Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.4 The Significance of the Study ………..
1.5 Clarification of the Terms ……….
1.6 Research Limitation ………..
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………... 22
3.1 Research Design ………. 22
3.2 Data Collection Method .……… 23
3.2.1 Participants ………...
3.2.2 Collection Procedures ………..
24
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu vi
3.2.2.1 Questionnaire ………
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION …………..
4.1 Data Description ……….
4.2 The learning Strategies Used by the EAP Course Participants
in Learning Speaking for IELTS………...
4.2.1 Metacognitive Strategies ………..
4.2.2 Cognitive Strategies ……….
4.2.3 Socioaffective Strategies ……….. 4.3 The Most Effective Strategies as Perceived by the Participants ………… 4.3.1 Socioaffective Strategy: Cooperation ……….. 4.3.2 Metacognitive Strategy: Delayed Production ……….. 4.3.3 Metacognitive Strategy: Self-Management ………..
4.4 Students’ Preferred Learning Strategies for Speaking in IELTS ………... 4.5 The Public Results of the Speaking Test Scores ……… 4.6 Problems Encountered by the Participants
in Learning Speaking English ………...
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ……….
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses some aspects related to the background of the study. It
includes research questions, purposes of the study, significance of the study,
clarification of the terms, research limitation, and thesis organization.
1.1 Background
From time to time, the number of teachers, lecturers and educators wishing
to study abroad are growing rapidly. Even though the countries they are intending
to go may not be English-speaking countries, these people’s need of speaking English as the main means of communication is inevitable. Nonetheless, for those
people who will be studying in English-speaking countries, their English speaking
ability has become one thing that they cannot do without. In order to achieve
better English skills before they leave for the target foreign country, these people
usually enroll in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses to equip them
with a proper English ability for their prospective studies. Besides that, these
people are required to take English language tests such as the International
English Language Testing Systems (IELTS) and pass some certain scores with the
purpose of being legible to be accepted in the desired university.
IELTS is widely recognized as a language requirement for entering
universities mainly in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 2 States of America are now accepting IELTS score as an acknowledged tool for
measuring one’s English competence. Speaking skill in IELTS test plays an important role which each IELTS candidate must posses, both for their potential
studies in English-mediated university classes and for achieving the passing
grades in the speaking test of the IELTS.
Speaking test in IELTS involves an approximately 15-minute one on one
interview with an appointed English-native examiner. The 2-minute monologue
speaking in part two is what makes IELTS speaking test such a daunting task for
many of IELTS candidates. The fact that each candidate will face an
English-native interviewer itself has already drawn a scary mental-note, let alone giving a
2-minute speech by themselves based on the topic and questions given in the cue
card provided by the interviewer. It appears that English speaking skill is found as
a real challenge by Indonesians even though they have studied English since in
the elementary school.
Learning strategy is very crucial in learning language because an
appropriate strategy helps learners to be more independent since teachers cannot
always be around when students speak nor have questions about the target
language. This is consistent with Chamot et al. (1999) who state that the goal of
learning strategies is to assist learners in developing awareness of their own
learning. She insists that learners who are aware of their own learning processes,
strategies and preferences, are able to regulate their learning activities and become
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 3 The teaching in EAP course is intended to provide the participants with an
intense exposure of mastering English in a fabricated highly-stake set of tests
namely IELTS. In this kind of course, participants have a limited time frame to
boost their ability in language learning. As supports by Oxford (2001), learning
strategies could come in handy to facilitate learners in regulating their own
process of knowing, understanding, and learning English, involving themselves
actively in language learning, and in this case, also in accomplishing a certain
required IELTS score. The suitable strategies could also enhance students’ confidence in speaking in English and this very fact could be such a great strength
in improving one’s speaking learning process.
This study attempted to investigate the learning strategies used by the EAP
participants in learning speaking for IELTS test. Moreover, this study was also
expected to reveal some learning strategies that are perceived as the most effective
by them. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to the
understanding of learning strategies for IELTS preparation. The results may also
be used for further speaking learning for pedagogical purposes.
