Applying Questioning Techniques in Teaching
Reading Comprehension to Increase Students’
Reading Achievement
(A Quasi- Experimental Study at SMK Negeri 1 Indramayu West Java)
A THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Master
’s
Degree in English Education
BY
JAYA
NIM.0907795
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
APPLYING QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES IN
TEACHING READING COMREHENSION TO
INCREASE STUDENTS’
READING ACHIEVEMENT
Oleh Jaya
S.Pd Unwir Indramayu, 2000
Sebuah Tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister
Pendidikan (M.Pd.) pada Program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Sekolah Pasca Sarjana
© Jaya 2012
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juli 2012
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
APPROVAL
This is to certify that Board of Examiners has approved the thesis as the requirement of the Master’s Degree in English Education
Board of Examiners:
Prof. A. Chaedar Alwasilah,M.A, Ph.D Main Supervisor
APPROVAL
This is to certify that Board of Examiners has approved the thesis as the requirement of the Master’s Degree in English Education
Board of Examiners:
Prof. A. Chaedar Alwasilah,M.A, Ph.D Main Supervisor
Dr. Yoyo Surjakusumah,M.Pd Co-Supervisor
Iwa Lukmana, M.A, Ph.D Examiner
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled Applying Questioning Techniques in Teaching Reading Comprehension to Increase Students’ Reading Achievements is
completely the result of my own investigations. I am fully aware that I have quoted
some statements and ideas from other sources, and all of which are properly
acknowledged in the texts.
Bandung, July 25th 2012
The writer,
APPLYING QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION TO INCREASE STUDENTS’ READING ACHIEVEMENT
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of applying questioning techniques in teaching reading comprehension. A quasi experimental design was chosen for this study since it did not select the participants randomly (as it is suggested in true experiment design). In this research, the students purposively selected for this purpose of this research.
The experimental group was exposed to the use of questioning techniques in all steps of reading activity, while of those techniques were not given to the control group. This study employed two comprehension test before and after the treatment in order to see the difference in achievement of the two groups. The subjects were also given a set of questionnaires to reveal their responses towards the use of questioning techniques. The data gathered was then carefully calculated by using t-test to identify whether there is a significant difference between the test scores of the two groups. The result of this research proves that Applying Questioning Techniques is effective to be used to increase the students’ reading achievement with the level of significance of 0.05 (α0.05), the value of t-test is 12.55. It is higher than the t-table, 2.045. Meanwhile, at the control group with the same level the value of the test is 2.25. Although the value of t-test at the control group still higher than the t-table, the experimental group got higher than the control.
PREFACE
In the name of Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, Praises and thanks to Allah Almighty, the Lord of the universe. By His guidance and His blessing, the writer has completed his thesis. Shalawat and salam be always delivered to the prophet Muhammad SAW as his excellent idol in facing the vey hard struggle of life. The writer finally accomplished this thesis titled “Applying questioning techniques in teaching reading comprehension to increase students’ reading achievement”. This research has strived to find out whether applying questioning technique in teaching reading comprehension gives better impact to the students’ reading achievement, and to reveal the students’ responses towards the techniques.
The writer pays a great attention to the vocational school students’ reading ability since this skill is very important for facing their job. This research problem inspired that reading comprehension ability is very important for international communication and technology transfer. This research was conducted as a final assignment to pursue the master’s degree in English Education department. Hopefully, it may give some contributions to the development of knowledge especially on teaching reading comprehension.
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is still far from perfect. Therefore, some constructive comments, criticisms and suggestions will be very much appreciated.
Bandung, July 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillaahi robbil ‘aalamin, Praise and thanks to Allah swt. the Lord of
the universe. This thesis was finally accomplished after a long time of struggles. It
would not have been completed without much help from other people. It is then, the writer’s pleasure to acknowledge the following people for their best constructive
contributions to his education and the thesis writing.
First of all, I would like to address my deepest gratitude and appreciation to
my main supervisor Prof. A. Chaedar Alwasilah, M.A, Ph.D, and his co-supervisor
Dr. Yoyo Surjakusumah, M.Pd. for their invaluable inputs, feedback, knowledge,
spiritual supports, guidance, and suggestions during the process of supervision.
Secondly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all lecturers at
Pascasarjana UPI, especially to Emi Emilia, M.Ed. Ph. D the chairperson of English
Education Program, Prof. Aminudin Aziz, M.A. Ph. D and Iwa Lukmana, M.A, Ph. D
who always give me spirits and inspirations to learn much, Bachrudin Musthafa,
M.A, Ph. D who has given an excellent experience in teaching English poetry and
other literature, and all lecture that the writer cannot mention. I am deeply indebted
to all of them.
Third, his deepest gratitude was expressed to the chairperson of English
Education Program of Wiralodra University, Bambang MK, and the Dean of Faculty
I am also grateful to Jen Jen Jaeni Dahlan,M. M.Pd the Headmaster of
SMKN 1 Indramayu, Undang Supriyatna, M.A, the English teacher of SMKN 1
Indramayu and all students especially to XI Multi Media1, and Multi Media2
2011-2012 period, who have voluntary involved as participants, for their kindness during
the research process.
