THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY
IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO
AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
by
Christina Putri Widowati Student Number: 041214016
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
i
THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY
IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO
AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
by
Christina Putri Widowati Student Number: 041214016
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain
the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations
and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, May 20, 2011
The Writer,
Christina Putri Widowati
v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama : Christina Putri Widowati Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214016
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY
IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO
AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me-ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 20 Mei 2011
Yang menyatakan
vi
I BELIEVE YOUR PROMISE
When my heart is hurt
When I have a lot of problems
When I am sad
I come to Jesus
You give me power
You are always with me
When there is no one can help me
Jesus gives me the way
When I don’t understand something in my life
His speak becomes my light
(By: Liliana Tanoesoedibjo)
“PEOPLE WITH GOOD HEARTS ARE THE ULTIMATE WINNERS…”
(By: Girls Generation Seo Hyun)
This Thesis is dedicated to:
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to Jesus Christ for His big love and kindness. He gives me an opportunity to study in the English Language Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University. He
guides me so that I can finish my thesis. He also gives me power when I am tired.
Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Henny Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum. for her patience to guide me. I thank her for her support and encouragement so that I can accomplish my thesis.
My sincere gratitude goes to my beloved family. I deeply thank my father, mother, and Mbak Kiki for giving me support and encouragement. Thank for praying for me. I will give my best for my beloved family. Cici (my little dog), I want to say thank for accompanying me every time and being my best
friend.
I would like to express my gratitude to Arsita, Patrice, Suksma, Rini, Cahya, Reni, Risa, Elly, Tia, Retno, Nana, Lani, Oon, Jody, Adit, Bram, Dian, Tiwi, Riri, Desi, Herjiyanti, Tini, and Tria who always support and encourage me. I would thank for the bad time and good time that we shared. I also
thank my KKN friends: Rini, Ella, Anjar, Mira, Veni, Ucok, Kaka, Topik, and Andrian for their help, and for sharing happiness, laughter, and madness.
viii
1 Kalasan Yogyakarta to give me an opportunity to teach English Conversation
Class.
Finally, I would like to thank Intan and Molen for being my partner to teach English Conversation Class in SMAN 1 Kalasan Yogyakarta. I also thank
for their support me to finish my thesis.
Christina Putri Widowati
ix
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Problem Formulation ... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 4
1.4 Benefits of the Study ... 4
1.5 Definitions of Terms ... 5
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6
2.1 Review of Related Theories ... 6
2.1.1 Critical Approaches ... 6
2.1.2 Character ... 7
2.1.3 Characterization ... 9
2.1.4 Psychology ... 12
2.1.5 Motivation ... 12
2.1.5.1 Definition of Motivation ... 12
2.1.5.2 Types of Motivation ... 14
x
2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives ... 16
2.1.5.2.3 Approach and Avoidant ... 18
2.1.6 Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan... 19
2.2 Theoretical Framework ... 24
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ... 26
3.1 Subject Matter ... 26
3.2 Approach of the Study ... 27
3.3 Method of the Study ... 27
CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS ... 29
4.1 Description of Yukiko Makioka’s Character ... 29
4.1.1 Psychological Traits ... 30
4.1.1.1 Shy ... 30
4.2 The Motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko ... 35
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 54
5.1 Conclusions ... 54
5.2 Suggestions ... 55
5.2.1 Suggestion for Future Researchers... 55
xi
REFERENCES ... 59
APPENDICES ... 61
xii
ABSTRACT
Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzed the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka is one of four main characters in the novel. She is 33 years old and still unmarried. According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, in the middle 19th century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen. Japanese society still thought that a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was a taboo. That made the family tried to arrange for marriage (miai). Yukiko’s family also has motivations in finding a husband for Yukiko.
There are two problems discussed in this study. The first problem is how is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel? The second problem is what motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko?
The method used in this study was library study. The primary source of this study was the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. The secondary sources were books related to the theory of Literature, theory of Psychological Approach, theory of Character and Characterization, theory of Psychology, theory of Motivation, and articles on Marriage Motivation in Japan.
There are two results based on the analysis in this study. The first result is Yukiko is described as shy, quiet, submissive, passive, patient, and introvert. The second result reveals five motivations of Yukiko’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. First, Yukiko’s family has the extrinsic motivation because Yukiko is so passive and shy and looks so lonely that makes Yukiko’s family have to find a husband for Yukiko. Second, Yukiko’s family’s intrinsic motivation is to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko. Third, Yukiko’s family’s achievement motivation is to maintain the Makioka’s status and reputation. Fourth, Yukiko’s family’s approach motivation is to expect Yukiko to get married soon. Finally, Yukiko’s family’s avoidant motivation is to avoid what people said and thought negatively about Yukiko.
xiii
ABSTRAK
Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa novel The Makioka Sisters dari Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka adalah salah satu dari empat tokoh utama di dalam novel. Dia berusia 33 tahun dan masih tidak menikah. Menurut Ensiklopedia dari Kebudayaan Jepang Kontemporer, dipertengahan abad ke-19, gadis-gadis sering dinikahkan pada usia 16 tahun. Masyarakat Jepang masih berpikir bahwa seorang gadis berusia 30 tahun dan masih tidak menikah adalah suatu hal yang tabu. Hal itu membuat keluarga mencoba untuk mengatur pernikahan (miai). Keluarga Yukiko juga mempunyai motivasi dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko.
Terdapat dua masalah yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Yukiko Makioka digambarkan dalam novel? Masalah kedua adalah apa motivasi keluarga Yukiko Makioka dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko?
Metode yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah novel The Makioka Sisters karya Junichiro Tanizaki. Sumber lainnya adalah buku yang berhubu.bungan dengan teori Kesusastraan, teori Pendekatan Psikologi, teori Karakter dan Karakterisasi, teori Motivasi, dan artikel tentang Motivasi Pernikahan di Jepang.
