TEXTS
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a SarjanaSastraDegree in English Languages and Literature
Andhika Pangestu
10211144015
ENGLISH LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE STUDY
PROGRAM
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
LANGUAGES AND ARTS FACULTY
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
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MOTTOS AND DEDICATIONS
MOTTOS
“So verily, with the hardship, there is relief. Verily, with the hardship, there is relief.” (Al Inshirah 94:5-6)
“The night is darkest just before the dawn. And I promise you, the dawn is coming.” (Harvey Dent in Batman: The Dark Knight)
“Hope for the best, prepare for the worst” (Anonymous)
DEDICATIONS
Alhamdulillahirobbil ‘alaamiin
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved parents, Bapak Johan and Ibu Pingah My beloved brothers, Mas Fian and Aman
My beloved fallen comrades, Hanif, Ik, Arif, Rian, and Adit and Class G. My beloved band-mates, Hery, Irfan, Joko, Yudhi, Melky, Verin and Nita All of my friends who cannot I mention one by one
Thanks for all of your support,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Foremost, I would like to thank and give my highest gratefulness to The Most Merciful and Most Gracious Allah SWT. This thesis can be done only because of His blessing. My highest gratitude also expressed for Bapak Asruddin B. Tou, Ph. D, who has given his advice, supervision, direction, time, and especially knowledge during my thesis writing. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Bapak Yosa A. Alzuhdy, M. Hum., as my second consultant for his guidance and correction on my thesis.
I would also like to dedicate my greatest thankfulness to my beloved parents, Bapak Johan and Ibu Pingah for the countless love and prayers given to me. I am sorry for consuming so many semesters to finish my study. Also for my beloved brothers, Mas Fian and Aman who never asked when can I finish my study. For all their support, there are no words can explain.
For my fallen comrades from G class Sasing 2010, you have my greatest thanks, guys! For Anisa, Epril, Wulan, Ian, Cicik, Damast, Puput, Debby, Rifki and Okka,thanks for all of your support when I am down, and you always there when I need you,especially for Ik, Hanif, Arif, Rian, and Adit. I‟ll be busy shaking my hand with you guys in hell.
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I realize that this thesis is far for being perfect. However, there is a big hope that the thesis will give significant contribution to the translation study and to the people studying it. Finally, I welcome any criticism and suggestion for the betterment of this thesis.
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D. Research Significance 8
1. Theoretical Significance 8
2. Practical Significance 9
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW 10
A. Theoretical Description 10
1. Translation 10
a. Notions of Translation 10
b. Types of Translation 11
c. Principles of Translation 13
d. Process of Translation 14
e. Methods of Translation 15
2. Subtitle 16
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7. About Tropic Thunder 26
8. Previous Studies 29
B. Conceptual Framework 30
C. Analytical Construct 34
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 35
A. Research Approach 35
B. Data and Data Sources 36
C. Techniques and Instrument for Data Collection and Data Analysis 37
D. Trustworthiness of the Data 39
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DICUSSION 41
A. Description of Accuracy and Naturalness 41
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 68
A. Conclusion 68
B. Suggestions 70
REFFERENCES 71
APPENDICES 74
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Gotlieb‟s Subtitling Strategies
Table 2 : The Percentage of Accuracy Level Table 3 : The Percentage of Naturalness Level
LIST OF DATA SAMPLES Sample 1 : High Level Accuracy
Sample 2 : Medium Level Accuracy (omission) Sample 3 : Medium Level Accuracy (omission) Sample 4 : Medium Level Accuracy (omission) Sample 5 : Medium Level Accuracy (addition) Sample 6 : Medium Level Accuracy (addition) Sample 7 : Medium Level Accuracy (addition) Sample 8 : Low Level Accuracy (different meaning) Sample 9 : Low Level Accuracy (different meaning) Sample 10 : Low Level Accuracy (different meaning) Sample 11 : Low Level Accuracy (zero meaning) Sample 12 : Low Level Accuracy (zero meaning) Sample 13 : Natural Level
Sample 14 : Less Natural Level Sample 15 : Unnatural Level
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Processes of Translation
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MEANING ACCURACY AND NATURALNESS OF BAHASA INDONESIA SUBTITLING EXPRESSIONS OF THE ENGLISH SLANG EXPRESSIONS OF THE
TROPIC THUNDER MOVIE TEXTS Indonesia subtitling expressions of the English slang expressions of the Tropic Thunder movie texts. The objectives of the research are (1) to determine the extent of the accuracy of slang expressions of English subtitle of Tropic Thunder movie that is represented in its Bahasa Indonesia subtitle, (2) to determine the extent of the naturalness of slang expressions of English subtitle of Tropic Thunder movie that is represented in its Bahasa Indonesia subtitle.