I would like to express my greatest appreciation to my classmates, Endi,
Iskandar Dz, Nacep Asmara, Sri Fina Karlina, Taryanah, Sri Heppy Rahayu. You
are all my best friends. To my family especially to my wife Romini, my sons
Akhmad Shalahuddien, Winahyu Hening Praja S, and my pretty angel Fanny Tri
Emilia Muharromah, who never give up praying and supporting my succeed. I deeply
grateful to my mother, (the late Ibu Cayem), my father, (Bapak Madroman), my
brothers in law, and all of my relatives who cannot be mentioned. It is to them that I
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APPLYING QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION TO INCREASE STUDENTS’ READING ACHIEVEMENT
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of applying questioning techniques in teaching reading comprehension. A quasi experimental design was chosen for this study since it did not select the participants randomly (as it is suggested in true experiment design). In this research, the students purposively selected for this purpose of this research.
The experimental group was exposed to the use of questioning techniques in all steps of reading activity, while of those techniques were not given to the control group. This study employed two comprehension test before and after the treatment in order to see the difference in achievement of the two groups. The subjects were also given a set of questionnaires to reveal their responses towards the use of questioning techniques. The data gathered was then carefully calculated by using t-test to identify whether there is a significant difference between the test scores of the two groups.
The result of this research proves that Applying Questioning Techniques is effective to be used to increase the students’ reading achievement with the level of significance of 0.05 (α0.05), the value of t-test is 12.55. It is higher than the t-table, 2.045. Meanwhile, at the control group with the same level the value of the test is 2.25. Although the value of t-test at the control group still higher than the t-table, the experimental group got higher than the control.
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table of Content
1.7 The Structure of This Thesis………...…5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…..………6
2.5 Questioning in Teaching Reading Comprehension...………….……..….16
2.5.1 Question in Advance ( Pre-reading Activities)……….……..16
2.5.2 The Function of Questioning………...…….……....…...17
2.5.3 Questioning in the Classroom Interaction………...….……...18
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2.7Kind and Form of Questions……….….…..……….……..22
2.8Assessing Questions………..…..…….………..…..…...24
2.9The Grammar Translation Method………...….26
2.10 Previous Research on Questioning Techniques in Teaching Reading……….….….29
2.11 Conclusion……...………..…….…………..………...………..….32
CHAPTER III.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………..…..………...……….33
3.1Research Design……….…….………...……….…….….33
3.2Data Collection………...………..……...36
3.2.1 The Population, Setting, and Sample of Research..…..……...37
3.2.2 Instrumentation……..…....……...……….…….……38
3.2.2.1Instrument for Scoring …….……….……….…38
3.2.2.2Instrument for Treatment ….…….………….…….…...39
3.2.3 The Application of Questioning Techniques…...……....…...39
3.2.3.1Instructional Activities………..…….………...….40 3.2.4 Treatment………….……….…….………...…...…..…...41
3.2.4.1Teaching Reading Procedures and Materials of Question-ing Techniques for Experimental Group….…………...41
3.2.4.2Teaching Reading Procedures and Materials for Control Group ……….49
3.3 The Schedule of Treatment………...…..…...….….…………50 3.4Data Analysis.……...……….………...…...………..51
3.4.1Technique, Instrument of Collecting Data, and Data Interpretat- ion…...…….………....……..51
3.4.2 The Technique of Analyzing Data …..…..…....……...…...…….52
3.4.2.1 Score Data Analysis ……….……..…....………….…..….52
3.4.2.2 Hypothesis Testing ..………….…….……...…....……..…53
CHAPTER IV. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS……...……..…….54
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4.1.1 Validity of the Test …………...………...…54
4.1.2 Reliability of the Test ………..….……….……..…..55
4.1.3 Test Items Difficulty………...….………….….…….…...55
4.2The Result of t-test for Reading Comprehension Test………..……….….56
4.2.1 The Pretest and Post-test Gained from the Experimental Group...56
4.2.2 The Pretest and Posttest Scores Gained from the Control Group..59
4.3 The Hypothesis Testing…………....………..………...64
4.3.1 Comparative Analysis of Pretest and Post-test scores of the Experiment Group ………..………..…...…………...…...64
4.3.2 Comparative Analysis of Pretest and Post-test scores of the Control Group………..………...….65
4.3.3 Comparative Analysis of Pretest Scores of Experimental and Control Group………..………..………..…... ..66
4.3.4 Comparative Analysis of Post-test of Experimental and Control Group………...……….……….……….…….68
4.4Interpretation to the Students’Responses in the Questionnaire………...70
4.5Discussion of the Research Finding…...………..…….…….…...74
4.5.1 The Implementation of Questioning Technique in Teaching Reading Comprehension……….………...………75
4.6 Conclusion………….………...……….…...77
CHAPTER V. THE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...…...78
5.1. The Conclusions………..….……….…….….……....78
5.2.Recommendations………..……..……….……….…...79
Bibliography………..……...….………..………..………….……..81
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List of Tables
Table 3.1 Research Design ………...……..34
Table 3.2 The schedule of Pre- Post-test and treatment………...……...51 Table 4.1 Data gained from Pretest and Post-test at the Experimental Group...168 Table 4.2 Data Interval from Pre-post-test at the experimental group…………..169 Table 4.3 One sample Kolmogorov-Smirovtest from pre and post-test at
