ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Ishingiye ku mabwiriza yamamaza iterambera
ry'ubuhinzi burambye
Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN)
Gushimira
Imfashanyigisho yanditswe na:
Reiko Enomoto, Training Manager, Sustainable Agriculture Division, Rainforest Alliance
Abafashije mu rwego tekiniki:
Jean Marie Irakabaho, Rwanda National Coordinator, Rainforest Alliance Winnie Mwaniki, East Africa Regional Manager, Rainforest Alliance
Marc Monsarrat, Senior Manager (East Africa & South Asia), Rainforest Alliance Simon Martin Mvuyekure, Head of Coffee Program, Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB) Jean Marie Sabato, Certification Project Coordinator, Coopac Ltd.
Emmanuel Rwakagara Nzungize, President, Coopac Ltd.
Gilbert Gatali, Managing Director, KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Célestin M. Gatarayiha, Head of Coffee Division, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB) Pierre Claver Gahakwa, Director of Certification, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB) Mario Serracin, Rogers Family Company
Iyi Mfashanyigisho yanditswe hakoreshejwe inkunga y'amafaranga y' Ikigo cy'Ubwongereza Gishinzwe Iterambere Mpuzamahanga - Department for International Development (DFID), Food Retail Industry Challenge Fund (FRICH) na Taylors of Harrogate.
Ikigitabo kandi cyanditswe ku bufatanye n'inkunga byo mu rwego rwa tekiniki twatewe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu Gishinzwe Guteza imbere Ubucuruzi bw'Umusaruro w'Ubuhinzi mu mahanga (NAEB), Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi mu Rwanda (RAB), Kompanyi yo Gutunganya no Guteza imbere ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'Ubucuruzi bwa Kawa -
Companie pour Organisation et la Promotion des Activités Café (COOPAC) na KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Amafoto yafashwe na:
Reiko Enomoto, Rainforest Alliance
Intangiriro
Umutwe wa 1:
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara byangiza kawa
Umutwe wa 2: Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3:
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4: Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5: Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6: Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7: Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Umutwe wa 8:
Imitunganyirize y'isambu
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ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
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Ni gute abahinzi ba kawa baciriritse bakora kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye? yi “Mfashanyigisho ku gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa” irerekana tekiniki zigamije ubuhinzi burambye
zumvikana kandi zoroheje gushyira mu bikorwa mu mirima ya kawa y'abahinzi baciriritse bo mu bihugu by'Afurika. Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
bishingiye ku “Amabwiriza y'Ubuhinzi Burambye” yatangajwe muri Nyakanga 2010 n'Urugaga Rugamije Ubuhinzi Burambye. Aya mabwiriza akubiyemo inzego z'ingenzi zigomba kwitabwaho mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Iyi ni inyandiko y'ibanze ku muhinzi wifuza kubona icyemezo gitangwa na
Imikorere mibi Imikorere myiza
Kawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi muri Afurika gikomokaho umusaruro woherezwa mu mahanga kandi ikaba ari ikintu abahinzi baciriritse batagira ingano bakomoraho amafaranga. Nyara ariko, mu gihe haba hakoreshwa uburyo butanoze mu mitunganyirize ya kawa, byazangiza ibidukikije, bikangiza amazi cyangwa ubutaka bityo bikanangiza n'ubuzima bw'abahinzi baciriritse. Ibintu kandi bikomeje bityo ntabwo umusaruro wa kawa wakwizerwa kuboneka ku gihe kirekire.
Mu rwego rwo gutuma umusaruro wa kawa uboneka ku buryo buhoraho mu bihe biri imbere, tugomba gushyira hamwe mu guteza imbere ku rwego rw'umuhinzi uciriritse uburyo bw'imihingire bwatuma haboneka umusaruro mu burambye. Ni ngombwa ko buri muhinzi yumva ko gukora hagamijwe umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye ari inshingano ye.
Intangiriro
1. Kuzuza ku kigero cya 80% ibisabwa byose.
(Muri rusange hari ibintu 99 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
2. Kubahiriza ku kigero cya 50% buri hame
(Hari amahame 10 agomba kubahirizwa.)
3. Kuzuza ibisabwa by'ingenzi byose
(Hari ibintu by'ingenzi 15 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
Kugira ngo uhabwe icyemezo gitangwa na Rainforest Alliance, dore nibura ibyo ugomba kuba wuzuje.