Ada dua hasil berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan dalam skripsi ini. Hasil analisa pertama adalah Yukiko digambarkan pemalu, pendiam, penurut, pasif, dan introvert. Hasil analisa kedua menyatakan lima motivasi dari keluarga Yukiko dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Pertama, keluarga Yukiko mempunyai motivasi ekstrinsic karena Yukiko sangat pasif dan pemalu. Hal itu membuat keluarganya harus mencarikan seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Kedua, motivasi intrinsik dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mencarikan seorang suami yang kaya untuk Yukiko. Ketiga, motivasi pencapaian dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mempertahankan status dan reputasi Makioka. Keempat, motivasi pendekatan dari keluarga Yukiko adalah mengharapkan Yukiko segera menikah. Terakhir, motivasi menjauh adalah untuk menghindari apa yang orang katakan dan pikirkan tentang Yukiko secara negative.
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LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Summary of The Makioka Sister ... 61
2. Biography of Junichiro Tanizaki ... 63
3. Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading 2 ... 66
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
In the introduction, there are five parts that are discussed in this study.
They are background of the study, objectives of the study, problem formulation,
benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The first part is background of the
study, which explains reasons why the novel is chosen as the source of this study.
The second part is objectives of study. It deals with the aim in conducting this
study. In the third part, problem formulation, two problems become the main
discussion in this study. The fourth part, benefit of the study provides some
information about the benefits of this study. The last part is definition of terms
that defines some terms related to the study.
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is an expression of life through a language. According to Wellek
and Warren states that the works of “literature portray life as reality. They also say
literature looks like a real life portrait. It is an illustration of human lives because
the literary works present the reality of human situations, problems, feelings, and
relationship” (96). Literature can be a reflection of someone’s experiences in his
or her daily life. Wellek also says literature is a creative working, an art contains
imagination, and figurative language (3). Authors can create literary works based
Wellek and Warren (227) state that most modern literary theory divides
three main’s genre in literature. The first one is prose. Prose divides into types.
They are fiction (short stories, fairy tales, folk tales, novels, poems) and
non-fiction (short stories, reports, letters). The second is drama. The last one is poetry.
I am interested in novel among several genres of literature above. Therefore, I
decided to use a novel as the source of this study.
According to Abrams, “novel is applied to a great variety of writings that
have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in
prose” (130). Chevally explains that novel is a fiction in prose of a certain extent
and the extent over 50,000 words (3). Thus, novel is a fiction story which is
written in a book form. It has a certain length, with characters, plots, time and
place of action, and incidents. The story in novels is closely related to human life.
Readers see experiences, problems, feelings, relationship, romance, characters’
development and the symbolic action that is intended as a dramatization of the
book’s ideas, mood or state of the mind. Novel has six elements. Hudson
(130-131) states that the six elements are plot, characters, dialogue, time and place of
action, style, and a stated or implied philosophy of life entering into the
composition of any work of prose fiction, small or great, good or bad.
In this study, I used one of Junichiro Tanizaki’s novels as the source. The
title of the novel is The Makioka Sisters. It is the Japanese greatest post war novel. What is interesting about this novel is its theme, which is about a girl who
33 years old and is unmarried. Her name is Yukiko Makioka. In the end, she gets
married in her 30s.
The reason why this study chooses this novel is because in this novel,
Tanizaki tried to tell the readers about Japanese women’s life and marriage in
1930s-1940s. As stated above, literature and novel are closely related to human
life or human nature, and The Makioka Sisters also relates to women’s life. Therefore, I am very interested in knowing the realities, problems, feelings, and
relationship in that novel. After I read that novel, I could see one problem which
Tanizaki wanted to tell to the readers, which is about Japanese women’s marriage.
In 1930s-1940s, the average age for marriage was very important for girls.
According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, in the early 19th
century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen (9). Japanese society still
thought negatively about a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was sort
of a taboo. It made the family tried to arrange for marriage (omiai). Yukiko
Makioka’s family also tries to find a husband for Yukiko.
In the same way, Yukiko Makioka’s family must have motivations in
finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Therefore, I am interested in analyzing
the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family to find a husband for Yukiko
Makioka. Before analyzing the motivations, I also analyze Yukiko Makioka’s
character. It helps me to know her behavior that makes her family to help her in
finding a husband. It is because motivations are causes or reasons underlying
1.2Problem Formulation
Based on the background above, the questions are:
1. How is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel?
2. What motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family to find a husband for Yukiko?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This study aims to answer the questions in the problem formulation. The
first one is to describe Yukiko Makioka’s character. The second one is to find out
the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko.
These two objectives are related to each other. The first one is used to answer the
second one.
1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study has the benefits for the readers and students of English
Education Study Program. By reading this study, they may know about Japanese
marriage motivation in 1930s-1940s. This study also gives a good contribution for
the readers and students of English Education Study Program who want to analyze
Asian novels, especially Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters, because they can enrich their knowledge about Japanese women’s life, Japanese culture,
1.5 Definition of Terms
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, motivation “refers to factors
within an individual, such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain,
and direct behavior toward a goal”. This indicates that the way a person did some
behaviors is guided by some purpose and that it leads to a goal or the satisfaction
of some need (392). Thus, in this novel, motivation is factors (needs, desires, and
1
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts. Those are review of related theories and
theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, I discuss The Theory of
Critical Approaches, Theory of Character, Theory of Characterization, Theory of
Psychology, Theory of Motivation, and Reviews on Literature Marriage
Motivation in Japan. The last part is theoretical framework which explains the
theories used to analyze the novel.
2.1Review of Related Theories
In review of related theories, I discuss the theory of critical approaches,
theory of character and characterization.