the experimental group ……….…………..57 Table 4.4 Paired samples test of the experimental group ………...58 Table 4.5 Paired of Pretest and Post-test of Experimental group ………...59 Table 4.6 Data gained from Pre and Post-test at the Control group ………...…..170 Table 4.7 Paired samples Statistics from Pre-test and post-test at the control
group ……….………...…..……60
Table 4.8 Paired samples from Pre-test and post-test at the control group ..…...61 Table 4.9 Data gained at the pre-test and post-test both experimental and
control group………..……...………..….171 Table 4.10 Data gained from pre-test both experimental and control
group analysis..………...……….173 Table 4.11 Independent samples t- test for Pre-test of Experimental and
Control group……….…..….……67 Table 4.12 Independent- samples test for Post-test at Experimental and
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List of Appendices
Appendix 1 READING LESSON PLAN FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUP...89
Appendix 1b READING LESSON PLAN FOR CONTROL GROUP………….98
Appendix 2 QUESTIONS LIST USE IN TREATMENT……….…….110
Appendix 3 THE TEXT MATERIALS……….118
Appendix 4 STUDENTS’ WORKSHEET………122
Appendix 5 SAMPLE OF ENGLISH SYLABUS FOR SMK………….…….139
Appendix 6a PRE-TEST………..………….……...140
Appendix 6b POST-TEST……….….….147
Appendix 7 THE RESULT OF TRY OUT TEST OF INSTRUMENT.. .…....153
Appendix 8 QUESTIONAIRES………...….…...162
Appendix 9 PICTURED DISPLAYED………...…….…....164 Appendix 10 Table 4.1DATA GAINED FROM PRE AND POST-TEST AT THE
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP………..….168
Appendix 11 Table 4.2DATA INTERVAL FROM PRETEST AND POSTTEST AT THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP………....…..169
Appendix 12 Table 4.6 DATA GAINED FROM PRE AND POST-TEST AT THE CONTROL GROUP………..………170
Appendix 13 Table 4.9 DATA GAINED AT PRE AND POST TEST BOTH
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP…..………..…….172
Appendix 14 Table 4.10THE DATA GAINED FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND
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Appendix 15 Table 4.13 DATA GAINED FROM STUDENTS’
QUESTIONNAIRE………..………....175
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the background of the study, research questions,
research variables, aims of the research, research significance, definition of terms
frequently used, and the organization of the thesis.
1.1 Background of the Study
Reading is an important tool to reach other skills. For instance, to
understand text books, the students need to have satisfying ability in reading. Due
to the importance role of reading skill for the students in the future, they need to
be prepared well.
Questioning is always considered a valuable tool to stimulate students
learning. Teachers, therefore, are being encouraged to use appropriate questions to activate students’ prior knowledge, as well as to actively engage them in the
exploration and transformation of knowledge (Bomengen, 2010).
The use of questioning techniques in teaching reading comprehension
classroom, and getting the students to answer questions is one way for the teacher
to get access to what is going on in their minds. As Nuttall (1996) states,
wrong answers are often particularly illuminating, because they can suggest where the misunderstanding arises. And right answer may be right by accident, which is why the teacher needs to probe into the reasons for them (Nuttall, 1996: 181)
Dealing with answers and the key role of the teachers then not just the type
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Some studies have indicated the importance of questioning techniques in
learning process. For example, Wartono (1990) found that the students taught
using questioning techniques have better achievement than those were not. In
addition, Barnette, Orletsky, Sattes, and Walsh (1995), showed that providing
students time to think after asking a question improve the students involvement
and success. Furthermore, Hussain (2003) concluded that good questions can
increase learning quality.
All these studies showed the importance of questioning techniques in
learning process. However, there has not been a lot of research investigating this
area especially in the context of reading comprehension. This study was
accordingly conducted for these purposes.
1.2Research Questions
This study was conducted to find out the answers to the following research
questions:
(i) Can the use of questioning techniques increase students’ reading comprehension achievement?
(ii) What are the students’ responses towards the implementation of teaching reading comprehension through questioning techniques?
1.3Research Variable
There are three variables in this study, one independent variable and two
dependent ones. The independent variable is using questioning techniques in
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variables are the students’ activities and students’ reading comprehension achievement.
1.4Aims of the Research
Based on the research problems, the research aims are proposed:
1.4.1 To find out the influence of questioning techniques used by the
teacher in teaching reading towards students’ reading comprehension achievement.
1.4.2 To find out the students’ responses towards the implementation of questioning techniques in teaching and learning process.
1.5 Research Significance
With regard to the significance of the study, this research has the potential
significance to the theory, educational, and professional practice.
Theoretically, this study is expected to provide new insight and
alternative literature for teachers in teaching English reading comprehension.
Regarding the second potential study, these research findings expected to
provide teachers with an alternative solution to help students’ difficulties in reading comprehension.
Finally, it is expected that this study can provide teachers with varieties
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school principals with information about what assistances and facilities needed in
the learning process of teaching reading comprehension.