1.2 Research Questions
The present research investigated the problems that are formulated in the
following questions:
1. What strategies do the EAP course participants use in learning speaking
for IELTS?
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 4
1.3 The Purposes of the Study
This study aims at finding answers to the previous questions:
1. To find out the strategies EAP course participants use in learning
speaking for IELTS speaking test.
2. To find out the strategies are most effective as perceived by the
participants.
1.4 The Significance of the Study
This descriptive study is mainly to elaborate one of the phenomena of English
skills learning in a language course. It is conducted to reveal these doctoral
scholarship grantees’ learning strategies for speaking in IELTS and to discover their opinions about how the English speaking learning is conducted, both in the
language course and in their individual ways. In addition, this study is expected to
disclose these learners’ strategies that are considered most helpful by them. Regardless to the fact that the scope of this present study is limited, the findings of
this research confirm the existing theory on learning strategies.
This study could be one piece of practical information for the English teachers
about students learning strategies for IELTS preparation. In relation to it, students
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 5 on how to choose the best possible learning strategies for or on their own. This
study could be a reference for the other researchers in the future to do more
advanced analysis on students’ IELTS speaking learning strategy in particular.
1.5 Clarification of the Terms
Following are some of the terms that are used in this study:
(1) Learning Strategy — learning strategies are operations employed by the learner to aid the acquisition, storage, retrieval and use of information,
specific actions taken by the learner to make the learning easier, faster,
more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective and more transferable
to new situations (Oxford, 2001).
(2) IELTS — or 'International English Language Testing System', is an international standardized test of English language proficiency. IELTS is
accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and
South African academic institutions, over 3,000 academic institutions in
the United States, and various professional organizations (wikipedia,
2011).
(3) Speaking test in IELTS — the speaking test is a structured one-on-one oral interview, designed to encourage candidates to demonstrate their ability in
speaking English. It is done in 11-14minutes, consisted of three parts, and
assessed by using four analytical criteria and subscales over 9 band scores
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 6
1.6 Research Limitation
This study is restricted on the issue of speaking learning strategies that the
students of a language course use in learning English speaking for IELTS. This
study illustrates the most suitable and useful strategies based on the students’
personal belief. It also tries to investigate the students’ most preferred learning strategies and whether this type of EAP program, which is an intensive IELTS
preparation course, can provide a different language environment for them as
language learners. However, this study does not attempt to observe other variables
that might influence students’ achievement, such as the participants’ motivation,
gender, and the instructors’ competence.
1.7 Thesis Organization
This thesis is organized in five chapters. The first chapter introduces the
present study. Chapter two discusses the theoretical accounts relevant to the
present study. Chapter three elaborates the research methodology. Chapter four
presents the data analysis and the discussion of the findings. At last, chapter five
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 22
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology of the research, which includes an
explanation on how the research is conducted. More specifically, it presents the
research design, data collection method, data triangulation, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This research mainly explored the Ph.D. candidates learning strategies on
an EAP course on International English Language Testing System (IELTS)
preparation in one language center in Bandung. This study was set out to
investigate the participants speaking learning in their EAP course for IELTS test.
Furthermore, it investigated the most effective strategies as perceived by the
course participants.
This research is a single case study that represents a critical test to existing
learning strategies theory on a unique event in an EAP course. It used a
descriptive type of case study since it has been widely viewed as a method that
produces data as many as possible relating to the subjects being investigated. The
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 23 but not the causal link among its different elements, for that reason is subjective.
This method intends to describe a phenomenon that might go unnoticed.
The data gained from the research was described in an elaborated
explanation mostly in the form of words and sentences. The inferences were made
based on the findings and the data gained from the research were described based
on related literature. Consequently, this study was expected to describe the present
practices of learning speaking for IELTS test.