2.1.1Theory of Critical Approaches
Novel is one of literary works that give us a lot of knowledge and values
that it implies. We have to broaden our knowledge so that we understand the
novel deeper. To understand the values of the novel, the readers must know
critical approaches. According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, the
purpose of a critical approach is “to put you in a position to receive some of the
positive esthetic values, to provide the means whereby you can understand how
literature is shaped and something of what it means” (3). They also state there are
five critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach,
sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological
approach (6-15). In this study, I use the psychological approach. The
Psychological Approach uses the theory of human psychology to understand
characters in the story (14). Human psychology field is motivation, personality,
behavior, emotion, and thought. Through the psychological approach, the
character’s personality, motivation, behavior, emotion, and thought can be
analyzed.
2.1.2 Theory of Character
Character has an important role in the novel. By understanding the
characters in the novel, the readers also understand the story, feeling, and events.
In The Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makika Sisters, I am interested in one of four characters as the main character to be analyzed in this study. In the novel,
Junichiro Tanizaki describes Yukiko Makioka’s life clearly. By analyzing Yukiko
Makioka’s character, I also get to analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s
family in finding a husband for Yukiko. Therefore, some theories of character are
used to give more understandings about what the character is.
According to Abrams, “character is the person presented in dramatic or
narrative works who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed by moral
dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue and what
they do-the actions” (21). In the same way, Abrams says characters are the
representative of human beings. Characters are presented not only from the
narration of the author in his work but also from their and actions which the
While Blair says “character is a description of figures in the story. The
description includes the description of professions, statements, dialogues, and
thoughts. The purpose is to describe what the character is to the readers, such as
his behavior and how he lies” (52-54).
Milligan states that character can be determined into two terms. There is
major and minor character. Major character is the most important character in the
literary work because he or she plays the important role. He or she plays from the
beginning until the end of the story. He or she often appears more than the other
characters. In other word, a major character is the centre of the story. While minor
characters are characters who plays less important role in the story. They just
appear in certain setting and support the major character to develop the story
(155).
Another expert, such as Foster, defines two kinds of characters. The first
type is a “flat” character. This character is formed in “a single idea or quantity”.
The readers usually recognize this character without any difficulty. It is because a
flat character does not have a complexity in the sense. The author also usually
describes the flat character in a short explanation. The description of this character
is not presented in details. It can be in a short sentence (21).
The second type is a “round” character. This character is more complex in
temperament and motivation. The readers do not easily recognize a round
character because this character can change his or her personality. This character
is unpredictable. Therefore, he or she is always surprising the readers. The round
Kenny also says that there are traits that influence the building the whole
character. They are physical traits, psychological traits, and social traits. Physical
traits are related to the physical appearance of the character, such as handsome,
beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short, straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with
the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits
are related to the character’s role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or
institutions that are recognized by society (32-34). Therefore, characters in this
study are persons who are presented in the story.
2.1.3 Theory of Characterization
The process by which the author reveals the personality of a character or
the process of conveying information about characters in fiction is called
characterization. By giving description of characterization of the characters in the
novel, the author makes the readers to understand the characters. The author also
creates different characterization between one character and other characters in
the novel. As we know that all human in the world must have different
characterization. To understand what characterization is, I give some definitions
of characterization from some experts.
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (21), characterization is the
process of how authors make a character to exist. They also say that
characterization can be described by using two principles. Two principles are
direct principle and dramatic principle. Direct principle is used to draw physical
and others. Dramatic principle is used to put the character in certain situations so
that the readers understand what he or she is, through his or her way on behaving
or speaking.
Abrams defines characterization as process for distinguishing the persons
in a narrative. This process uses two techniques. They are showing and telling. In
showing technique or the dramatic method, the author simply presents his or her
characters talking and acting. In telling technique, the author intervenes and
authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional
qualities of his or her characters (21).
Barnet, Berman, and Burto divides three various points to understand the
characteristic of a character in the literary work. The first is what the character
says. The way of his or her speaking helps us to determine his or her feeling and
emotion (71-72).
The second is what the character does. It relates to the character’s action
during the story. His or her reaction also reflects his or her personality. Sometimes
he or she does not say in reacting in a certain moment but through the description
of their body language by the author also helps us to understand the character
well.
The third is what the other characters say about the character. This method
is based on the comments and opinions of other characters toward the character
itself and the last is what other characters do that refers to their action toward the
Furthermore, Murphy states there are nine ways to get better
understanding on the characteristics and personalities of the main character
(161-173). The first way is personal description. The author uses personal description
to describe a character’s physical appearance of the character, such as face, body,
skin, haircut, and clothes. By knowing the appearances of the character, the
readers also can imagine the character well (161-162).
The second way is character as seen by another. The author describes the
character through the opinions of another (162).
The third way is speech. The author gives the readers an insight of the
character in the novel through what the character or the person says. When the
character is in conversation with another, and he or she gives his or her opinion,
he or she is giving the readers some clues to his personality (164).
The fourth way is past life. Sometimes in a story of the novel, the plot
jump to the past events and it also includes the past life of the character. It can be
done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thoughts, through his
or her conversation or through the medium of another person (165).
The fifth way is conversation with other characters. The author tries to
describe a person’s character through conversation other people and the things
they say about the character (166).
The sixth way is reactions. The author tries to describe the character
through how the character reacts to various situations and events. In this way, the
readers see the quality of the character in dealing with any conflicts, problems, or
The seventh way is direct comment. The author describes or comments
about the character directly (170).
The eighth way is thoughts. The author gives the readers direct knowledge
of what a character is thinking about. It is very important for the readers to know
the thought of the character in the novel because they understand the motives
behind the actions of the character (171).
The last way is mannerism. The author describes mannerisms and habits of
the character in the novel. The author reveals the habits or the mannerism of the
character positively or negatively (173).
Through some definitions above, characterization in this study is a process
to describe person in the story.