1.6 Definition of the Terms
This part elaborates the key terms frequently used in this study. The
elaboration is aimed for giving definition to avoid misunderstanding and limiting
the use of the terms, and understanding the context in which the terms being used
(Creswell, 1994).
1. Questioning: Giving questions on reading text and all about things
relate to the topic and answered by the students.
2. Convergent Questions is the kinds of questions strategy to encourage
student responses to converge or focus on a central theme (Orlich,
1985).
3. Divergent questions: To evoke and elicit longer students’ responses. Thus, if the teacher wishes to evoke several different responses from
the students reply will be typically longer than a response to a
convergent question (ibid).
4. Evaluative Questions is the kinds of question strategy that has a
built-in evaluatbuilt-ing or judgmental set of criteria. When one asks ‘why’
something is good or bad, an evaluation question is being raised
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5. Questioning Techniques in Teaching and Learning Reading
Comprehension is the questioning used as Nuttall (1996: 183-190)
proposes to support and assist for maintaining the teaching and
learning process, particularly teaching and learning reading
comprehension and not intended to test.
6. Reading comprehension is the process of deriving meaning from
connected text that involves words knowledge or vocabulary as well
as thinking and reasoning, taking meaning to text in order to obtain
meaning from the text (William, 1998; Turner cited in Alexander,
1998)
7. The classroom interaction is the interaction between teacher and
learners, and amongst the learners in the classroom (Tsui, 2001).
1.7 The Structure of This Thesis
This thesis contains five chapters. The subsequence chapters are presented
as follows:
Chapter II discusses the review of related literature underpinning this
study, which includes the nature of reading, reading comprehension, teaching
reading comprehension, questioning techniques, function of questioning,
questioning and, how to apply these techniques in teaching and learning
particularly teaching and learning reading comprehension. Chapter III constitutes
the methodological aspects of this thesis, which include research design used,
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data analysis which covers the findings and discussions of how questioning
techniques improve students’ reading comprehension. This chapter also discusses students’ responses towards the application of questioning techniques. Finally, chapter V presents the conclusion of the study as well as some possible
suggestions for conducting future research in the area of questioning techniques
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part provides a brief description about the research methodology,
research design used, research procedures, applying questioning techniques in
teaching reading comprehension, the population, setting and samples of research,
techniques of collecting, analysis, interpreting of data, instrumentation, treatment,
and hypothesis testing.
3.1. Research Design
This study was intended for testing a hypothesis about the effects of using
questioning technique in teaching reading comprehension towards development of students’ reading achievement. By using quasi-experimental design that provides a
method of hypothesis testing (Hatch and Lazaraton, 1991). This design was used
because the treatment was not random assignment of participant to groups (Creswell,
2008: 303). It means that no selection in the population, a group could be
experimental or control. The researcher cannot artificially create groups for the
experiment (Creswell, 2008). Since at experimental method was a method for
establishing activities to sack the result, the result will be defined as something that
will emphasize the existence of causal relationship between variables investigated in
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Moreover, by using quasi-experimental this research involved two groups
experimental and control without random sampling. This typical pre and posttest
designs examined up to now involve observations or measurements taken
immediately before and after treatment (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1997: 272). The
effectiveness of the treatment in this design was basically determined by analyzing
the pattern of test scores that results from the tests. This design also permitted
significant control over threats to internal validity. (Creswell, 2008: 319). To
investigate the effects of treatment, pre- posttest and treatments have been conducted. To know the students’ responses towards the questioning techniques used in process
of teaching and learning reading comprehension, the researcher also used
questionnaires.
The research design used as in the previous mentioned was the
quasi-experiment with a pre-test, treatment and post-test design, can be described at the
following table:
Table 3.1 Research Design
Experimental
Group
O
1X X X O
2 Control GroupO
1
X X X O
2E = Experimental Group
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The quasi-experimental design has several characteristics as follows:
(1) It has one or two groups of subjects, experimental and control group.
(2) It is not random assignment of participants to groups
(3) It compares the two groups with respect to measurement or observation on the
dependent variable.
(4) It has twice measurement, pre-test and post-test.
(5) The experimental group is manipulated with the particular treatment,(Nunan,
1992; Creswell, 2008) in this study using questioning technique, while the
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There are two purposes of testing in this study; the pre-test is to find out the
basic knowledge of the students’ comprehension before having the treatment, and to
diagnose the students’ strengths and weaknesses in reading comprehension. The post
-test is to assess how far the students have achieved the objective of the course from
what is taught (Irwin, 1987: 141; Hughes, 1989: 10)
This study tried to find out the empirical evidence of whether the independent
variable of using questioning technique in teaching reading comprehension affected the dependent variable of students’ reading achievement. The scores data pre-test and
post-test of experimental and control group were compared to find out whether there was a significant difference. Moreover, to find out the students’ responses towards
the implementation of the technique the researcher used questionnaire.