3.2 Data Collection Method
The section comprises the participants involved and the instrumentation
comprising the questionnaire, interview, observation and the IELTS public result
list in collecting the data for this study. Thus, to fit the purpose of this study, only
this particular IELTS score was used to correlate with their learning strategies.
This study involved a simple four-step data collection method which is illustrated
in the table below:
Step Task Duration
First phase Distributing questionnaire Two days
Second phase Observation aided with videotaping Two days
Three phase Conducting interview Three days
Fourth phase Collecting IELTS public results One day
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 24
3.2.1 Participants
This study was conducted in one language center in Bandung. The
participants of this study were 99 Ph.D. candidates granted scholarships by DIKTI
in 2011 for batch 2012. The participants were divided into four parallel classes to
make the learning activities much more comfortable and possible to handle for
both sides; the IELTS instructors and the participants themselves. The research
involved them because they were given the EAP course the shortest hours, which
was three months, than the other former batches of DIKTI grantees who usually
did that in four and or six months. It was assumed that this particular batch was
putting more efforts in learning English as the preparation of IELTS and
employed more effective strategies for mastering speaking skill.
The participants for this research were taken on census so each of the
students had the same chance of being selected for the sample. Initially, 99
students from all four classes participated in this study. These classes were not
divided based on level of competence, meaning that each class could have
participants from beginner, intermediate and advanced levels. On 6-7 December
2011 when the questionnaire was distributed and the classroom observation was
performed, there were only 86 participants attended the classes. The questionnaire
was returned and fully completed by 80 of them.
Those 80 participants were then classified into three categories of low
achiever, medium achiever, and high achiever based on their score on the pre-test
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 25 participants’ achievement was based on the IELTS band descriptors (British
Council, IELTS Australia & University of Cambridge public version), on scale of
0 to 9. There were seven low achievers, 34 medium achievers and 32 high
achievers. As much as 10% of each achievement category was taken as the sample
for the interviews. As the result, one low achiever, four medium achievers and
three high achievers were randomly chosen as the interview samples. The
interviews were done in between 16-19 December 2011. These 80 participants
took the real IELTS test on Saturday, 17 December 2011.
3.2.2 Collection Procedures
This section deals with the instrumentation of collecting data, which includes
questionnaire, interview and observation.
3.2.1.1Questionnaire
The questionnaire was used as the main instrument to collect the data. It
was administered to the respondents in order to collect information and identify
their preferences on their strategies in learning speaking and information about the
most effective strategies in learning speaking according to the course participants.
The questionnaire was administered to 80 respondents.
The questionnaire that consisted of 13 questions eliciting students’
strategies in speaking learning were categorized into three: metacognitive,
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 26 preferences of strategies on a frequency interval scale: never, seldom, sometimes,
often and always. The questionnaire used in this study was modelled on
established instruments by O’Maley et al. (1985, in McCoy, 2011). The language
in the questionnaire was translated into Bahasa Indonesia, the students’ mother
tongue, and kept as unambiguous and as simple as possible to avoid making the
questionnaire unduly lengthy. Negative questions, which can be dubious and
difficult to understand were also avoided (see Appendix 1).
The following is the table of the questionnaire used in this study:
Variable Indicators Descriptions Total of Items Numbers
Speaking
Table 3.2 Indicators of Speaking Learning Strategies Questionnaire
The data acquired from the questionnaire was analyzed manually. There
was also an additional open-ended question at the end of the distributed
questionnaire on other most effective learning strategies to improve speaking
ability as perceived by the participants. The summary of the participants’ answers
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 27
3.2.1.2Interview
The face-to-face semi-structured interview was conducted ten days after
the students completed the questionnaire. Nunan (1992) states that through a
semi-structured interview, the interviewer knows where the interview wants to go
and what will come out of it but at the same time he does not enter the interview
session with predetermined questions. Nunan emphasizes that by this flexibility,
many researchers are in favor of using semi-structured type.