Byinshi mu bigomba kuzuzwa ntabwo bisabwa abahinzi baciriritse. Muri iyi mfashanyigisho, turibanda ku bintu by'ingenzi bireba abahinzi baciriritse. Ni ngombwa kuzirikana ko iyi mfashanyigisho idakubiyemo ibisabwa byose cyangwa amahame yose akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye, kandi nta n'ubwo ikubiyemo ibisabwa ku bahinzi bafite imirima minini.
Iyi mfashanyigisho igizwe n'imitwe 8 ikurikira, buri mutwe ukaba urebana n'ihame mu mahame akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye.
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Ibisabwa kugira ngo hatangwe icyemezo
Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
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Umutwe wa 1: Uburyo bunyuranye bwo kurwanya udukoko n'indwara byangiza kawa
Umutwe wa 2: Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3: Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4: Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5: Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6: Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7: Gufata neza no korohereza abakozi mu kazi
Isomo rya 1
Kufumbira neza igihingwa ni ingenzi mu kugira ngo ibiti bigire ubuma buzira umuze, bibe bishobora kurinda indwara n'ibyonyi. Uburyo bwiza bwo kugeza ibyunyunyu ku gihingwa cya kawa n'ugukoresha ifumbire. Ugomba gukoresha ibiro bitanu (5kg) buri mwaka ku giti gito, n'ibiro bigera kuri cumi (10kg) by'ifumbire y'imborera buri mwaka ku giti gisarurwa.
Kinyarwanda: Ifumbire y'imborera ivuye mu bishishwa by kawa ishobora kuboneka ku ruganda rw'ikawa. Ushobora no kwitunganiriza ifumbire y'imborera ukoresheje imyanda n'ibishingwe.
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ntabwo ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kurwanya
udukoko n'indwara. Ibiti by'ikawa byitaweho kandi bimeze neza ntibishobora gufatwa
n'udukoko n'indwara ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo bigifatwa n'udukoko n'indwara, hari
uburyo butandukanye bwo kubirwanya bitabaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti
mvaruganda. Muri iki gice, mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurwanya no gukumira
udukoko n'indwara mu buryo burambye.
Ibiro 7-10 by'imborera ku giti
Igihe mukoresha ifumbire y'imborera, mujye muyishyira iruhande rw'igihimba atari ku gihimba neza. Kuyishyira ku gihimba bituma igiti kitabasha gufata ibigitunga uko bikwiye. Mugomba gushyira ifumbire mu nsi y'ibibabi by'igiti ari naho haba haherereye imizi ikigaburira.
Nyuma yo gufumbiza ifumbire y'imborera, mugomba gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka cyangwa amababi. Iyo ifumbire igerwaho n'umuyaga cyangwa imvura, ibitunga ibimera bitwarwa n'umwuka cyangwa bigatembanwa n'imvura. Iyo mutwikiriye ifumbire y'imborera, muba muzi neza ko igiti kizatungwa n'ibiri muri iyo fumbire.
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Ibisambo n'amashami ya kabiri nabyo byangize ibyunyunyu biva ku giti kandi bigatuma mu mashami y'igiti haba nk'igihuru, ibi noneho bigatuma indwara n'ibyonyi byiyongera. Gukata ibyo bisambo n'amashami ya kabiri bifasha kongera
umuyaga unyura mu mashami y'igiti, imirasire y'izuba
igashobora kugeramo, kandi ibi ni ingezi kugirango igiti kirabye. Kwicira ni ingenzi kuko bituma imyaka duhinga imera neza kandi igatanga umusaruro. Iyo amashami yapfuye akiri ku biti aba ariho udukoko n'indwara kandi bishobora no gufata amashami mazima. Amashami ashaje atakera urubuto na rumwe atungwa n'ibyagatunze igiti ari na byo bituma igiti kigira ingufu nke. Amashami yapfuye kandi atagitanga umusaruro agomba kuvanwa ku giti.
Kwicira
Kuvanaho amashami yumye Kuvanaho amashami ahengamye kandi atagitanga umusaruro
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku giti
ca kawa Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku mashami y'igiti ca kawa
Kuvanaho amashami yameze ku yandi mashami
Gukuraho ibitumbwe byasigayeho ku isarura riheruka
Nyuma yo gusarura, ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe bya kawa biba byarasigaye ku giti. Iyo birekewe ku biti bitera udukoko n'indwara bitandukanye, ndetse utu dukoko n'indwara biguma mu murima wanyu ndetse bikazanduza ibitumbwe bishya byo ku isarura rikurikiyeho.
