Sosial ekonomi ekowisata taman hutan

(1)

SOSIAL EKONOMI EKOWISATA

(2)

(3)

Social

Tourist

Agent/

Company

Agent/

Company

Leisure

Manager

Leisure

Manager

Host

(4)

Economy

In the

Origin

In the

Origin

In the

Ecotones

In the

Ecotones

Industry

(5)

Ecotouris

Scope of Ecotourism

(6)

Leisure – A Way of Living

Leisure is living in relative

freedom from the external

compulsive forces on the

one’s culture and physical

environment so as to be able

to act from internally

compelling love in ways

which are personally

pleasing, intuitively

worthwhile,

and provide

a basis

(7)

Leisure – A Social Problem

The Frenchman de toqueville [40], writing about

American culture a century ago, but whose

words ring true still, described the lack of leisure

philosophy:

’Leisure, for us, is like a jam in Alice in Wonderland

to put on your bread. You shall have jam on

your bread tomorrow, but tomorrow never

comes. It is always today.’

(8)

Similarities between play,

recreation and leisure

Freedom

Absence of necessity

6

(9)

‘Pleasure’ at the heart of play, recreation

and pleasure and leisure experience

Play

PLEISURE

Recreation

_Leisure

(10)

Leisure Professionals

There need to be sufficient level of some of the

following ingredients: freedom; choice; absence

of necessity; self-initiation and spontaneity.

To be satisfying, there need to be levels of some of the

following experiences: self-expression; challenge; novelty;

stimulation; playfulness; quality experiences (ideally, peak

experiences) and re-active moments.

To be effective. There sould be some positive

outcomes, for example: physical, emotional,

social and psychological well-being; level of

achievement; and heightening of self-esteem.

The right

condition

Satisfac-tion

(11)

Social Needs

George Torkildsen (1999)

Changing needs

and leisure

Created needs and

leisure

False needs and

leisure

Normative needs

and leisure

Expessed needs

and leisure

Felt needs and

leisure

(12)

Changing social behaviour

One of the biggest changes in

social behavior over the past two

decades has been the tendency for

women to delay having their

children. This tendency is linked to

participation both in higher

education and in the labour force. In

addition, many women start a

second family following breakdown

of the former marriage or

partnership.

(13)

Influence on leisure participation

Personal

Social and circumstantial

Opportunity factors

Age Occupation Resources available

Stage in life-cycle Income Facilities – type and quality

Gender Disposable income Awareness

Marital status Material wealth and goods Perception of opportunities Dependants and ages Car ownership and mobility Recreation services

Will and purpose of life Time available Distribution of facilities Personal obligation Duties and obligation Access and location Resourcefulness Home and social environment Choice of activity Leisure perception Friends and peer groups Transport

Attitudes and motivation Social roles and contacts Costs: before, during and after Interests and preoccupation Environment factors Management: policy and

support Skills and ability – physical,

social

and intellectual

Mass leisure factors Marketing

Personality and confidence Education and attainment Programming

Culture born into Population factors Organisazion and leadership Upbringing and background Cultural factors Social accessibility

(14)

Disposable household income

1 : by

household type in the United Kingdom

£ per week per household

1993-4 1994-5 1995-6 1996-7

Retired households2

One adult 109 117 121 124

Two or more adults 229 233 245 259

Non-retired households

One adult 191 199 198 207

Two adults 357 367 383 415

Three or more adults 474 513 540 560

One adult with one children 146 150 154 160

Two adults with one child 351 376 379 410

Two adults with two children 387 418 399 434

Two adults with three or more children 366 364 383 394

Three or more adults with children 454 486 532 534

All households 287 298 307 325

Notes:

(15)

Socio-economic groups

(all persons 16 and over)

1981

percentage

1986

percentage

Professional

2

4 Employees and managers

9

15 Intermediate and junior non-manual

32

34 Skilled manual and own account non-professional

24

21 Semi-skilled manual and personal service

24

19 Unskilled manual

8

6

(16)

Participation in home-based

leisure activities

Percentages

1980

1990

1996

Watching TV

109

117

121 Visiting/entertaining friends or relations

229

233

245 Listening to radio

Listening to records/tapes

Reading books

191

199

198 Gardening

357

367

383 DIY

474

513

540 Dressmaking/needlework/knitting

146

150

154

(17)

Outdoor Play Areas

LAP

(Local Area for

Play)

LEAP

(Local Equipped

Area for Play)

NEAP

(Neighbourhood

Equipped Area for Play)

Time

1 minute

5 minutes

15 minutes

Walking distance

100m

400m

600m

Straight line distance

60m

240m

600m

Minimum size activity

zone

100m

2

_400m

2

_1000m

2

Total (inc. buffer)