2.1.4 The Theory of Psychology
I need the psychological theory to analyze the motivations of Yukiko
Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka, because this theory
is suitable for this study. There is one theory that is used in this study. That is
theory of motivation. This theory is related with the motivations of Yukiko
Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her.
2.1.5 Theory of Motivation 2.1.5.1 Definition of Motivation
Every individual must have goals that want to be reached in his or her life.
Franken in states “motivation theorists start with the assumption that, for every
behavior, there is a cause” (3). Murray says motivations theorists are concerned
with the origins or causes of action. Therefore, they are also interested in why
people do any number of things. Early motivation theorists also hypothesized that
needs cause action. Needs gives people a push or nudge in a certain direction (27).
Worchel and Shebilske state “psychologists have used the term motive to describe
the condition that energizes and directs the behavior of organisms.” Therefore,
motivation is defined as a reason why an organism acts in a certain way in certain
time caused by some energy from the body which devices temporarily translate
the capabilities into action (373). Some energy from the body is called desires.
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, motivation “refers to factors
within an individual, such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain,
and direct behavior toward a goal”. This indicates that the way a person did some
behaviors is guided by some purpose and that it leads to a goal or the satisfaction
of some need (392).
Murray says motivation distinguished from the other factors that also
influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical
capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself (7).
Abram also says that the ground in the characters’ temperament, desires, and
moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (23).
Robert C. Beck says “motivation is broadly concerned with the
contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of
are equally possible and one of the behaviors is chosen, the organism persists in
that behavior with more or less vigor until a goal becomes more dominant (24).
Benjamin B. Lahey states motivation is “the internal state or condition that
activates and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings, and actions” (360)
According to Herbert L. Petri, motivation is “the concept we use when we
describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior”
(4). The concept of motivation is often used to indicate the direction of behavior.
From the definitions of motivation above, motivation in this study is
factors that can stimulate, maintain, and direct behavior on someone thoughts,
feelings, and behaves to reach a goal. The factors that influence behavior are
needs, desires, and interests, past experiences, physical capabilities and the
environmental situation. The other factors that influence behavior are past
experiences, physical capabilities, and the environmental situation.
2.1.5.2 Types of Motivation
To analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a
husband for Yukiko deeper, we must also know about what the types of
motivation are.
2.1.5.2.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, two forms of motivation that
affect achievement are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic
from the satisfaction arising out of the behavior” (401). Extrinsic motivation is
“the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance
punishment” (401).
Herbert L.Petri defines intrinsic motivation as “the value or pleasure
associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is
directed” (315). People can be motivated to do a task because their behavior itself
is rewarding, not because an external reward. Extrinsic motivation emphasizes
“the external goals toward which the activity is directed” (315). People motivate
to do something because they want to get an external reward. Herbert L. Petri
divides rewards into three types. They are extrinsic, intrinsic, and affective.
Extrinsic reward consists of “some external object or situation that satisfies some
expectation of the individual” (319). Intrinsic reward is “different, involving the
feeling of competence one obtains when one successfully complete a task” (319).
Affective reward involves “the positive emotional experience that one gains when
a goal is reached” (319).
According to Worchel and Shebilske, intrinsic motivation is “motivated
behavior that derives from the enjoyment of performing the task rather than from
an expected reward” (409). Intrinsic rewards are intellectual challenge or pride
make us fell that we are in control (408). Extrinsic motivation is “motivated
behavior that results from external factors, such as a promotion, or other type of
reward” (409). This reward can control our behavior.
Therefore, intrinsic motivation in this study is enjoyment or satisfaction to
something is the reward. While extrinsic motivation is the motivation is from
external factors (a promotion or other type of reward) of individuals. The extrinsic
reward consists of some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation
of the individual and the intrinsic reward involves the feeling of competence one
obtains when one successfully complete a task.
2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives
According to David McClelland, there are four human motives. They are
achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive
(224). Worchel and Shebilske state achievement motive is “motive to do things as
rapidly and/or as well as possible” (406). McClelland in Robert A. Baron’s
defines power motive is “the motive is in charge, to have status and prestige, and
influence others” (394). Houston in Benjamin B. Lahey’s defines affiliative
motive is “the need to be with other people and to have personal relationships”
(368). Avoidance motive is “motives as efforts to avoid discomfort and to reduce
strong stimulation, whether caused by hunger, thirst, pain, electric shock, conflict,
or frustration” (374). This study only discuss about achievement motive since this
motive is appropriate.
According to Henry Murray in Worchel and Shebilske’s, people are driven
by the motive to do things as well as possible. People who have high achievement
motive are “driven by the general desire to set and achieve high standards of
excellent” (406). Henry Murray in Franken’s book defines achievement
exercise power, to strive to do something difficult as well as and as quickly as
possible” (364).
Atkinson and Birch say achievement motivation identifies two
dimensions (406). They are hope for success and fear of failure. People who have
the highest need of achievement are people who have a high hope for success and
a low fear of failure. People who have a high hope for success seek out tasks that
will challenge their abilities. In contrast, people who are dominated by fear of
failure attract to simple goals. Family characteristics and lifestyle also influence
the development of achievement motive (406-407).
John Jung states “achievement comes from social factors such as prestige,
and the recognition and admiration of other people” (135). Admiration comes
from people who themselves value to achieve equal feats. In addition, social
factors of achievement are also money and other material benefits. Intrinsic
reward in achievement motivation is the pride of accomplishment. The successful
of achievements are also followed by extrinsic rewards such as social approval or
material rewards (136).
