Overview. Pendahuluan. Deskripsi. Tujuan Instruksional & Kaitan Materi 1/30/2012 IF-UTAMA 1

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Jurusan Teknik Informatika – Universitas Widyatama

Pendahuluan

Pertemuan : I

Dosen Pembina :

Danang Junaedi

Susetyo Bagas Baskoro

Sriyani Violina

IF-UTAMA 2

• Deskripsi

• Tujuan Instruksional

• Kaitan Materi

• Urutan Bahasan

• Penilaian

• Grade

• Referensi

• Aturan Perkuliahan

• Intro Artificial Intelligence

Overview

Mata kuliah ini mempelajari :

– Konsep Artificial Intelligence – Searching – Reasoning – Planning – Learning – Evolutionary Algorithm

Deskripsi

• Tujuan Instruksional

– tingkat pemahaman : tentang konsep-konsep dan teknik penyelesaian masalah dalam artificial intellegence dan

– tingkat aplikasi: tentang memahami aplikasi dan diharapkan dapat membuat penyelesaian masalah dalamartificial intellegence.

• Kaitan Materi

Terkait dengan Mata Kuliah Algoritma & Pemrograman II, Struktur Data dan Algoritma Lanjut serta Matematika Diskrit.

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Urutan Bahasan - 1

Pertemuan Materi

1 Pendahuluan (Susunan Materi, Aturan Perkuliahan, Aturan Penilaian, grade nilai, referensi); AIintroduction

2 Searching (Blind Search) 3 Searching (Heuristic Search)

4 Searching (Heuristic Search)Review Paper 5 Reasoning (Proposional Logic)

6 Reasoning (First Order Logic)

7 Reasoning (Fuzzy Logic)Review Paper

8 UTS

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Urutan Bahasan - 1

Pertemuan Materi

9 PlanningReview Paper 10 Learning (Decision Tree)

11 Learning (Decision Tree)Review Paper 12 Evolutionary Algorithm (Genetic Algorithm) 13 Evolutionary Algorithm (Genetic Algorithm) 14 Evolutionary Algorithm (Neural Network)

15 Evolutionary Algorithm (Neural Network)Review Paper

16 UAS

Penilaian & Grade

• Penilaian

Presentasi/ Quiz 10% Tugas 15% Praktikum 20% UTS 25% UAS 30% Kehadiran 5% (>80%) Jumlah 105%

• Grade

Grade

Range Nilai

A

≥

85 B

70 - 85

C

55 - 70

D

40 - 55

E

< 40

Atau tergantung

performansi di kelas

Referensi

1. Suyanto.2007.“Artificial intelligence”,.Informatika

2. Michael L. Littman.2001.“Introduction to Artificial Intelligence”.Princeton University

3. Dhfmanongga, “Pengantar Intelegensia Buatan [online]” url:http://dhfmanongga.wordpress.com/2007/09/25/pengantar-intelegensia-buatan/,Tanggal Akses : 2 Februari 2011

4. Ermitasari, “Intelegensi Buatan (AI)[online]”,url:http://blog.math.uny.ac.id/ermitasari/2009/12/16/intelegensi-buatan-ai/, Tanggal Akses : 2 Februari 2011

5. Rinaldi Munir, “Matematika Diskrit”,Informatika, Bandung,2001

6. -,”Artificial Intelligence[online]”, url:http://www.ittelkom.ac.id/library/index.php?view=article&catid=15%3Apemrosesan-sinyal&id=364%3Aartificial-intelligence&option=com_content&Itemid=15, Tanggal Akses: 2 Februari 2011 7. -,”Artificial Intelegence”, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Department UGA,-8. Irfan Subakti.2006.“Artificial Intelligence

[online]”,url:http://is.its-sby.edu/subjects/ai2006-1/Irfan%20-%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20-%203.ppt, Tanggal Akses : 9 Februari 2011

9. Yeni Kustiyaningsih.2010. “Kecerdasan Buatan-pertemuan 3 MASALAH, RUANG KEADAAN DAN PENCARIAN [online]”.url: http://yenikustiyahningsih.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/pertemuan-3.ppt.Tanggal Akses: 9 Februari 2011 10. -.2008.”Artificial Intelligence [online]”.url: http://sitoba.itmaranatha.org/PIB%200809/Presentasi%20PPT/PIB0809-04.ppt.