The interview was done after the distribution of the questionnaire in order
to get in-depth answers to the unanswered questions attained by the previous
instrument. The aim of using this interview was to identify the most effective
speaking learning strategies as perceived by the course participants. The interview
itself was carried out based on an interview guideline adapted from Purnomo
(2009), which consisted of 15 with open-ended questions as attached (see
Appendix 2).
The students were purposefully selected for the interview came from each
category of low achiever, medium achiever and high achiever based on the
participants’ pre-test scores. The numbers of the students on each category was
written in small piece of papers which then were folded and put into a glass. The
glass was covered with a paper that was given a small hole and sealed with a
rubber band. The glass was shaken and the random numbers of the students to be
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 28 The interviews were conducted in unstructured open-ended questions and
an interview guideline was used in order to find out the EAP course participants’
learning strategy for speaking in IELTS test. The interviews were conducted in
Bahasa Indonesia, as it allowed the chosen participants to express their thoughts
more freely. The questions were asking about the 8 interviewees’ reasons to speak
English, with who, when and where do they usually use English, and what are
their problems of speaking in English. Furthermore, they were asked about the
evidence of their English speaking improvement(s), learning strategies that they
chose to use to make their speaking more fluent, and whether there are some
strategies given by their instructors that could be used to help them speaking
English fluently.
There were more questions about the number of IELTS test that the
interviewees had taken, what were their preparations on learning English for
IELTS in the EAP course, and whether they thought that this type of course would
help them to be more fluent in English. At the end, the interviewees were asked
about their own efforts to improve their speaking ability, be it was done inside and
or outside of the EAP course classes, the speaking learning strategies that they
wish to use and or the ones that they liked to do and whether they believed those
chosen strategies were effective to make them fluent in English.
The interviews were recorded and then transcribed one by one soon after
the interviews took place. The transcriptions were then analyzed to enrich the
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 29 explanation of the interview data is provided in chapter IV. The following is the
question mapping on the interview guideline as in how those interview questions
are answering the research questions:
Table 3.3 The Question Mapping of the Interview Guideline
3.2.1.3Observation
The observation was conducted to investigate the learning activity and the
students’ learning attitude in the classrooms interaction. From observation, the
evidence of the metacognitive, cognitive and socioaffective strategies could be
found. The data were recorded by videotaping the classrooms activities. As states
by Alwasilah (2006), an observation facilitates the researcher to see how the
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 30 and Chamot (1990) proved that classroom observation is the least useful method
for identifying strategies, therefore this study less focused on the data analysis
from the observation. However, McCoy (2011) argues that even though
observation cannot reliably identify all factors in students’ classroom activities, it
is particularly useful for some.
The students’ learning activity and their attitude towards the learning
session were able to be analyzed through observing their efforts in being active
and interactive with the instructor. In addition, by videotaping, the students’ facial
expressions, gestures and body language could be thoroughly observed. For that
reason, the videotape was put in the corner front of the classroom in order to get a
better view on the whole class situation and on the whole students’ behavior;
whether they have prepared for class, whether they keep notes regarding the
lessons taught, whether they used translation, whether they were willing to work
in pairs, in groups or any other interpersonal contact (O’Malley and Chamot 1990,
Nunan 1992, as cited in McCoy 2011). The observation sheet alone was adapted
from Manurung (2005) that provides three areas for each learning strategy
observed from the students’ classroom interactions includes prompts regarding
what should be observed (see Appendix 4).
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 31 Jarvinen (2001) pinpoints that in qualitative research triangulation aims to
enhance the credibility and validity of the results since it gives a more detailed
and balanced picture of the situation. He adds that data triangulation can be
achieved through multiple data collecting, sources, procedures and strategies. To
strengthen the findings, the data from questionnaire and interview were
triangulated with the videotaped observation. This study also involved an IELTS
public results list, and because this result comes from an acknowledged
international high-stake standardized test, reliability and validity could be
ensured.
3.4 Data Analysis
The data of this research were analyzed by using a descriptive method.