Ibitumbwe bishaje byasigaye ku giti
Kuvanaho ibitumbwe bishaje
Kubiza ibitumbwe bishaje mu maze ashushe kugira ngo indwara n'ibyonyi birimwo bipfe
Kugira ngo udukoko n'indwara biri mu murima bivemo ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe
byasigaye ku biti, mukabiteka mu mazi ashyushye, maze mukabitaba mu butaka.
Ibi bituma mwizera ko udukoko n'indwara byari ku bitumbwe bitazaguma mu murima kandi ntibigire ingaruka ku musaruro wanyu w'umwaka utaha.
Guhamba bya bitumbwe byabijijwe
Applying Pyrethrum
Gukoresha piretere
Icyitonderwa: iyouri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda kandi wohereza umusaruro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, iki gice ntikikureba.
Piretere ni izina ry'umutobe ukomoka ku rurabo rwitwa “African Chrysanthemum” ukaba ukoreshwa nk'umuti kamere wica udukoko. Iyo "African Chrysanthemum” itewe mu misozi miremire nko mu Ntara
y'Amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda bituma umutobe wayo uba ufite ubukana bwinshi. Indabo zitunganyirizwa mu ruganda rwo mu Rwanda.
“African Chrysanthemum” Umuti wica udukoko
w'umwimerere ukozwe mu bireti Mililitiro 45 z'uwu muti ukozwe mu bireti
zivangwa na litiro 15 z'amazi (ni ku rugero rwa pompe itera umuti yuzuye amazi). Ushobora gupima mililitiro
45 mu kuzuza agafundikizo k'agacupa kavamwo uwo muti inshuro ebyiri.
Iyo umupfundikizo wuzuye neza biba bihwanye na 20ml.
Agakoko gato kitwa “Antestia” gatuma kawa yumvikanamo umuhumuro nk'uw'ibirayi, gatera amagi yako mu nsi y'ibibabi. Kubera iyo
mpamvu, iyo dutera umuti wo kwica “Antestia” tugomba kuwutera duhereye munsi y'ibibabi.
Agasurira
Amagi y'agasurira musi y'amababi
Gutera umuti uturutse musi y'amababi
Umutego w'udukoko
Icyitonderwa: Niba uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, iki gice ntikikureba
Imitego y'udukoko hakoreshejwe feromone ni uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda cyangwa kurwanya Agakoko gafata imbuto z'ikawa kitwa “Coffee Berry Borer”. Iyo mukoresha imitego y'udukoko mugomba gutega umutego umwe kuri buri biti by'ikawa 100.
Umutego w'udukoko urimwo impumuro ikurura udukoko
Umutego w'udukoko ukozwe mu ducupa twa plasitike
Iyo imitego y'udukoko itaboneka ku buryo bworoshye, mushobora gukora imitego y'udukoko mukoresheje amacupa ya palasitiki. Udukoko dufata imbuto z'ikawa dukururwa n'amabara y'umutuku; kubera iyo mpamvu ni byiza gusiga imitego amabara y'umutuku.
Igihe dukoresha ubu buryo bwose butandukanye bwo kurwanya udukoko, bituma ibiti bya kawa zacu bikomera kandi bigahorana ubuzima bwiza, bityo tukabirinda indwara n'udukoko bitabaye ngombwa ko dukoresha imiti mvaruganda.
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Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti
mva ruganda
Icyitonderwa: Mugihe ukora ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere (agriculture biologique), iki gice ntikikureba.
Ni byiza kudatera kawa zacu imiti mvaruganda ahubwo tugakoresha ubundi buryo bwo
kurwanya indwara n'udukoko muri kawa. Nyamara igihe mugomba gutera imiti, cyangwa
gufata imiti, mugomba kurinda umubiri wanyu kugira ngo utangizwa n'iyo miti.
Imyenda irinda umuntu guhura n'imiti
Iyo ugomba gutera umuti, usabwa kwambara imyenda umubiri wose ukikwiza. Iyo myenda iba igizwe n'ingofero, amadarubindi, masike iyungurura umuti, imyenda
y'amaboko maremare, ipantalo ndende, uturindantoki na
bote. Nta gice cy'umubiri umuti ugomba kugeraho.
Ni ngombwa ko wambara masike iyungurura umuti aho kwiyambarira masike isanzwe yo kwirinda ivumbi.
Masike yo kwirinda ivumbi ntikurinda imiti ihumanya.