Tanggal Akses: 9 Februari 2011

11. Jaap Hofstede, Beasly, Bull, Martin.2000. Genetic Algorithms And other approaches for similar applications [online] url : http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/temp/0101.Genetic-Algorithm.ppt Tanggal akses: 21 Mei 2011

12. Assaf Zaritsky.-. Introduction to

Genetic Algorithms[online] url : http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~sipper/courses/ecal051/assaf-ga.pptTanggal Akses:21 Mei 2011

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Jurusan Teknik Informatika – Universitas Widyatama

Intro

Artificial Intelligence

Intro Overview

1. Intelligent Behaviour

2. Why Study AI?

3. What is AI?

4. Acting Humanly: The

Turing Test

5. Thinking Humanly:

Cognitive Modelling

6. Acting Rationally

7. Thinking Rationally: Laws

of Thought

8. The Foundations of AI

9. A Brief History of AI

10. Task Domains of AI

11. AI Technique

12. Referensi

13. Latihan Praktikum I

14. Tugas Rumah I

15. Tugas Besar

16. Tugas Rutin

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INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR

(or stuff people are good at)

• Problem Solving

• Learning

• Planning

• Perception

• Language Processing

• Collecting Stuff

• Independent Action

Why study AI?

Search engines

Labor

Science

Medicine/

Diagnosis

Appliances

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What is AI? - 1

•

Intelligence

: “ability to learn, understand and

think” (Oxford dictionary)

•

AI is the study of how to make computers

make things which at the moment people do

better.

•

Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face,

Object, Intuition, Inferencing, Learning new

skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking

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CS 561, Lecture 1

What is AI? - 1

The exciting new effort to make computers thinks …

machine with

minds,

in the full and literal sense”

(Haugeland 1985)

“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990)

“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models”

(Charniak et al. 1985)

A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990)

Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

What is AI? - 3

•

Bellman, 1978 : "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning ...“ Haugeland, 1985:“The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, in the full and literal senses“

•

Charniak and McDermott, 1985 : The study of mental faculties, through the use of computational models"

• Jackson, 1986 : "The field of computer science that studies

how machines can be made to act intelligently"

•

Kurzweil, 1990 : "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people”

What is AI? - 4

•

Schalkoff, 1990 : "A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computationl processes“

•

Rich and Knight, 1991 : "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better"

•

Partridge, 1991 : "A collection of algorithms that are computationally tractable, adequate approximations of intractabiliy specified problems“

•

Rich dan Knight,1991 :”Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better”

•

Winston, 1992 : "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act“

•

Luger and Stubblefield, 1993 : "The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour“

•

Ginsberge, 1993 : "The enterprise of constructing a physical symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing test“

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What is AI? - 5

• John MacCarthy(1950-an) : cabang dari ilmu komputer yang berhubungan dengan pemahaman atas kemampuan alami manusia, dengan tujuan mensimulasikan kemampuan ini dengan komputer

• Suatu mesin atau alat pintar (biasanya computer) yang dapat melakukan suatu tugas yang bilamana tugas tersebut dilakukan oleh manusia akan dibutuhkan suatu kepintaran untuk melakukannya

• Kecerdasan yang ditunjukkan oleh suatu entitas buatan. Sistem seperti ini umumnya dianggap komputer. Kecerdasan diciptakan dan dimasukkan ke dalam suatu mesin (komputer) agar dapat melakukan pekerjaan seperti yang dapat dilakukan manusia.

• Cabang sains komputer yang mempelajari tentang otomatisasi tingkah laku intelegen, sehingga kecerdasan buatan didasarkan pada teorika dan prinsip -prinsip yang mencangkup struktur data atau algorithma yang biasa digunakan dalam representasi knowledge

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Acting Humanly: The Turing Test - 1

•

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

•

“Computing Machinery and Intelligence”

(1950)

Human Interrogator

Human

AI System

Imitation Game

Acting Humanly: The Turing Test - 2

•

Predicted that by 2000, a machine might

have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person

for 5 minutes.

•

Anticipated all major arguments against AI in

following 50 years.