400m

2

(0.04 ha)

3200m

2

(0.32 ha)

8500m

2

(0.85 ha)

Nearest house property

boundary

5m from activity

zone

20m from activity

zone

30m from activity zone

Characteristics

Small, low-key

games area

(may include

‘demonstrative’

play features)

About 5 types of

equipment. Small

games area

About 8 types

equipment. Kickabout

and cycle play

opportunities

(18)

Key performance indicators

Desired Situation Key Performance indicators Acceptable range (benchmark) Economic indicators

Visitors stay longer than 2 nights Annual average number of nights 2-7 nights Market opportunity indicators

Growth in proportion of visitors form

the cultural/environmental sector % of visitors matching the cultural/environmental profile

% growth of the number of visitors by that segment

60-80% of all visitors match the profile

Environmental indicator

Majority of visits to natural areas

occurs in visistor service zones Proportion of visitors to natural areas who visit managed sites/areas 85-100% of all visitors go to specifically managed sites Experiential indicator

Visitors have a memorable experience Proportion of visitors that identify a

‘tourist experience’ 85-100% of all visitors Infrastucture/development indicators

Visiors are satisfied with

accommodation Proportion of visitors satisfied with type and quality of accommodation 85-100% of all visitors Sosio-culture indicators

Growth of local employment is

consistent % increase in number of people who derive all or some of their income from tourism

(19)

Freedom Under Scrutiny

Tourism, especially in its ‘traveller’ form, has always

been associated with freedom. Travel has changed

profoundly, but today’s backpackers still experience a

rare freedom. For many young people, their travels lie

between the ages of parental guidance and the strictures

of work – perhaps a time for experimention, radicalism

and a little recklessness.

(20)

Influences on leisure participation

Personal

Social and circumstantial

Opportunity factors

Age

Occupation

Resources available

Stage in life cycle

Income

Facilities-type and quality

Gender

Disposable income

Awareness

Marital status

Material wealth and goods

Perception of opportunities

Dependants and ages

Car ownership and mobility

Recreation services

Will and purpose in life

Time available

Distribution of facilities

Personal obligations

Duties and obligations

Acces and location

Resourcefulness

Home and social environment

Choice of activities

Leisure perceptions

Friends and peer groups

Transport

Attitudes and motivation

Social roles and contacts

Costs:before, during, after

Interests and preoccupations

Environment factors

Management: policy ad support

Skill and ability-physical, social

and intellectual

Mass leisure factors

Marketing

Personality and confidence

Education and attainment

Programming

Culture born into

Population factors

Organisation and leadership

Upbringing and background

Cultural factors

Social accessibility

(21)

Crawford and Godbey’s three types of

leisure constraints

Participation

Structural

constraints

Interpersonal

constraints

preference

Participation

Interpersonal

constraints

Preference

1 C

1 B

Preference

1 A

(22)

Resident reaction to tourists in Coffs Horbour

Irridex scale

Survey scale

(% response)

Euphoria

Friendly

29 Apathy

No worry

58 Annoyance

Nuisance

10 Antagonism

Rude/unbearable

3

(23)

Cost and benefits of tourism

development in Broome,Australia

Costs

Benefits



Marginalisation of the Aboriginal and

coloured people



Expansion of new services and businesses



Too much power onvested interests

_

More infrastructure and community facilities



Destruction of multicultural flavour of the

town and the original form of Shinju Matsuri



More sealed roads and kerbing and guttering



Increase racism

_

Increased variety of

restaurants/entertainment



High accommodation costs/shortage

_

Restoration of Broome architecture



High local price

_

Better health system



Less friendly/more local conflicts

_

Tidier lown



Environmental impacts (e.g. dune

destruction)



Loss of historical character of town and

imposition of artificially created atmosphere



More crime/domestic violence

(24)

A Night in a Taxi-Dance Hall

In these halls young women and girls are

paid to dance with all-comers, usually on

a fifty-fifty commission basis. Half of the

money spent by the patrons goes to the

proprietors who pay the hall, the

orchestra, and the other operating

expenses while the other half is pain to

the young women themselves. The girl

employed in these halls is expected to

dance with any man who may choose her

and to remain with him or the dance floor

(25)

Types of Patorns

6. Greeks

7. American

indians

8. Hindus

9. Anglo-Saxon

Nordics

4. Filipinos and

Roumanians

5. Jews and Poles

1. Chinese and

Sicilians

2. Hawarians and

Scandinavians

3. Mexicans and

(26)

MATERI KULIAH

TERIMA KASIH