. We need to

make it very clear—whether it's Russia, China, Iran or anybody else—the United

States has much greater capacity. And we are not going to sit idly by and permit

state actors to go after our information, our private-sector information or our

public-sector information.

And we're going to have to make it clear that we don't want to use the kinds of

tools that we have. We don't want to engage in a different kind of warfare. But we

will defend the citizens of this country.

And the Russians need to understand that. I think they've been treating it as

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was so—I was so shocked when Donald publicly invited Putin to hack into

Americans.

That is just unacceptable. It's one of the reasons why 50 national security officials

who served in Republican information- in administrations have said that Donald

is unfit to be the commander-in-chief. It's comments like that that really worry

people who understand the threats that we face.

Table 4.17 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York on September 26, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talking about defeat ISIS

Contact Spoken

Code English

[image:60.595.108.510.246.645.2]

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so on. Hillary also shares her solution, argumentation and opinions about defeat ISIS.

Datum (4)

CLINTON: Eight million kids every year have health insurance, because when I was first lady I worked with Democrats and Republicans to create the Children's

Health Insurance Program. Hundreds of thousands of kids now have a chance to

be adopted because I worked to change our adoption and foster care system. After

9/11, I went to work with Republican mayor, governor and president to rebuild

New York and to get health care for our first responders who were suffering

because they had run toward danger and gotten sickened by it. Hundreds of

thousands of National Guard and Reserve members have health care because of

work that I did, and children have safer medicines because I was able to pass a

law that required the dosing to be more carefully done.

When I was secretary of state, I went around the world advocating for our

country, but also advocating for women's rights, to make sure that women had a

decent chance to have a better life and negotiated a treaty with Russia to lower

nuclear weapons. Four hundred pieces of legislation have my name on it as a

sponsor or cosponsor when I was a senator for eight years.

I worked very hard and was very proud to be reelected in New York by an even

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that work, that bipartisan work, that finding common ground, because you have to

be able to get along with people to get things done in Washington.

Table 4.18 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk about health insurance to children

Contact Spoken

Code English

According to Hillary’s utterances above, the researcher analyzed this

sentences as referential function. Hillary describes about health insurance to children. Hillary gave information when she was first lady in America. She

created Children’s Health Insurance Program with Democrats and Republicans.

[image:62.595.108.507.235.539.2]

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Datum (5)

CLINTON: But I also believe that there can be and must be reasonable regulation. Because I support the Second Amendment doesn't mean that I want

people who shouldn't have guns to be able to threaten you, kill you or members of

your family.

And so when I think about what we need to do, we have 33,000 people a year who

die from guns. I think we need comprehensive background checks, need to close

the online loophole, close the gun show loophole. There's other matters that I

think are sensible that are the kind of reforms that would make a difference that

are not in any way conflicting with the Second Amendment.

You mentioned the Heller decision. And what I was saying that you referenced,

Chris, was that I disagreed with the way the court applied the Second Amendment

in that case, because what the District of Columbia was trying to do was to

protect toddlers from guns and so they wanted people with guns to safely store

them. And the court didn't accept that reasonable regulation, but they've accepted

many others. So I see no conflict between saving people's lives and defending the

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Table 4.19 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk about Second Amendment

Contact Spoken

Code English

In Hillary’s utterances above, the researcher analyzed this sentences as

referential function. Hillary describes Second Amendment. Hillary support Second Amendment but Hillary doesn’t agree if the all people have guns to kill someone. Hillary also gives information that 33,000 people a year who die from guns.

Datum (6)

CLINTON: Well, the situation in Syria is catastrophic. And every day that goes by, we see the results of the regime by Assad in partnership with the Iranians on

the ground, the Russians in the air, bombarding places, in particular Aleppo,

[image:64.595.109.509.196.532.2]

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left. And there is a determined effort by the Russian air force to destroy Aleppo in

order to eliminate the last of the Syrian rebels who are really holding out against

the Assad regime.

Russia hasn't paid any attention to ISIS. They're interested in keeping Assad in

power. So I, when I was secretary of state, advocated and I advocate today a

no-fly zone and safe zones. We need some leverage with the Russians, because they

are not going to come to the negotiating table for a diplomatic resolution, unless

there is some leverage over them. And we have to work more closely with our

partners and allies on the ground.

But I want to emphasize that what is at stake here is the ambitions and the

aggressiveness of Russia. Russia has decided that it's all in, in Syria. And they've

also decided who they want to see become president of the United States, too, and

it's not me. I've stood up to Russia. I've taken on Putin and others, and I would do

that as president.

I think wherever we can cooperate with Russia, that's fine. And I did as secretary

of state. That's how we got a treaty reducing nuclear weapons. It's how we got the

sanctions on Iran that put a lid on the Iranian nuclear program without firing a

single shot. So I would go to the negotiating table with more leverage than we

have now. But I do support the effort to investigate for crimes, war crimes

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Table 4.20 Elements of communication in Hillary Clinton’s utterances on Presidential Debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri on October 9, 2016.

Context Hillary Clinton talk about situation in Syria

Contact Spoken

Code English

From utterances above, the researcher analyzed this sentences as referential function. Hillary describes about situation in Syria. Hillary also

describe about Aleppo’s situation, Hillary shares her experience when she was as

secretary of state and the way to negotiation. The results of the regime by Assad in partnership with the Iranians on the ground, the Russians in t

Language functions used by Hillary Clinton in the Presidential Debates of United State of America in 2016.