Masike ikinga
ivumbi Masike ikingaivumbi
Masike igukingira
imiti mva ruganda Icyitonderwa:
Kwambara ibya bugenewe bigukingira n'ingingo y'ingenzi cyane.
Mu gihe utera umuti mva ruganda, ni ngombwa ko wambara udukingirantoke “gants”. Wirinde gukora ku miti mva ruganda n'amaboko yawe utikingiye.
Kubika neza imiti mvaruganda
Iyo ubitse igikombe cy'umuti mu nzu urugero nko mu ruganiriro, mu gikoni, cyangwa mu cyumba cyo kuryamamo, abana bawe bashobora kuwubona bagakeka ko ari icyo kunywa. Ni ngombwa kwirinda ko twakwicuza baramutse bawunyweye.
Imiti mva ruganda mu gikoni
Imiti mva ruganda musi y'igitanda
Imiti igomba kubikwa ahantu hatari mu nzu kandi hiherereye ku buryo abana badashobora
kuhagera. Ububiko bw'imiti bugomba gufungwa kandi aho iri hagomba kuba hari ikimenyetso kiburira abantu.
Ububiko bugomba kuba busakaye kuburyo imvura itageramwo. Ibyo imiti iteretseho (“etagere”)
bigomba kuba bikozwe muryo bidafata imiti.
Iyo urimo gutera imiti mu ikawa, ugomba kubakira igipimo cyawe cya kawa uruzitiro rukomeye kugira ngo imiti iva mu gipimo cyawe idahumanya abantu batuye hafi yacyo cyangwa abantu barimo kugenda mu mihanda yegereye igipimo cyawe cya kawa.
Uruzitiro rukomeye
Uruzitiro hagati y'umurima n'inzu
Isomo rya 3
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Niba umurima wanyu wegereye ibidukikije nk'ishyamba, igishanga, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi,
mugomba gukora uko ushoboye kose mukabibungabunga neza. Mugomba gukora ku
buryo nta muntu ubyangiza. Umurima wanyu wa kawa ubwawo ushobora guhinduka
ibidukikije igihe muhanga uburyo bw'ubuhinzi bw'amashyamba arimo ibihingwa
bitandukanye haterwa ibiti bitanga igicucu. Muri uyu mutwe, muraza kureba uburyo
mwabungabunga ibidukikije biri mu murima wanyu cyangwa iruhande rwawo.
Iyo hari ibidukikije ibyo ari byo byose nk'urugero ishyamba, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi, biri mu murima wawe cyangwa iruhande rwawo, ubwo buso bugomba gufatwa nk'ububungabunzwe. Mu buso bubungabunzwe, gutema ibiti cyangwa gutera imyaka ntibyemewe.
Kudatema ibiti
Icyitonderwa:
Kurengera urusobekerane rw'ibinyabuzima ni ibwiriza ry'ingenzi cyane
Gukoresha rondereza
Mukeneye inkwi zo gutekesha ariko mushobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'inkwi mukoresha imbabura irondereza inkwi. Umuriro w'amashyiga utwara inkwi nyinshi kandi uteka ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi. Imbabura irondereza ingufu igira ubushyuhe
bukomoka ku nkwi kandi iteka neza. Umutetsi ntabwo ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Iyo dutema ibiti dushaka inkwi cyangwa kubera izindi mpamvu zitandukanye, twakagombye no guhita dutera umubare w'ibiti ungana n'uw'ibiti twatemye.
Mushobora gutekereza ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bicuranwa ibibitunga n'ibiti bya kawa bityo bikaba byatuma habaho umusaruro muke. Nyamara ibi ntabwo ari byo kubera ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bigira akamaro kenshi mu gihe kirekire bikaba byatuma kawa yawe itanga umusaruro mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
Ibiti bitanga igicucu
Iyo mutemye ibiti byose bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, cyangwa ntimutere igiti gitanga igicucu na kimwe, umusaruro wanyu ushobora kuba mwiza mu myaka mike ya mbere, ariko ntibishobora gukomeza gutyo igihe kirekire. Iyo ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka bihura n'imirasire y'izuba birananirwa maze umusaruro
ugatangira kuba muke. Uretse igihe
hakoreshejwe ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda byagorana gukomeza kubona umusaruro ungana mu gihe kirekire. Gukoresha cyane ifumbire mvaruganda irimo azote bishobora gutuma ubutaka bubamo ubusharire kandi bigatuma umusaruro wa kawa ugabanuka. Umurima utagira igiti na kimwe gitanga igicucu
Kugira ngo ibiti bitanga igicucu bigirire akamaro ibiti bya kawa, mugomba kubicunga neza. Iyo ibiti bitanga igicucu bidakonowe kandi bigakura cyane, igicucu cyinshi cyane bitanga kibangamira kawa. Ni ngombwa gukonora ibiti bitanga igicucu mu buryo buhoraho kugira ngo mukomeze mugire igicucu gikenewe mu gipimo cyanyu.