3.2 Data Collection
In this research the researcher collected the data from the respondents by
using some steps: first, conducting try out to subjects from the same population but
not included in the research samples, the result from this process calculated and
analyzed by using Anates 4.0. Besides that, the researcher also consulted his advisors
before applying the instruments used. It aimed to make sure the validity, reliability
of the instruments, and to clarify the instruction used in. The research was conducted
since August 26th until October 18th, 2011. The research started at August 26th, 2011
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English and the principal of SMK Negeri I Indramayu (Appendix 16). This occasion
researcher used for collecting some information relates to the research will be
conducted such as about the site, populations, samples, and available resources might
be used. Then prepared and consulted his advisors for advice of instruments will be
used. Second, before the instruments used, the researcher took two groups out of
thirty groups of students at the same site but will not be involved, for testing of
reliability and validity of the test. Third, before treatments, the students were given
reading pre-test. The tests were given to find out the students’ score before the
treatment. Fourth, upon the completion of the four meetings of treatment and finally
posttest were given to both of the experimental and control group. In this research
the treatment used was questioning techniques, and this technique wasonly given for
the experimental group, while the reading text materials and questions used were modified from the students’ handbook and from on line internet resources. The
experimental group consisted of 32 students, 16 males and 16 females. While, the
control group was also consisted of 32 students, covers 17 males and 15 females. But, because of the respondents’ inconsistency, such as not joining the all research steps,
two students at each group were dropped. The resources books used in this research
as previously mentioned, were available in the school library in where the research
was conducted.
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The population of the research conducted was the eleventh grade or second
year students of vocational school SMK Negeri I Indramayu. The size number of
population was thirty classes or group students, but not all of them were considered to
be the sample of the research due to limited of time and funds. This research involved
only two classes from the thirty existing classes, that was Class of XI Multi Media 1
consists of 32 students as the experimental class, and Class Xl Multi Media 2 consists
of 32 students for control class.
This site was chosen for some reasons; firstly, the researcher has ever
conducted research on the same concerns in this school several years before, and a low students’ reading achievement was secondly reason, besides this site was the
nearest school from the researcher’s home.
This study employed purposive sampling. It means that the sample was taken
based on the certain consideration, as Fraenkel and Wallen (1997: 75) stated:
On occasion, based on previous knowledge of a population and the specific purpose of the research, investigators used personal judgment to select a sample. Researchers assume they can use their knowledge of the population to judge whether or not a particular sample will be representative.
3.2.2 Instrumentation
There were two kinds of instruments used in this research for collecting the
data: 1) instrument for scoring in the form of pre-test (Appendix 6a) and post-test
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form of lesson plans (Appendix 1) included questions list (Appendix 2) and reading
materials (Appendix 3).
3.2.2.1 Instrument for Scoring
For obtaining the scoring data the researcher administered the test. He
administered them twice, the pre-test and post-test. The pre-test was given at the first meeting to find out the students’ reading comprehension ability before they were
treated. The post-test was given at the end of the program to find out the influence of
applying questioning technique in teaching reading comprehension. The test was
multiple-choice questions test. It was the commonest way of assessing reading (Alderson, 2000). It was designed in such way in order to suit the students’
proficiency level.
The instruments for scoring both pre, and posttest were in form of reading
texts followed by 30 short-questions to achieve of standard of competency suggested
curriculum. They are (1) identifying main ideas, (2) understanding the general
information, (3) understanding specific information, (4) recognizing the vocabulary, and understanding of author’s purpose.
The materials of the test were taken from Effective Communication for
Elementary Level for SMK by Ernawan et al. (2010), Modul: A New Approach to
Learn English XI by Tim MGMP Bahasa Inggris (2010) and from Microsoft Encarta
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The instrument for treatment consisted of lesson plan and reading materials
taught in the classrooms. The lesson plan was designed by adapting from Brown’s
lesson plan (2001) and presented the teaching process through communicative
approach. While, the reading materials were taken from the suitable resources books
available in the school library such as Effective Communication for Elementary Level
for SMK by Ernawan et.al (2010), Modul: A New Approach to Learn English XI by
Tim MGMP Bahasa Inggris (2010), and Developing English Competencies 2 by
Achmad Doddy et al. (2009) published by Pusat Perbukuan Kementerian Pendidikan
Nasional Jakarta.
3.2.3 The Application of Questioning Techniques
English syllabus for SMK indicates the teaching of English should be taught
integrative into four language skills namely; listening, speaking, reading and writing proportionally. But, based on the topic of this thesis ‘the application of questioning
techniques in teaching reading comprehension to increase students’ reading
achievement,’ the researcher applied his research dealing with reading
comprehension only. In this study the researcher intended to emphasize questioning
as a technique to increase students’ ability in reading comprehension. The
questioning technique was given into three steps: pre-reading, whilst reading, and
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Based on the English syllabus for the eleventh grade students of SMKN 1
Indramayu, (Appendix 5) the standard competent was the students are able to
communicate by using English at elementary level equally. The basic competency
should be achieved as follows (Translated from SMKN 1 Indramayu English
Syllabus 2011-2012, originally written in slightly different Indonesian wordings):
a) Understanding the daily simple conversation both in professional and private context used by non-English native speaker.
b) Taking simple notes from messages using their own education background, c) Cutting into small pieces of jobs and their own education backgrounds. d) Talking about jobs in the past and their planning in the future.
e) Expressing many kinds of desires. f) Understanding the simple instructions.