Therefore achievement motivation in this study is the need to achieve a
desire or tendency to overcome obstacle, to exercise power, to strive to do
something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible. The successful of
achieving goals is also influenced by intrinsic reward (pride) and extrinsic reward
2.1.5.2.3 Approach and Avoidant Motivation
Franken states motivation theorists have the assumption that every
behavior, there is a cause. Their goal is to identify those causes (3). According to
Higgins (3-4), psychologists distinguish between approach causes and avoidant
causes. In approach behavior, people do things because of something they want,
desire, or need. This is often conceptualized in terms of a specific goal object. For
example, someone wants to eat because they are hungry. While in avoidant
behavior, people do things to avoid something. Anxiety may not immediately
elicit a specific goal object. People who are anxious are often unable to specify the
source. Avoidant causes tend to be very compelling. People are not only aversive
or noxious but they are also difficult to ignore. For example, someone is afraid of
a snake, feel a strong and immediate need to distance from that goal object.
He/she is often unable to specify the source of his/her anxiety and he/she attempts
to find a safe place.
Watson and Clark in Franken’s say every individual has different anxiety.
He or she is more anxious from birth. As a result, he or she is likely to engage in
avoidant behaviors. Even thinking of certain activities is enough to make them
anxious. For example, someone avoids eating certain foods because he or she
fears to get sick (4).
Zuckerman in Franken’s says “extraverts (positive emotionally) and
sensation seekers spend more time in approach behaviors. They see the world as a
source of opportunities and excitement. For example, people climb a high
distinction between approach and avoidant motivation. The important determinant
of behavior is feelings. Feelings are often caused by chemical reactions in our
body or brain (21).
LeDoux in Franken’s states theorists have suggested that people should
monitor their feelings. Therefore, they can guide their actions because their
feelings are more closely linked to their survival than is rational thought (21).
Higgins in Franken’s states the different of approach and avoidant
motivation. Higgins says “the need to understand the role of self-focus in helping
humans to achieve goals (approach motivation) and to keep themselves safe and
out of harms way (avoidant motivation)” (8).
Elliot and Covington state “motivation differs as a function of valence”
(73). In approach motivation, “behavior is instigated or directed by a
positive/desirable event or possibility” (73). Avoidant motivation is “behavior that
is instigated or directed by a negative/undesirable event or possibility” (74).
Therefore, approach motivation in this study is motivation that people do
things because of their want, desire, and need. Avoidant motivation is motivation
that makes people to avoid something and keep themselves safe and out of harms
way.
2.1.6 Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan
In the article “Marriage in Japan and in the West”, Maciamo (the writer)
says about the difference between Japanese marriage and Westerners (from
Marriage is the legal union of a man and a woman who promise to love each other
forever. Therefore, marriage is usually a proof of love and commitment for life. If
love disappears, people tend to divorce easily. Even in modern laws, people can
get children outside marriage. Therefore, if people only want children, marriage is
not even necessary (1). While, in Japan marriage with or without love is not very
important. In the past, lots of marriage are still arranged (miai) and some
Japanese think that it is better than love marriage because loveless arranged
marriage rarely end up in divorce as the purpose is to raise children and care about
the household (“Getting Married in Japan”, 1). In modern Japan, lots of marriages
are referred to as “love marriages”, the rest are the more traditional still arranged
marriages (miai).
Because this study discusses about the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s
family in finding a husband for Yukiko, I want to discuss about the history of
marriage in Japan. Over the past several centuries until now, Japan had several
marriage periods (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and
Arranged Marriages in Japan”). They were Heian Period (794-1185), Muromachi
Period (in the 13th and 14th centuries), Feudal Period, Tokugawa Period
(1603-1867), during Meiji Period (1890-1911), Latter Half of the Meiji Period to the
Taishō Period (1890-1926), World War II Period, and Modern-Day Japan Period
(Post-WWII).
In Heian Period (794-1185) the central was the selection of mates to create
children, not the marriage itself. Men could have more than one mate. They also
were insignificant and always became subservient to males. In this period,
marriages were endogamous. Endogamous was characteristic of all levels of
Heian society. On all levels, marriages to cousins were frequent (“Marriage and
the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 3).
In Muromachi Period (in the 13th and 14th centuries), the rise of “bushi”
warriors made the most significant change. The change from the age of
aristocracy to the age of the shoguns (military governors) led to a change from the
old practice of “muko-iri” to the new practice of “yome-iri”. “Muko-iri” was the
groom joining the bride’s family. While “yome-iri” was the bride would join the
groom’s family upon the death of a parent or birth of a child. In this period,
Japanese viewed marriage as more of a link between two families as opposed to a
joining of two individuals. It was as an opportunity for political, economic, and
social alliances that promoted the interests of families rather than a romantic
between two individuals. In Muromachi Period, polygynous marriage became less
common. Men began to have concubines for two main reasons. They were as a
symbol of status and success. In this period, Japan was also predominantly a
matriarchal society, particularly in lower-class and rural areas. Women had
freedom in the areas of love and marriage (“Marriage and the Family in Japan:
History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 3-4).
In Feudal Period (approx. 9th century), both aristocracy and samurai class
viewed marriage as an opportunity for political, economic, and social alliances
that promoted the interests of families. Under the feudal system, marriages were
among feudal lords. In this period, Japanese had known about “miai”. Miai is “the
practice of arranged marriages.” A matchmaker who arranged marriages on behalf
of both families called “nakado”. Men and women could not choose their partners
in marriage (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and
Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 4).
In Tokugawa Period (1603-1867), there were two forms of marriage. They
were the arranged marriage and love marriage. There were also social classes.
They were samurai (at the top), peasants, artisans, and merchants. The arranged
marriages were the characteristic mainly of samurai (warrior class). While
commoners married for love. The marriage system just became subject to many
rules and regulations to preserve the “status quo”. A law was instituted requiring
governmental registries to keep track of the status of every household. Household
planning marriage had to report such plans, marriages had to be cleared by
officially, and a nakado (matchmaker) was required to confirm that the families
were indeed of equal rank and class (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History
of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 4-5).