•

Suggested major components of AI:

knowledge, reasoning, language,

understanding, learning.

Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling

•

Not content to have a program correctly

solving a problem.

•

More concerned with comparing its reasoning

steps to traces of human solving the same

problem.

•

Requires testable theories of the workings of

the human mind:

cognitive science

.

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Acting Rationally

•

Acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given

one’s beliefs.

•

Does not necessarily involve thinking.

•

Advantages:

–

More general than the “laws of thought”

approach.

–

More amenable to scientific development than

human-based approaches.

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Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought

•

Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to

codify “right thinking”, i.e., irrefutable

reasoning processes.

•

Formal logic provides a precise notation and

rules for representing and reasoning with all

kinds of things in the world.

•

Obstacles:

−Informal knowledge representation. −Computational complexity and resources.

The Foundations of AI - 1

•

Philosophy (423 BC

₋

present):

−Logic, methods of reasoning. −Mind as a physical system.

−Foundations of learning, language, and rationality.

•

Mathematics (c.800

₋

present):

−Formal representation and proof.

−Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability. −Probability.

The Foundations of AI - 2

•

Psychology (1879

₋

present):

−Adaptation.

−Phenomena of perception and motor control. −Experimental techniques.

•

Linguistics (1957

₋

present):

−Knowledge representation. −Grammar.

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A Brief History of AI - 1

•

The gestation of AI (1943

−

1956):

−1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain. −1950: Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. −1956: McCarthy’s name “Artificial Intelligence” adopted.

•

Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952

₋

1969):

−Early successful AI programs: Samuel’s checkers,

Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Theorem Prover.

−Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.

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A Brief History of AI - 2

•

A dose of reality (1966

₋

1974):

−AI discovered computational complexity.

−Neural network research almost disappeared after

Minsky & Papert’s book in 1969.

•

Knowledge-based systems (1969

₋

1979):

−1969: DENDRAL by Buchanan et al.. −1976: MYCIN by Shortliffle.

−1979: PROSPECTOR by Duda et al..

A Brief History of AI - 3

•

AI becomes an industry (1980

₋

1988):

−Expert systems industry booms.

−1981: Japan’s 10-year Fifth Generation project.

•

The return of NNs and novel AI (1986

−

present):

−Mid 80’s: Back-propagation learning algorithm reinvented. −Expert systems industry busts.

−1988: Resurgence of probability.

−1988: Novel AI (ALife, GAs, Soft Computing, …). −1995: Agents everywhere.

Task Domains of AI

• Mundane Tasks: – Perception • Vision • Speech – Natural Languages • Understanding • Generation • Translation

– Common sense reasoning – Robot Control

• Formal Tasks

– Games : chess, checkers etc

– Mathematics: Geometry, logic,Proving properties of programs

• Expert Tasks:

– Engineering ( Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning) – Scientific Analysis

– Medical Diagnosis – Financial Analysis

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IF-UTAMA 29

AI Technique

• Intelligence requires Knowledge

• Knowledge posesses less desirable properties such as:

– Voluminous

– Hard to characterize accurately – Constantly changing

– Differs from data that can be used

• AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should

be represented in such a way that:

– Knowledge captures generalization

– It can be understood by people who must provide it – It can be easily modified to correct errors.

– It can be used in variety of situations

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Referensi

1. Dhfmanongga, “Pengantar Intelegensia Buatan [online]” url:http://dhfmanongga.wordpress.com/2007/09/25/pengantar-intelegensia-buatan/,Tanggal Akses : 2 Februari 2011 2. Ermitasari, “Intelegensi Buatan

(AI)[online]”,url: http://blog.math.uny.ac.id/ermitasari/2009/12/16/intelegensi-buatan-ai/, Tanggal Akses : 2 Februari 2011

3. Rinaldi Munir, “Matematika Diskrit”,Informatika, Bandung,2001 4. -,”Artificial Intelligence[online]”,

url:http://www.ittelkom.ac.id/library/index.php?view=article&catid=15%3A

pemrosesan-sinyal&id=364%3Aartificial-intelligence&option=com_content&Itemid=15, Tanggal Akses: 2 Februari 2011

5. -,”Artificial Intelegence”, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Department