The study applied descriptive qualitative method. The discussion was conducted in a descriptive way. Nevertheless, the quantitative data were used to empower the finding and also to ease drawing conclusions. The researcher analyzed the data by conducting purposive sampling. Note taking technique was used in the data collection. The technique was used to analyze the accuracy and naturalness of every slang expressions that were translated into Bahasa Indonesia. It eased the researcher to calculate the extent of accuracy and naturalness of the Bahasa Indonesia translation of slang expressions found in the movie.
This research reveals two findings. First, the extent of accuracy level of Bahasa Indonesia translation subtitle of English slang expressions. Second, the extent of meaning accuracy level of Bahasa Indonesia translation subtitle of English slang expressions. The data show that there are 103 slang expressions found in the movie. There are 41 expressions or 39.80% of the high level accuracy; 14 and 9 expressions for medium level which are indicated by omission and addition; and 31 and 8 expression for low level which are indicated by different and zero meaning. It means most of the Bahasa Indonesia translation of English slang expressions is highly accurate. Meanwhile, reader 1 pointed there are 68 expressions or 66.01% of natural level; 29 expressions or 28.15% of less natural; and 6 expressions or 5.82% of low natural level. Then, reader 2 pointed there are 41 expressions or 39.80% of natural level; 42 expressions or 40.77% of less natural; and 20 expressions or 19.41% of unnatural level. It indicates that, although there is a slightly difference between reader 1 and reader 2, most of the Bahasa Indonesia translation of English slang expressions found in the movie are on natural level.
1 A. Background of the Research
In this era of globalization, the needs for entertainment cannot be limited by cultural, geographical, and time boundaries. After fulfilling their primary needs such as the needs for food, clothes, and place to stay, people tend to seek for their second needs such as entertainment. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, entertainment is shows, films, television, or other performances or
activities that entertain people, or a performance of this type.
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Nowadays, people start to actively learn about other nations‟ culture. There
are some people who like to travel between countries just to learn new or unique culture of others. Another way is to study abroad. It means to learn the course that the
country is famous for, while learning the country‟s culture as well. Still, the other
way is learning through internet and film. Through internet, we can search and find almost anything we want freely as well as through watching film as long as we can understand the language.
B. Focus of the Research
Film is one of many ways to learn English. Through films we can learn not only the language, but also the country and people‟s customs, manners, tradition, etc. There are conversations in films that can reflect or represent their daily lives, besides the movement or the setting. Conversation or dialog in films is one of the most important things. By observing the dialog, we can know about all of those things
above. Of course, the source to “dig” deeper to their culture through film is not only
by learning from their dialog, but still dialog can be a great helper if you want to learn about their culture.
One of the best ways to learn by observing the dialog is through subtitle. By reading the subtitle, you can understand what the actor said. There are so many subtitles that are provided in any variations and languages in the world that you can easily get from the internet. Using the English subtitle while you watch the film is best, but if you cannot do that yet, you can use the Indonesian one. If you use the English, you will get used to their daily speech, how they arrange a sentence on particular purpose, the grammar, etc.
Tropic Thunder is a 2008 American action comedy film written,
The film was casted by Stiller stars as Tugg Speedman, he was an action hero trying to surge out of that genre. Jack Black plays Jeff Portnoy, a drug-addicted fat comic also attempting to change his image by taking on such a serious film. They star alongside Kirk Lazarus (Robert Downey Jr.), one of the world's most awarded actors, and a man who insists on immersing himself totally in a role. In this case, that means Lazarus has had his skin dyed in order to portray an African-American soldier. Brandon T Jackson played as Alpa Chino, a rapper that promoting his drink product. Steve Coogan acted as Damien Cockburn, the director of the movie, and there was Tom Cruise played as Les Grossman.
The movie started in the making of Tropic Thunder, a book written by
Vietnam War veteran, John “Four Leaf” Tayback, into a movie. The problem arose
when rookie Director, Damien Cockburn could not control the actors who behave on their own way and the movie could not follow the initial schedule. The production was reported to be in one month behind schedule in the initial shooting. The producer, Les Grossman, got angry and ordered Cockburn to get the filming back into the track or he would cancel the filming.
active landmine and died instantly. Most of the group believed that he was hiding and the blow was a visual effect. Then, the group met the real drugs dealer who thought that the actors are real American soldiers who came to catch them. The actors did not know the fact they dropped in the middle of Golden Triangle, where drug dealer named Flaming Dragon had its home base operation built in it. The actors started firing the drug dealers, thought that they were still filming and successfully drove the drugs dealer away thanks to the help of explosion effect that were set beforehand.