During Meiji Period (1890-1911) began a period of modernization in
Japan. Miai spread through all classes of Japanese society. Marriage was most
frequently arranged by parents through the offices of the nakado (matchmaker).
The arranged marriage or miai was to ensure the continuation of the family and its
assets and lineage. It was still imperative that the prospective partner come from a
family of compatible status and family background. In this period, the couple was
(“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages
in Japan”, 5).
In Latter Half of the Meiji Period to the Taishō Period (1890-1926) did not
many significant changes took place that involved marriage or the family. During
Taisho Period (1912-1926), the number of illegitimate births drooped
significantly, as well as unplanned pregnancies that directly led to marriage.
According to Murstein, love marriages were quite uncommon up until World War
II (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged
Marriages in Japan”, 5-6).
In World War II Period, there were many aspects of Japanese life for years
changed dramatically. Japanese Constitution was rewritten. The Constitution or at
least the part of it that deals with marriage:
“Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes, and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis. With regard to choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, choice of domicile, divorce and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family, laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes” (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 6).
In Modern-Day Japan Period (Post-WWII), the postwar Constitution shape
today’s society in Japan. Some of the biggest changes came from new laws
included the total abolishment of the family system, including men as the head of
the family and women were given more equality, including in having more legal
divorce their husband. Prior of amendments to the Japanese Constitution was
extended family their status was very low until the mother-in-law passed away.
Today, young women can count on more equal treatment” (6).
Nowadays, Japanese modern system of marriages has adjusted to pressure
from the Western custom of love marriages. In the past, Japanese marriages were
arranged by their parents. From the mid-1960s, love matches replaced arranged
marriages as a social norm, and dating became new fashion among young men
and women to look for a compatible partner. The majority of marriages today are
love marriages (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and
Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 6-7). Therefore miai (arranged marriage) seems to
be falling rapidly out of use.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
In this part, I explain the theories that are used to answer the problems of
this study. It is important for me because it can be the guidance to analyze the
novel. The theories involve theory of critical approaches, theory of character,
theory of characterization, theory of psychology, theory of motivation, and
reviews on literature marriage motivation in Japan.
First, I use theory of critical approaches to select the suitable approach to
analyze the novel. I choose psychological approach because this study focuses on
the psychological aspects of the character. Second, I use the theory of character
and theory of characterization to analyze Yukiko Makioka’s character. Third, I
use the theory of motivation. The theory of motivations is used to find out the
describe the definition of motivation to explain motivation to ease the discussion.
Then I describe five kinds of motivation. They are intrinsic, extrinsic,
achievement, approach, and avoidant motivation. The next is human motive. In
human motives, I only describe the definition of achievement motivation.
Reviews on literature marriage motivation in Japan are also used to help me to
analyze Yukiko’s family motivation in finding a husband for Yukiko. By using
1
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology used in this study. In this chapter
is divided into three parts, namely subject matter, approach of the study, and
method of the study. The first part is subject matter. I explain the focus of the
study in this part. The second part discusses the approach that is used to analyze
this novel. The last part is method of the study. This part discusses method of
gathering data, primary and secondary data, and procedure.
3.1Subject Matter
The subject of the study in this thesis is The Makioka Sisters. This is a Japan’s greatest post-war novel written by Junichiro Tanizaki. It was firstly
published in 1947 in Japan with the title Sasame Yuki, Light Snow. This study uses the English translation The Makioka Sisters, which was published in 1957 by Edward G. Seidensticker. The novel contains 37 chapters and 530 pages long.
This novel tells about a declining glory of a great Osaka merchant family
on the eve of war. The family’s name is Makioka. There are four sisters Makioka.
This study analyzes one of the four sisters. Her name is Yukiko Makioka, the third
daughter. She is 30 years old and still unmarried. The story starts from the
attempts of finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Her sisters and
brothers-in-law always try to find a good husband for her. They get many proposals from men
who want to get married to Yukiko Makioka but they cannot accept those
proposals. It is because those men cannot fulfill the criteria of Yukiko Makioka’s
family and herself. They know those men cannot fulfill their criteria because they
investigate those men after they get the proposal. Actually, Yukiko Makioka
wants to get married when she was 20 years old. She loves her father very much.
Therefore, she wants to get to a man who has a good job, good personality, good
house, and good status in the society because she came from the great family and
upper class just before the war and her father died. In fact, she cannot find a man
who has those criteria. In the end, she gets married to Mimaki who is an architect.
3.2Approach of the Study
This study focuses on the character of Yukiko Makioka and the motivation
of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her. I need an approach to
analyze the problems in this study. Based on Rohrberger and Woods (6-15),
theory of approaches, I select the psychological approach. The psychological
approach is the most suitable one for this study because the psychological
approach helps me in analyzing human motivation, personality, behavior,
emotion, and thought which is related to the field of psychology. Therefore, I get
more understandings of Yukiko Makioka’s character and the motivation of
Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her by using the psychological
approach in this study.
3.3 Method of the Study
This study is a library study. I use two kinds of sources in this study. They
title was The Makioka Sisters (1947) by Junichiro Tanizaki. The secondary sources were books which supported the analysis on the problems in this study.
There were several books related to the theories of literature, theory of critical
approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychology,
theory of motivation, and reviews on literature marriage motivation in Japan.
The method of this study was library study. There were some steps to
conduct this study in answering the questions in the problem formulation. The
first step was to read, understand, and comprehend the novel. The aim of this step
was I got more understanding of the novel so that it helped me to analyze the
novel. The second step was to determine the theories and approach that were
applied or appropriate for this study. This study used psychological approach.
This study also used two theories. They were theory of motivation and theory of
personality. After determined the theories and approach, the third step was
analyzing the novel by using the theories and approach to answer the questions in
the problem formulation. The last step was trying to draw conclusions of the result
1
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS
In this chapter, there are two parts. The first part discusses how Yukiko
Makioka’s personality is described in The Makioka Sisters. The second part discusses the motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for
Yukiko in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters.