The passages given to both experimental and control group were as follows:
1. Manners in the Workplace
2. Serving and Handling Guests
3. Apprenticeship
4. Gold
3.2.3.1 Instructional Activities
The subjects of the research was class XI MM1 as the experimental group, the
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32 students in which 17 female and 15 male students. The research activities were
started August 26th, up to October 26th, 2011.
The technique for presenting those passages was questioning focused on the
reading instructional objectives such as: 1) to find out the general information, 2) to
find out the main idea, 3) to find out the specific information either explicitly or implicitly stated, 4) to find out the words meaning, 5) to understand the author’s
purposes. Questioning in advance was used in pre-reading, whilst reading and post
reading activities. The technique was given only to the experimental group, while the
students in the control group were not taught using the technique as in the
experimental one.
3.2.4 The Treatment
This study compared the differences between the two approaches in teaching
reading comprehension, the experimental group was taught using interactive
communicative approach through questioning technique, while the control one was
taught by the conventional grammar translation method. Using quasi-experimental
design to see the effect of two different treatments given to both of them was
prepared for this study.
The basic difference between the two approaches of reading comprehension in
their application to the teaching-learning that in the experimental group the students
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teaching, while in control group the students were taught by using classical,
traditional or grammar-translation. The procedures of teaching learning can be
described as follows:
3.2.4.1 The Teaching Process and Materials of Questioning Techniques for
Experimental Group
The First meeting treatment for experimental group (held at September 13,
2011)
At the first meeting, the researcher spent more time than the other ones,
because the questioning technique was a new for the students of XI MM1. Therefore,
the clear explanation about the technique presented was needed to manage the class
effectively. The steps were as follows:
- Opening or apperception; in this step the researcher greeted and checked the students’ presentation list to build a warm teacher-learners relationship, to
connect and activate their prior knowledge (Nuttal, 1994). This step also can
be used as a tool to help the students to prepare the communicative run well
by giving them useful questions (William, 1984), and this fine job was also
able to provide some worthy examples of real speech to engage the students in
meaningful conversation (Nuttall, 1996)
- Introducing the questioning techniques; this step was explained in order to the
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research. It was important for students to know that the questions used in this
research not for testing but for helping them in understanding the content of
the text presented (Nuttall, 1996).
- Justifying the use of questioning techniques; there were several views from
scholars about the necessary functions of the questions; for serving three
strategic: diagnostic, instructional and motivational (Donald &Eggen, 1989),
for checking the students’ understanding particularly by giving convergent
and inferential questions (Johnson, 1997) giving impetus and opportunity to
produce language comfortably without initiating language, giving the instructor immediate feedback about the learner’s understanding, and
providing the students opportunity to find out what they think by hearing what
they say (Kinsella, 1991;Brown, 2001)
Pre-reading activities, at this step the students were introduced by displaying
pictures relate to the topic to arouse their curiosity and activate their prior knowledge
(Carrel, 1988: Nuttall, 1996). It is more efficient than stopping and providing
explanation and detail during reading, because it prevents miss-understanding before
they crop up rather than remediating afterwards (Lemov,2010). To run this activity
the teacher proposed some convergent questions, as it aimed to encourage students to
response and focus on central theme (Orlich, 1985). The teacher asked the students to
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1) Have you ever heard about etiquette?
2) What do you think of this people do?
3) Can you imagine if the world without etiquette?
Not all of the students needed to answer those above questions; hence the questioning
and answering process was just used for checking their readiness of facing the real
passages.
Whilst reading activities. In whilst reading activities, the teacher modeled fluent
reading with rhythm, rate, intonation and expression. The teacher asked students to
predict, look for general and specific information, and identify the main idea
(Wallace, 1992) by using questioning techniques. The question words used: what?
who?, when?, why? The passage was about “Manners at a Workplace” can be seen at
the Appendix 3. The teacher proposed some questions to lead the students
comprehend the passage (Appendix 2a). After the oral questions and answer, then the
students were given a chance for re-read the text once or twice more. And for
strengthening their comprehension they also asked find the meaning of selected
following words based on the context and some tasks related to the passage presented in the Students’ Worksheet (Appendix 4a) In this step they might consult their
dictionary.
Post reading activities. In this activity the teacher asked the students to share their
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follow-up activities. And to push the students’ discussion onto broader or more
analytical topic after completing a text, Lemov (2010: 294) proposes some
techniques. They are summarizing and making better connection. To summarize the
teacher asked students voluntarily to make summary about the passage they have
read.
For making better connection beyond a text (Lemov, 2010) the teacher needed
to recognize that certain types of questions were usually more rigorous and more
likely to reinforce reading comprehension than others. So, here the teacher proposed
the types of questions in priority order according to their relative rigor, with the more
rigorous question formats, as follows:
Text- to text, these types are preferable to text-to-world, and text-to -self
because they reinforce testable ideas rather than judgment, opinion, and
stories that students may not be able to access. Or across- text question
Text-to-world, it is used to connect specific aspects of a text to specific
aspects of broader world rather than allowing them to discuss any connection
they see to any event in the world.