When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood tried to locate the dead director, they were captured by Flaming Dragon, it was time when Four Leaf revealed that he did not lost his arms in the war. As the actors continued through the jungle, Kirk and Kevin discover that Tugg was leading them in the wrong direction. Then, the rest of actors took the map from Tugg and left him alone to the direction which he thought the right one. Unfortunately, he was captured by Flaming Dragon and brought to their heroin factory, which he thought it was the POW camp from the movie.
Cody, and they crossed a bridge rigged to explode to get to their helicopter. Tugg asked to remain behind with the gang which he considers his family and fans but quickly returned when Flaming Dragon firing him. Four Leaf detonated the bridge allowing Tugg to reach safety, but as the helicopter took off, the gang fired an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly came out of the jungle carrying a TiVo box and throws it in the path of the RPG, saving them. The crew returned to Hollywood, where footage from the hidden cameras was compiled into a feature film, Tropic Blunder, which became a major critical and box office hit. The film made Tugg won
his first Academy Award, which Kirk presented to him at the ceremony and all of the actors presented as the audience.
The first reason why the researcher chose the film is that the film has received many good appreciations and it has many famous actors playing in it. The second reason is that the detail plot of the film. The theme of the film is interesting because it consists of social critics about filming in Hollywood. The critics are wrapped with action-comedy on the film. The last is, researcher found many slang expressions that are used in dialogue in the films. The slang that is found in the film is a kind of slang words that are unique according to researcher and it gives a challenge to translate it. The researcher limits the source of data only on the use of slang language.
seen when the viewers watch the film. The dialog has to be translated according to the viewers‟ need. The dialog is originally in English. If the viewers understand English well, they can understand well the dialogs that appear during the film. Problem will arise if the viewers do not understand English; they have to use their native language subtitle in order to understand the film. The problem arises when the subtitle does not match the accuracy and naturalness that the English subtitle has. Lost meaning can appear because of the techniques that the translator used when he translated the subtitle. This research is held in order to measure the accuracy and naturalness of slang language translation in the subtitle and the techniques that the translator used.
The reason why the researcher chooses only accuracy and naturalness is because the researcher thought these two factors are the most important aspect in Translation Quality Assessment. Accuracy dealt with the meaning between SL and TL. It means how far the meaning on the TL matches the original form on the SL. Then, naturalness deals with how the translation “tastes” like the TL. It means how
the native of the TL understand the translation as they understand if it is a literature in their own language, not a literature written in foreign language and be translated.
Based on the background and the focus of the research above, the formulation of problems in this research can be stated as follows:
2. How are the naturalness of expression represented in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling expressions of the English slang expressions of Tropic Thunder movie texts?
C.Research Objectives
According to the formulation of the research, the objectives of the research can be stated as follows.
1. to determine the extent of accuracy of slang expressions of English subtitle of Tropic Thunder movie that is represented in its Indonesian subtitle, and
2. to determine the extent of naturalness of slang expressions of English subtitle of Tropic Thunder movie that is represented in its Indonesian subtitle.
D. Research Significance
Based on the objectives of the study above, some benefits are;
1. Theoretical Significance
In this research, there are some theoretical research benefits that could be useful to the translation researchers in the future and Indonesian movie watchers.
b. This research will be useful for Indonesian movie watchers and literary works readers. It can give reference to enrich the knowledge about subtitle since the analysis of the Indonesian subtitle is still limited.
2. Practical Significance
In this research, there are some practical benefits that could be useful to support and enrich the material of translation.
a. The result of this research can give more information about slang translation and will support the translators to improve their ability to translate.
10 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Theoretical Description
1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
There are many definitions of translation that are stated by many experts. Larson (1984:3) defines translation as transferring the meaning of source language into receptor language. It means that the only thing that changes is the form, not the meaning. In her book Understanding Translation, Anne Schjoldager (2008: 19) says
that “a translation is a text that expresses what another text has expressed in another
language” while Nida (1969:12) states that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style. There are many more definitions of translation that are stated by many experts, but the meaning is simply the same although they used different words or sentences. The meaning wanted to deliver by those experts is translation is a work to transfer the meaning from one language (SL) to another language (SL).