Ibiti bitanga igicucu iyo byitaweho neza bigira inyungu zikurikira
Igipimo kirimo ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu Bituma ibiti bya kawa bidahura n'imirasire
ikaze y'izuba.
Bituma mu butaka habamo ubukonje bityo biganatuma ubutaka buhora buhehereye. Imizi yabyo irwanya isuri
Ibibabi byahanutse n'amashami yakaswe bitunga ibimera biri ku butaka.
Bituma ikirere cy'aho umurima uherereye kidahindagurika kandi birinda ibiti bya kawa guhura n'ibihe by'impeshyi n'ubushyuhe bukabije.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe, nk'urugero “Calliandra”, ni ibinyamisogwe kandi ishyira nitorojene mu butaka.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe bitanga imbuto n'imbaho nk'umusaruro w'inyongera ubyara amafaranga.
Bitewe no kurinda ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka, umusaruro uriyongera kandi ugahora ari mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
Leuceana
Ibiti bitanga igicucu bigomba guterwa kuri 6m X 6m. Ntibigomba guterwa byegeranye hirengangijwe ibi bipimo bivugwa hejuru. Niba mudafite ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, mutangire mubitere buri gihembwe kugeza igihe mugize umubare w'ibiti usabwa.
Ibi biti biri kuri lisiti haruguru, ni ibiti gakondo cyanwa byaturutse muri Africa. Bishobora guhingwa mu murima wa kawa atakibazo. Birabujijwe gutera ibiti bidasanzwe nk'inturusu ugamije igicucu cyayo mu murima wanyu wa kawa. Inturusu ibangamira ikawa n'indi myaka.
Ibiti byemewe ko bitanga igicucu
Cordia Africana Ibiti bya Makadamiya bishobora kuvangwa na kawa. Nyamara
ariko ibindi biti by'imbuto nk'umwembe, avoka, itsina n'ipapayi ntibiremezwa ko bishobora kuvangwa na kawa mu Rwanda.
Polycias fulva / Umwungo
Umuvumu
Umuhumuro
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Kubungabunga amazi
Amazi ni ingenzi mu buzima. Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse yanduye, byagira ingaruka
zikomeye ku buzima bwanyu no ku buzima bw'amatungo yanyu. Amafi yatangira gucika.
Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse ikamye, ubuzima bwanyu n'ubw'amatungo yanyu ntibishobora
kuramba. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kureba uko mwabungabunga amazi.
Koza ibikoresho
Nyuma yo gutera imiti, ntimugomba koza ibikoresho mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi. Imiti ihumanya amazi kandi bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi; urugero: amafi. Igihe mwoza ibikoresho byanyu mu migezi, muba mwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu n'ubw'inyamaswa kandi bishobora gutuma n'amafi acika.
Amazi yakoreshejwe mu koza ibikoresho
byakoreshejwe mu gutera imiti agomba gusukwa mu cyobo cyuzuye amakara. Amakara asukura amazi yanduye.
Iyo mumesera imyenda mukanogereza amasahani mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi, isabune na omo bihumanya amazi. Mujye mucukura icyobo kiriho amabuye kugira ngo mwirinde kumena amazi yanduye mu buryo butaziguye mu migezi.
Amazi y'imyanda yo mu rugo
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Inturusu ziri hafi y'utugezi
Inturusu ntabwo ari igiti gikomoka muri Afurika kandi mbere na mbere yatewe mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibihe by'izuba. Ku bw'ibyo, iyo iteye hafi y'umugezi, yitwarira amazi ku buryo wa mugezi ushobora gukama.
Mugomba kwitondera gutera inturusu kandi ntizigomba guterwa hafi y'imigezi. Iyo muretse ibiti by'inturusu biri hafi y'umugezi, mushobora gutakaza wa mugezi mu gihe kizaza ugakama.
Kugira ngo murinde imigezi, mugomba kurimbura inturusu ziteye hafi y'imigezi. Ibi byatuma mwizera ko muzakomeza kubona amazi mu migezi mu gihe kiri imbere.
Inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
Kutema inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
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Icyitonderwa:
Tugomba kudahinga hafi y'amasoko y'amazi
Iyo muteye kawa cyangwa imboga hafi y'ikiyaga, uruzi cyangwa umugezi, ubutaka buri hafi y'umugezi buzatwarwa n'isuri maze bwanduze amazi. Igihe mutera kawa umuti, uwo umuti uzinjira mu mazi kandi uzanayahumanya.
Ntabwo mugomba gutera imyaka hafi y'imigezi. Niba mwarahinze imyaka hafi y'imigezi ntimuzayitere umuti. Guhera
umwaka utaha, ntimuzagire ikintu mwongera kuhahinga.
Kubika amazi y'imvura
Imvura ni inkomoko ikomeye y'amazi. Iyo mushyize hamwe amazi y'imvura igwa ku bisenge by'amazu yanyu mushobora kubika amazi menshi mu rugo. Ibi bituma mudatakaza igihe mujya kuvoma kandi binatuma mushobora kubona amazi mu gihe cy'izuba.
Mugomba kutajugunya
imyanda mu masoko y'amazi
Ntimukajye mujugunya imyanda iyo ari yo yose mu masoko y'amazi. Mugomba gukora ibyo mushoboye byose kugira ngo amasoko y'amazi yanyu ahore asukuye.
Kubungabunga ubutaka
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Ubutaka ni ishingiro ry'ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko ubutaka bwo hejuru bukize ku bitunga
ibimera no ku tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora. Ubutaka bwo hejuru kandi bufitiye
akamaro kanini imyaka yanyu. Nyamara ariko iyo ubwo butaka butegejwe umuyaga
ndetse n'amazi, ibitunga ibimera birigendera kandi butwarwa n'amazi ku buryo
bworoshye. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurinda ubutaka isuri.
Ibyatsi bitwikiriye ubutaka
Igihe ubutaka bwambaye ubusa bukomeza gutwarwa n'isuri n'umuyaga. Amaterasi y'indinganire ashobora kandi kuriduka cyangwa agateza inkangu.
Kubagara ukoresheje isuka no gucukura ubutaka bishobora nabyo gutuma ubutaka bwo hejuru butwarwa n'umuyaga bikaba byateza isuri.
Temeda
Calliandra
Elephant grass Napier grass Themeda triandra Tripsacum
Calliandra
Gutera ibyatsi
Ahahanamye mujye muhatera ibyatsi kugira ngo bifate ubutaka. Niba murimo gukora amaterasi y'indinganire, gutera ibyatsi ku mpande z'amaterasi
Uretse no kurwanya isuri kandi, ibyatsi
bishobora gusarurwa maze bigakoreshwa mu gusasira. Ibyatsi bimwe na bimwe bishobora no kugaburirwa amatungo.
Ibyatsi bidufasha kurinda isuru
(Icyitonderwa: Calliandra ntabwo ari icyatsi, ariko ushobora kujya ugikata kikaguma ari gito kuburyo kigufasha kurinda isuri. Amababi yaco ni meza nk'ibiryo
by'amatungo.)
Gusasira
Gusasira imyaka ni ingirakamaro mu kurwanya isuri. Ibyatsi byakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'isasira
birabora maze bigahinduka ifumbire y'ubutaka. Isaso ituma ibyatsi bibi bitamera. Isaso ituma ubutaka buhehera. Dushobora gusasira ubutaka twifashishije amashami twakase, ibyatsi twasaruye,
ibigorigori n'ibibabi. Isaso nziza ntigomba kurenza 5cm z'umubyimba
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka y'ibinyamisogwe nka Mimosa na
Vetch na bwo ni ubundi buryo bwo kurwanya isuri. Ibi bimera ntibikura cyane kandi bikura birandaranda ku butaka maze bigatwikira ubutaka bwose. Iyo imyaka itwikira ubutaka yakwiriye ku butaka bwose, ibindi byatsi bibi ntibishobora gukura, bityo kubirwanya bikoroha.
Ibyatsi bifata ubutaka byo mu bwoko bw'ibinyampeke bifite ubushobozi bwo kongera “azote” mu butaka.