Text-to-self, these questions are inevitable and valid, but they are also more
limited in their relevance to other students and comprehension of texts.
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Assessment. For assessing the students’ comprehension there were some ways used
by the teacher. One of them by providing activities related to both the content of the
passage and its discourse structure, or organization (Grellet, 1981 in Hadley, 2001).
And the second one for more effective reading instruction by finding out how well
the students were reading to help them improve by giving them feedback, and
measuring how much progress the student has been made (Pang, et al. 2010). (For
more detailed stepping see the reading lesson plan for experimental group Appendix
1a)
The second meeting treatment for experimental group (held at September 20,
2011)
The passage about “Serving and Handling the Guests” (Appendix 3)
Pre-reading activities. After greeting and checking the students’ presentation list,
then the teacher gave them apperception that was connecting the concept the students
had and the topic will be introduced or warming up activity. In this activity the
teacher displayed pictures related to the topic through LCD projector available in the
classroom, this activity aimed to activate the students’ prior knowledge, as it needed
by readers to activate their past knowledge and experience to predict what
information was coming next in the text being read (McGinnis,1994) or operate to
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questions (appendix 2b). In this step, as in the previous meeting the students needed to answer the teacher’s questions orally.
Whilst Reading Activity. After the teacher distributed the students’ worksheet
(appendix 4b), the teacher asked them to focus their attention to the text will be
discussed. Giving them a chance for to read by heart in limited time, and asked for
some volunteer students to read aloud. In this activity the teacher might not interrupt
though found students did miss-pronounce during reading process to keep the
interaction between the reader and the text run well (Grabe, 1997). After three
volunteers students the teacher asked them to answer some questions orally. In this
step the teacher asked the students to point out their answers referred to. Then the
students worked in pair and underlined the main idea of the passage by using their
skimming experiences in their first language. The questions used for guiding their comprehension can be seen at the questions list appendix 2b and students’ worksheet
appendix 4b.
Post reading activity. For checking their comprehension, the teacher asked the
students to review the exercises used in this topic and made notes needed.
Assessment. The students’ activity result in doing some exercises from the post
reading can be used to measure their performance.
The third meeting treatment for experimental group (held at September 27,
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Pre-reading activity. For engaging the students and activate their prior knowledge the
teacher displayed some pictures relate to the topic (Apprenticeship) and asked them
some questions about what their thinks about pictures. The questions for these
activities can be seen at appendix 2c.
Whilst reading activity. In whilst reading activities, the teacher distributed the
students’ worksheet, demonstrated and guided how to skim to get the gist of every
paragraph by proposing some questions. The teacher asked students to predict, look
for general and specific information. The text “Serving and Handling the Guests” can
be seen at the Appendix 3. The teacher proposed some questions to lead the students
comprehend the passage (Appendix 2c). After the oral questions and answer, then the
students were given a chance for re-read the text once or twice more. And for
strengthening their comprehension they also asked if they found some difficult words,
by checking and clarifying the meaning of selected following words based on the
context and some tasks related to the passage presented in the Students’ Worksheet
(Appendix 4c). In this step they might consult their dictionary.
Post reading activity. In this activity, the students asked to read the passage once or
more times in a limited time and discussed the answer of the exercises for checking
their understanding.
The Fourth meeting treatment for experimental group (held at October 10,
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Pre-reading activity. In this activity, the teacher proposed factual soliciting questions
(Lemov, 2010) in which needs a simple straight forward answers based on obvious
facts or awareness, and some divergent questions that allow the students to explore
different avenues and create many different variations and alternative answers. (see
Appendix 2d)
Whilst reading activity. After the students answered the questions, then the teacher
distributed the students’ work sheet and asked them to read the passage silently in a
limited time. In this step activities also, the teacher modeled fluent reading with
rhythm, rate, intonations and expression. The teacher asked students to predict, look
for general and specific information, and identify the main idea (Wallace, 1992) by
using questioning techniques. The teacher proposed some questions to lead the
students comprehend the passage (Appendix 2d). After the oral questions and answer,
then the students were given a chance for re-read the text once or twice more. And for
strengthening their comprehension they also asked find the meaning of selected
following words based on the context and some tasks related to the passage presented in the Students’ Worksheet (Appendix 4d) In this step they might consult their
dictionary.
Post reading activity. In post reading activity the students were asked to write their
understanding in about 150 words about the using of gold in modern era.
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The treatment for Control group (held at September 19, 26, October, 10 and 17,
2011)
The materials and the questions for teaching at the control group were not
different from those at the experimental, except the technique in presenting them, that
was the grammar-translation or traditional as their teacher usually does. The
technique was not a new for the students. Therefore, the process of teaching-learning
could be as natural as their everyday been taught. The steps were as follows:
Opening and Pre-reading activity.
The teacher greeted the students, checked the presentation list, and then asks the students
about the reading passage after they had their worksheet (Appendix 4a) by asking them
to give attention to the pictures displayed, and answering some questions for activating
their prior knowledge to build meaning (Nunan, 2003), make intelligence hypothesis and
draw correct inference and finally comprehend the text (Spiro, Bruce, Brewer, 1980).