4.1Description of Yukiko Makioka’s Character
According to the theory of character of Milligan (155), Yukiko Makioka is
the major character in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters because she mostly appears in the novel. Yukiko Makioka is also the round character in the
novel based on the theory of character of Foster (21). It is because the character of
Yukiko Makioka is more complex in temperament and motivation. The author
also describes the character of Yukiko in details. To analyze Yukiko Makioka’s
character deeper, I also use the theory of Kenny. Kenny says that there are traits
that influence the building the whole character. They are physical traits,
psychological traits, and social traits. Physical traits are related to the physical
appearance of the character, such as handsome, beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short,
straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with the emotion, intellectuality,
feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits are related to the character’s
role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or institutions that are recognized
by society (32-34).
4.1.1 Psychological Traits 4.1.1.1Shy
Yukiko is a shy woman. She cannot talk with strangers when she meets
them. It is seen by Tatsuo (Yukiko’s brother-in-law), “But the shy, introverted
Yukiko, unable though she was to open her mouth before strangers, had a hard
core that was difficult reconcile with her apparent docility. Tatsuo discovered that
his sister-in-law was sometimes not as submissive as she might be” (10).
Yukiko’s family also understands her shyness, but they cannot expect that
strangers understands Yukiko’s shyness. This is Sachiko’s thought: “Though her
sisters understood this shyness, they could hardly expect a stranger to understand”
(410).
When Mrs. Jimba introduces Yukiko to Nomura, she asks Yukiko and
Nomura to ride a cab to go to Chinese restaurant. Directly Teinosuke says to Mrs.
Jimba that Yukiko will be stiffer. This is Teinosuke’s thought: “And then I think it
would only make Yukiko stiffer than ever. It would not have at all the effect we
want”. “I see. It was only a thought” (140).
The author also gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko is unable to
talk to Mr. Hasidera when he invites Yukiko to go out through the telephone. It is
the author’s direct comment:
In addition, the author shows Yukiko’s shyness by telling Yukiko’s
reaction when she meets strangers. She always looks at the floor when she meets
strangers. This is Yukiko’s reaction when she meets with Sawazaki, “Since it was
her unfortunate question that had spoiled the conversation, Sachiko wanted to
make amends she found Sawazaki thoroughly unapproachable, however, and in
desperation she turned to her sister. Yukiko had been looking at the floor since
they came in” (348).
4.1.1.2Quiet
The author gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko is quiet when
she is out of the house: “Yukiko was never talkative when she was out of the
house, and she was especially helpless when the occasion demanded not the
Osaka dialect, but standard Japanese” (43).
Sachiko’s thought shows that Yukiko’s childhood was quiet, “Sachiko
thought how even as a child Yukiko had endured in silence, only sobbing quietly
to herself” (120).
Not only the author’s direct comment and Sachiko’s thought, but also
other characters also say that she is quiet. When Taeko asks Sachiko about
Yukiko’s comment of a man’s picture, Sachiko says that Yukiko does not say
anything. Here is Sachiko’s speech:
“I left a picture with Itani, and she sent it without telling me. She says he is very pleased.”
“Do you have a picture of him?”
“Look in the drawer on the right.” Puckering her lips as though she were about to kiss the mirror, Sachiko took up her lipstick. “Did you find it?” “Here it is. You have shown it to Yukiko?”
“Yes.” “And?”
“As usual, she said almost nothing. What do you think, Koisan?” (5).
Mrs. Niu introduces Yukiko to Mr. Hasidera. After Yukiko and Mr.
Hasidera met, Mr. Hasidera says that Yukiko looks like a little moody. It is
because Yukiko is very quiet when she meets Mr. Hasidera. He likes a cheerful
girl. This is Mr. Hasidera’s speech, “There was one difficulty, though: Mrs. Niu
had that morning had a call from Hasidera, who said that Miss Yukiko struck him
as a little moody. He preferred bright, lively, sparkling girls” (398).
After Mrs. Niu hears that Yukiko looks like a little moody from Mr.
Hasidera, Mrs. Niu directly tells to Mrs. Itani. Mrs Itani tries to explain to Mrs.
Niu that Yukiko is not moody. She is just gentle and quiet. This is Mrs. Itani’s
speech, “But Itani had explained everything. Miss Yukikio impressed people as a
little moody at first, but she was in fact not moody at all. Mrs. Niu must be sure to
tell Hasidera so. Miss Yukiko might be a little reserved, but she was certainly not
moody. She was so gentle and quiet that she sometimes made the wrong
impression on strangers” (398).
4.1.1.3Submissive
Yukiko always obeys what Sachiko, Teinosuke and Tsuruko said. This is
Teinosuke’s speech to show that Yukiko is submissive:
“Will it be all right, then? If Yukiko has no objection…”
By knowing Yukiko’s speech, the readers also know that Yukiko is
submissive. It is Yukiko’s speech:
“What shall I do? What shall I tell her?” Sachiko fluttered about the room. Yukiko on the other hand was quite calm, as if to say that the matter was no concern of hers. “What shall I say, Yukiko?”
“Whatever you like.”
“Not just any answer will do.” “I leave it to you.”
“Shall I refuse for tomorrow, then?” Yukiko nodded.
“You want me to, Yukiko?” Yukiko nodded again.
Sachiko could not see the expression on her sister’s face. Yukiko’s eyes were turned to the floor (24).
The author also gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko obeys what
her family said: “Yukiko herself said that she would marry anyone her
brothers-in-law and sisters agreed upon” (18-19).
4.1.1.4Patient
Yukiko is patient. She does not have an explosive anger when she is
angry. She is just silent or she hides her emotion when she is angry. That is seen
by Sachiko, “Sachiko watched carefully for a change in Yukiko’s expression, but
Yukiko showed not a sign of emotion. If the only reason for not permitting the
marriage immediately was that the sisters should be married in order of age, she
said when Sachiko had finished, then there was really no reasons at all” (18).