Umurama wa “Mimoza” Umurama wa “Vetch”
Mimoza iriho urakura igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
“Vetch” iriho urakura igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Guca imiyoboro
Mu rwego rwo kuyobora amazi y'imvura mu murima umuntu atagombye gukora
ikidendezi kinini cy'amazi, dushobora guca
Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 6
Mu murima yanyu hari imyanda ikomoka ku
bimera n'idakomoka ku bimera. Iyo iyo myanda
icunzwe cyangwa itwitswe nabi ishobora kwangiza
ubuzima bwanyu no guhumanya ibidukikije. Ku
rundi ruhande iyo imyanda icunzwe neza ibera
umurima wanyu umutungo w'ingirakamaro.
Muri uyu mutwe, murareba uburyo bwo gucunga
imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
n'imyanda idakomoka ku bimera.
Imicungire y'imyanda ya palasitiki
Palasitiki ntiziborango zihinduke ubutaka, bityo rero ntimugomba
kuzijungunya ku butaka.
Zigomba gushyirwa mu mufuka maze zikabikwa kugeza igihe zijyaniwe
n'ababishinzwe ku rwego rwa Leta cyangwa n'umuyobozi wanyu.
Imicungire y'imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
Imyanda yo mu gikoni, amase y'inka, imyanda ikomoka ku bigori, insina no ku mboga ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gukora ifumbire y'imborera mu rugo. Iyo bikozwemo neza ifumbire maze bigashyirwa mu murima bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro wa kawa zacuGutwika imyanda birabujijwe
amasashe yajugunywe ku butaka
Gukusanyiriza amasashe mu mufuka
Uko bakora ifumbire y'imborera
Mbere na mbere nimukore ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kuba kiri mu nsi y'igicucu. Iyo gihura n'izuba n'imvura, ibitunga ibimera bishobora kujyanwa n'umwuka cyangwa gutembanwa n'imvura. Ku bw'iyo mpamvu mugomba kubaka igisenge cyoroheje hejuru y'ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kandi kuba hejuru y'ubutaka ku buryo umwuka uva mu nsi yabwo utemberamo.
Mushobora gusakarisha ibyatsibyumye nk'ibigorigori, amashami yakonowe ku biti n'ibibabi byumye.
Mushobora gukoresha ibibabi nk'ibibabi by'imyaka yasaruwe, Titoniya n'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza. Ni ngombwa kubikatakatamo uduce duto cyane kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye.
Ni ngombwa cyane gushyira mu ifumbire y'imborera Titoniya n'imigozi y'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza kubera ko bikize ku bitunga ibimera bya ngombwa byitwa zenke (zinc) na baroni (boron). Zinke na baroni bifasha ibiti byarabije kugumana ururabo no kudahunguka kw'imbuto
(ibitumbwe) kabone n'iyo ibiti bifite ururabo cyangwa uruteja rwinshi. Bityo rero, ibi bitungabimera bifite akamaro kanini mu kuzamura umusaruro wanyu.
Incenga z'ibigori
Ikimoteri gisakaye
Amashami yakaswe kw'ikawa
Ibisigazwa by'imyaka bisigara mu murima uze gusarura
Titoniya
“Pumpkin” cyangwa ibijumba
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Shyiramo umwanda n'ivu byo mu gikoni. Bikize cyane ku bitunga ibimera nka potasiyumu,
kalisiyumu, sodiyumu na manyeziyumu
Ivu ryo mu gikoni
Imyanda iva mu gikoni
Mushyireho amase y'inka, ubutaka bwo hejuru cyangwa ifumbire y'ibyatsi, n'ibindi bintu ufite. Ibi bintu bikize tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora.
Mugende mukora iyo mvange y'ibintu bivuzwe hejuru kugeza mugize ikirundo kinini mu kimpoteri. Mugomba kugenda muhindura imborera ibiri hasi bijya hejuru n'ibyari hejuru bikajya hasi buri byumweru bibiri kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo ukubora birimo kuba, ubushyuhe bw'ibiri mu kimpoteri bugomba kuzamuka. Mushobora gushinga inkoni mu kimpoteri kugira ngo mubashe kumva ingano y'ubushyuhe.
Ifumbire y'imborera iba ibonetse mu gihe kiri hagati y'amezi abiri n'atatu. Iyo itunganye igomba kuba nta mpumuro ifite, ari umukara kandi yumye. Ifumbire nziza igirira akamaro ubutaka bwanyu kandi ituma ibiti bya kawa yanyu bitanga umusaruro mwiza kurushaho.