Whilst-reading activity.
At this stage, the teacher wrote the key words of the topic on the board and explaining
them to the students. Giving simple information about the reading topic to support the
students’ comprehending. For example, translate the idea of the topic by giving them the
idea in their language and culture. The teacher explained the benefits of comprehending
this passage, for instance they develop students' awareness of the reading process and
reading strategies by asking students to think and talk about how they read in their native
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and asked if the students found some the difficult words in the reading passage. In this
case the teacher usually asked the students to give attention to the vocabulary list and
grammar point for helping them in translating the reading passage.
Closing or Post-reading activity.
The teacher gave an evaluation; this contains answering the questions that related to the
reading passage. If the students answer these questions correctly with a less interference
by the teacher, the goals of the lesson were achieved. The teacher gave the students
enough time to evaluate their understanding of the lesson.
(see the lesson plan for Control Group Appendix 1b for detail stages of teaching-learning
process.
3.3 The Schedule of Treatment
The pre-test, post-test and teaching learning process was arranged in ten
meetings. The time table of the treatment was shown in the following table:
Table 3. 2 The Schedule of Pre-Posttest and treatment time table
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7 10/10/2011 Be Apprenticeship 2 x 45 “ 8 11/10/2011 Gold 2 x 45”
9 17/10/2011 Gold 2 X 45”
10 18/10/2011 Post-test 2 x 45 “ 2 X 45”
3.4 Data Analysis
3. 4. 1 Technique, Instrument of Collecting Data, and Data Interpretation
In this research the researcher used some instruments to collect data. The
instruments for the first research questions was the pre-test and post-test of reading test for identifying the students’ reading achievement (Appendix 3). The reading test
for pre and post-test had similar level of validity, reliability, discriminating power and
level of difficulty. The multiple-choice questions item form was chosen for some
reasons. Firstly, the scoring was easier, faster and more objective than the other form
of test. Secondly, this was very efficient when number of students was large while
time allocated was very short. Third, the reliability of this type was higher than the
essay test (Heaton, 1995; Surapranata, 2004)
To get the data for the second research question the researcher used
questionnaire (Appendix 8), to know students’ responses towards the implementation
of questioning techniques in teaching reading comprehension. There were many
reasons to use questionnaire for collecting data and using it as a research instrument
(Gray, 2004: 214) has given the following reasons: 1) There is a need to attain highly
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rate is important. 4) Respondents are not fluent in the native language of the country,
or where they have difficulties with written language.
The type of the questionnaire was Likert-Scale with five alternative options:
Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Uncertain, Agree, and Strongly Agree. This scale was
chosen because it was less laborious and reliability of 0.85 is often achieved
(Oppenheim, 1992). There were two kinds of statements in this research instrument,
positive statement in which reflect positive response towards the issue being
addressed, and the negative one which negative response towards those being
addressed.
3.4.2 The Technique of Analyzing Data
3.4.2.1 Score Data Analysis
The quantitative data of the research gained from pre-test and post test results. The qualitative data from questionnaires was used to measure the students’ responses
towards the using of questioning techniques in teaching reading comprehension to increase students’ reading achievement. To compute the data gained from both of
experimental and control groups, then the results compared by using match-paired
t-test in order to see the difference of achievement before and after treatment. And
between the experimental and control group. The statistic computation of SPSS 17
was also used by the researcher. These hypothesis testing were conducted to see
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To test the alternative hypothesis (Hi) there were some assumption that was to
be fulfilled. Hi accepted if:
a. Mean of post test score is higher than that of pretest score of the two groups.
b. Mean of pretest of the experimental group is not different from that of the
control group.
c. Mean of posttest score of the experimental group is higher than that of the
control group (Creswell, 2008).
Meanwhile, to test the null Hypothesis (Ho), it is accepted if:
a. There is no significant difference between mean of post-test score and pre-test
scores either of the experimental or control group.
b. There is no significant difference between mean of pre-test score of two
groups.
c. There is no significant difference between mean of post-test score of the two
groups.
To meet the above assumptions, statistical analysis of t-test was applied to decide
whether the mean of pre-test score was different from that of post-test score; both in
group itself and between two groups with the level of significance of 0.05.The
significance of the test was analyzed by using computer program of Statistical
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THE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents conclusions which were drawn from the data gained,
and based on the conclusions, the recommendations are given to both
practitioners and further researchers.
5.1 The Conclusions
This study investigates whether questioning technique is effective to increase students’ reading comprehension and what the students’ responses
towards the applying of those. Based on the theories, findings and discussions
explored in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:
Regarding the first research question; does the use of questioning techniques give better impact on students’ reading comprehension achievement
compared to the grammar translation method? The data showed that there was a
significant difference between the mean scores gained by the experimental group
in which the students taught using questioning techniques and those at the control
group who taught without it. It can be seen from the result of both scores analysis
of pretest and posttest. The value of t-test 12.62 is higher than the t-table, 2.045
at the experimental, while at the control group 2.33. The value has a very
significant different comparing between the experimental and control group. It
means that the result of the research supports the earlier research conducted by Wartono (1990) that questioning techniques can be used to develop students’