The data were mostly described in a qualitative way, which is not amenable to be
counted or measured objectively and therefore subjective. The data analysis was
soon completed after the questionnaire was given to all of 80 EAP course
participants. An interpretation was made on the data analyzed by classifying,
analyzing, synthesizing and interpreting the data collected.
The data from the questionnaire was analyzed manually one by one
according to the chosen particular learning strategies used in this study. After this,
a simple calculation of each major category’s frequency was made, so that a
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 32 through interviews were analyzed to understand the patterns of the chosen
respondents’ answers better in supporting the data found from the questionnaire.
There were all eight interviews and each interview was transcribed carefully.
After all interview recordings were transcribed, they were compared thoroughly to
obtain the data needed for this present study in order to answer the research
question number two. Last of all, the data available from the videotapes was
acquired based on what was seen, heard, and observed during classroom
observation sessions. The videotapes were not transcribed, it was described in a
qualitative way instead. This data was used for the data triangulation process later.
Data analysis that was done all together with data collection was
facilitated to focus and shape the study as it proceeds. To intensify the data gained
from the questionnaire and interviews, other sources like documents such as the
participants’ pre-test scores, the IELTS public results list, and second hand written
inputs by several colleagues on the recorded observation videos, were also
gathered. The findings from the questionnaire were then triangulated with the
findings from the interview and observation. At the end, a conclusion of the
research was made. The table below illustrates the methodology used for this
present study:
Research Question Data Collection Framework
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 33 2. What strategies are
most effective as perceived by the participants?
Interview Purnomo (2009)
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 56
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the conclusion of the
study based on the preceding findings and analysis of the study. The second one is
the suggestions aimed to address to IELTS instructors and future researchers who
have the same interest to conduct the similar study.
5.1 Conclusions
This study investigated students learning strategies that were used by the
participants of an EAP course on IELTS preparation. Based on the findings and
discussion in the previous chapter, conclusions can be drawn. The finding for the
first research question is that the EAP course participants used socioaffective
strategies (87.21%) the most in learning speaking for IELTS. The second highest
strategy that they used is metacognitive strategies (83%) and the least one is
cognitive strategies (79%). As for the second research question, the study found
that socioaffective strategy is perceived as the most effective in learning speaking
for IELTS by the participants. This is in line with the fact that most of the
participants who used socioaffective strategies of cooperation and clarification
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 57 have enough score to pass the criteria on entering their desired overseas university
(minimum 6.0).
From the findings, it can also be seen that socioaffective strategies seem to
be quite helpful in adult students’ language learning, especially in preparing for
the speaking test in IELTS. An obvious assumption of the test is that to get the
appropriate score, the participants must be willing to communicate fluently. A
participant who was unwilling and or unable to speak might prevent him from
achieving a 6.0 band score, which requires him to be willing to speak at length
and using a range of connectives and discourse markers. Those interviewees who
are introvert and confessed to “I am not a person who likes much of a talk,” are
the examples of reluctant speakers, that is, achieved low speaking score (5.0). On
the other hand, those interviewees, who are extrovert and have the courage to take
risk, achieved higher speaking score (6.0).
5.2 Suggestions
Although this is a study of learning strategies in one particular language
center, its implication could be extended beyond this specific context. Based on
the findings of this study, which is not to be generalized with other settings, it is
recommended that a language center concerning on IELTS preparation should
have more sessions on speaking practice and IELTS practice tests besides giving
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 58 have few sessions with the native English speaker instructors on free topic
discussion activities to build the course participants’ confidence in speaking
English.
For the researchers who have the same interest to conduct the similar
study, it is suggested to do the research on a relatively longer EAP course
program for IELTS, in order to see whether they have the same or different
speaking learning strategies and some similar most effective speaking learning
strategies as perceived by the participants. It is also suggested to apply suitable
teaching speaking techniques to minimize the participants’ problems in their
preparation course facing Speaking exam for IELTS and to improve their
Roslina Sawitri, 2012
Students’ Learning Strategies In Speaking For Ielts
: A Case Study on Doctoral Scholarship Grantees Learning Speaking for IELTS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 59
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