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Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje Titoniya
Iyo mudafite ibikoresho bihagije cyangwa umwanya wo gukora ifumbire y'imborera, mushobora kwikorera ifumbire mvaruganda y'amazi mukoreheje gusa Titoniya.Titoniya
Gukata titoniya mu duce dutoduto
Gudushira mu ndobo
Kuzuza ya ndobo n'amazi
Kuvanga buri misi ibiri
Nyuma y'byumweru bibiri, umuti uzaba ushobora gukoreshwa
Muyungurure ibyatsi mwifashishije umufuka
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Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje
amase y'inka
Amase y'inka
Mushyire amabasi atanu y'amase y'inka mu mufuka
Kumanika umufuka mu ingunguru (cyangwe indobo) ukoresheje igiti hanyuma ukuzuza amazi ya ngunguru
Gufundikira ya ngunguru
Mucuguse wa mufuka buri minsi ibiri
Iyo fumbire y'amazi izaba yahiye mu byumweru bibiri
Mukure wa mufuka mu ngunguru
Ifumbire
Mu kuyitera, ushobora kuvanga ifumbire yakozwe muri titoniya n'iyakowe mu mase y'inka mugihe zombi uzifite
Mufumbize igikombe kimwe iruhande rw'igiti mugisuka
hafi y'aho igiti gitereye mu butaka
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Umutwe wa 7
Icyitonderwa:
Gufata neza no korohereza
abakozi mu kazi
Iyo muhaye akazi abakozi mu gihe cy'isarura cyangwa akandi kazi, mugomba kubafata neza.
Imirima yacu igomba kubera abayikoramo ahantu hashimishije.
Guha abakozi amazi meza
yo kunywa
Abana bagomba kujya ku ishuri mu gihe cy'amasomo yo mu cyumweru. Hatitawe ku bwinshi bw'akazi mwagira mu gihe cy'isarura, ntimugomba guhagarika abana kwiga ngo baze kubafasha mu murima.
Nyamara abana bashobora kudufasha akazi koroshye mu mpera z'icyumweru cyangwa mu biruhuko.
Abana ntibashobora guhabwa akazi mu murima. Abana bashobora gusa kudufasha nyuma yo kuva ku ishuri kandi ntibagomba gukora mu murima amasaha menshi yashobora kugira ingaruka ku myigire yabo. Abana ntibagomba gukoreshwa mu murima imirimo ikomeye ishobora kubatera ibibazo cyangwa kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwabo.
Kudaha akazi abana bari mu nsi y'imyaka 15 n'ihame ridakuka.
Abana biga
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• Uko umusaruro ungana Igipimo cyo gutera imiti wakoresheje
Izina ry'uruganda Ibikoresho wifashishije utera imiti
Itariki
Isomo ryatanzwe Uwahuguye
Amazina y'abahuguwe Umukono cyangwe igikumwe cy'abahuguwe
Igihe mutegura ibikorwa byanyu, ikarita yoroheje y'umurima wanyu ni igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro cyane. Mushobora
kwerekana ku ikarita aho mugomba gukorera ibikorwa byo kurwanya isuri, aho mugomba gutera ibiti cyangwa ibyatsi, ahari amasoko y'amazi mugomba kubungabunga n'aho mugomba kubaka uruzitiro rukomeye.
Ni ibiki byingenzi bikubiye muri gahunda y'ibijkorwa
Gushyingura inyandiko
Nyuma yo gukora igikorwa, mugomba kubika inyandiko. Iyo mubika inyandiko, mushobora gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y'ibikorwa mukanahamya ko ibikorwa byateganijwe byakozwe. Nibura ibikorwa bikurikira bigomba kwandikwa.
Gutera imiti (mugihe hari iyo utera)
Gutera Ifumbire y'imborera / mvaruganda Gutera ibiti / ibyatsi
Gusarura
Amahugurwa y'abakozi (mu gihe ufite abakozi bakeneye guhugurwa)
Gutanga akazi nyakabyizi (niba bikorwa)
Ibyangombwa byo kwandika muri raporo yo gutera imiti
Ibyingenzi byandikwa muri raporo y'amahugurwa
Ibyingenzi byandikwa muri raporo yo gukoresha abakozi
Imitunganyirize y’isambu
Umutwe wa 8
Iteganyamigambi
Ibintu byose mwabonye muri iyi Mfashanyigisho bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mirima yanyu. Kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa, mbere na mbere mugomba gukora igenamigambi ryabyo. Muri gahunda y'ibikorwa, mugomba kwandika ibikorwa, igihe bigomba gukorerwa n'umuntu ushinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo.