4.1.1.5Passive
When Yukiko meets Mr. Hasidera in the miai (arranging marriage),
Teinosuke, and Mr. Hasidera. She always stays outside the conversation.
Therefore, the author gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko is passive:
“While the other four talked quite easily, Yukiko, just a little abashed, stayed
outside the conversation. As always, she made no attempt to exploit openings the
others gave her” (397).
4.1.1.6Introverted
Yukiko is an introverted woman. Even she cannot tell her thought to her
family. Yukiko never gives comments for her candidate husband. Therefore, her
family does not know what her views about her candidate husband. This is the
author’s direct comment: “Although Sachiko had, it was true never insisted that a
prospective husband be a drinker. Sachiko suspected that her sister felt much as
she did. Yukiko was not the sort to make her views known, and unless she had
husband who would drink with her she might well take to brooding” (44).
There is also a conversation between Sachiko and Yukiko. Sachiko asks
Yukiko’s comment for Nomura (Yukiko’s candidate husband), but Yukiko does
not say anything to reveal her feeling:
“What do you think of Mr. Nomura, Yukiko?”
Yukiko only nodded. Sachiko went on to report the substance of the conversation with Mrs. Jimba.
“And that is what she said. But you are so young, Yukiko, and he looks so old beside you. It seems wrong, somehow.” She watched carefully for a change in Yukiko’s expression.
When Sachiko asks Yukiko’s feeling about Taeko’s misbehavior, Yukiko
says that she is not bothered. This is Yukiko’s speech to show that she is not
open-hearted to Sachiko about her feeling:
“Was the Leica broken, then?”
“I wonder. Teinosuke says that the lens at least must have been damaged.” “Probably.” Sachiko saw that Yukiko had listened to the story calmly. “This time I really, really think I have been stabbed in the back. I am furious the more I think of it. There is no point in going into all the details, but I am not the only one. Has anyone been hurt as you yourself have, Yukiko?”
“Me? I have not been especially bothered…”
“You are not to say that, Yukiko. Think of it all, since that newspaper affair” (286-287).
When she is sad about Segoshi’s affair, she tries to keeps her sadness from
her family. This is also the author’s direct comment, “Yukiko as always showed
nothing, and yet she had quite possibly been hurt by the Segoshi affair” (82).
4.2The Motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko
According to Franken, the basic assumption of motivation theorists is
there is a cause for every behavior (3). People do something because they have
some reasons. Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy state motivation “refers to factors
within an individual, such as needs, desires, interests that activate, maintain, and
direct behavior toward a goal” (392). Therefore, people are influenced by their
own reasons and factors to do something to reach their goals. In this study,
Yukiko’s family is also influenced by their own reasons and factors to find a
4.2.1Extrinsic Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, extrinsic motivation is “the
desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance punishment”
(401). Worchel and Shebilske state extrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior
that results from external factors, such as a promotion, or the other type of
reward” (409). Yukiko’s family expects Yukiko to get married. To fulfill their
desire, they try to find a husband for Yukiko. We can see it through the author’s
direct comment, “It was in this crisis, shortly after the father’s death, that Tatsuo
became most enthusiastic about finding a husband for Yukiko” (9). There is also
an external factor that makes Yukiko’s family has to find a husband for Yukiko.
Yukiko’s character is the external factor that activates, maintains, and directs
Yukiko’s family’s behavior to find a husband for Yukiko. The author states it
directly through his comment, “Yukiko was different, not a person they could turn
out to make her way alone. They should do everything for her” (278).
It has been discussed above that the character of Yukiko itself encourages
Yukiko’s family to be concerned to Yukiko so that they try to find her a husband.
Yukiko’s character is shy and passive that makes her impossible to find a husband
in her own.
Yukiko is so shy when she meets strangers. It is seen by Tatsuo (Yukiko’s
brother-in-law), “But the shy, introverted Yukiko unable though she was to open
her mouth before strangers had a hard core that was difficult reconcile with her
apparent docility” (10). Yukiko also cannot look at a man’s face in her omiai
Sawazaki: “Since it was her unfortunate question that had spoiled the
conversation, Sachiko wanted to make amends she found Sawazaki thoroughly
unapproachable, however, and in desperation she turned to her sister. Yukiko had
been looking at the floor since they came in” (348). Even Sachiko (Yukiko’s
sister) has to be with her when she talks with a man through the telephone. The
author gives his direct comment to show Yukiko is unable to talk Mr. Hasidera:
“Even if Sachiko had been with her, Yukiko would not have been able to talk to the man. And short of her accepting the invitation and going out with him, it did not seem likely that he would have been satisfied. The ultimate source of the trouble was to be found in Yukiko’s nature. And not in the simple question of whether or not Sachiko was with her at the telephone. Even if they had made their way safely through this crisis, there would have been others head. The walks were doomed to failure from the start. Yukiko had not managed to change herself” (415).
Yukiko is so passive. She does not attempt to exploit the conversation with
a man in her miai (arranging marriage). The author shows it through his direct
comment, “While the other four talked quite easily, Yukiko, just a little abashed,
stayed outside the conversation. As always, she made no attempt to exploit
openings the others gave her” (397). She is never talkative when she is out of the
house. We can see it through the author’s direct comment, “Yukiko was never
talkative when she was out of the house, and she was especially helpless when the
occasion demanded not the Osaka dialect, but standard Japanese” (43). Yukiko is
quiet since she was child. It can be shown by Sachiko’s thought, “Sachiko thought
how even as a child Yukiko had endured in silence, only sobbing quietly to
herself” (120). That is why she does not have lots of friends and she has no one
place to go. She likes staying in her home and nursing her niece and nephews. It is