Schjoldager 2008: 205). Subtitles appear on TV media, cinema, and films in form of text on the screen synchronized with dialogue in the film. Subtitle makes it easier for people who do not master English or other language to understand what the characters say.
In translation, the form of the words, sentence, or even paragraph can be changed, but the meaning or the message should be delivered precisely like the one in ST. This process is known as translation quality assessment. There is a way to evaluate or know the translation quality. The way is to make criteria for translation quality. Andersen (1998) in his article entitled „Perceived authenticity: The fourth criterion of good translation proposes that the fourth criterion for a good translation – in addition to accuracy, clarity and naturalness. Same as Andersen, Larson (Larson 2001:40) also stated that accuracy, clarity and naturalness are well-known criteria for an objective evaluation of a translation.
There are some difficulties to achieve a good translation. Moreover, language develops every day. The vocabulary is getting richer and richer and the difficulty to find the equivalent meaning or word in target language becomes more difficult.
b. Types of Translation
According to Jakobson (in Yusuf, 1994:18-19), there are three kinds of translation: intralingual translation, interlingual translation, and intersemiotic translation.
Intralingual translation is the type of translation which deals with translation of verbal signs that are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. Paraphrasing a poem in the same language or simplifying a novel also in the same language is the examples of this type of translation. Since it evolves only in the one language, it is also called monolingual translation.
Interlingual translation is the translation which refers to different languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. The message of a language is transferred into a different language in this type of translation. This is the kind of translation which is done more often. Translation of books, novel, dubbing and subtitling of movies into different languages are few examples of the type.
Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by any means of other sign of non-verbal sign system. There is transfer of message from the shapes of symbol and sign into the language or other shapes. Reading the newspaper, looking the sign of the traffic light, trying to understand a picture are examples of this type of translation that happen in our daily activity.
Word-for-word translation is a rank-bounded translation at word rank. In fact, this translation achieves equivalence including the morpheme. Literal translation is positioned between word and free translation. It may start from a word-for-word translation then make changes or adjustment in the target grammar.
c. Principles of Translation
Duff (1989:10-11) proposes some general principles that are supposed to be relevant to all translation:
(1) Translation should reflect the equivalent accurately for the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be transposed.
(2) The ordering of words and ideas in translation should match the original as closely as possible. This is probably crucial in translating legal document, guarantees, contract, etc. However, differences in language system related to the structure often require changes in the form and order of the words.
(3) The translator must recognize the level of formality in specific concept to distinguish between formal and fixed expression.
(4) To avoid to be influenced strongly by the original text is good way to produce a translation work that sounds natural. Set the text aside and translate a few sentences from the memory.
(5) The translator should not change the style of original text as much as possible, unless it is necessary such as, many repetitions or mistakes in writing.
(6) Idiomatic expression including similes, metaphor, proverb and saying, jargon, slang and colloquialism, and phrasal verb are often untranslatable. To solve the problem the translator can do the following steps:
(a) Keep the original form in comma.
(b) Keep the original expression, with literal explanation in the brackets.
d. Process of Translation
Nida and Taber (1969) offer some steps which can be used by the translator: 1) analysis, 2) transferring, 3) restructuring.
Figure 1. Process of Translation (Nida and Taber, 1969)
(1) Analysis
Analysis of the source language text is the first step for the translator in the process of translation. The translator should have the knowledge and master the linguistic and socio-cultural aspect of both languages. It is very crucial to analyze the content of the whole text. The process of analyzing in terms of linguistic means that the translator should master the structure, language style, semantics, idioms, etc. which is used in the SL text.
The other aspect of analysis is socio-cultural aspect. This is very crucial because the translation is not only translating text from SL to TL but SOURCE LANGUAGE
TEXT
ANALYSIS
TRANSFER
RESTRUCTURING TARGET LANGUAGE
also transfers the culture and values in the text. Mastery in this term can help the translator to understand the message of the content and make the translation work correctly.
(2) Transfer
In this step the translator begins to translate the SL text into the TL. The content of the message is transferred from language A (SL text) into language B (TL text). The translator must achieve the right equivalence for words, phrase, clauses, and sentences from the SL into the TL.
(3) Restructuring
Restructuring is the final step of the translation process. It is where the translator makes some correction and makes sure that all the messages are carried out the translation. Also the translation is fully acceptable in the TL.
e. Methods of Translation
The methods of translation used by the translator decide the quality and form of the translation. In doing translation, the translator must apply methods of translation. There are kinds of methods that stated by many experts. One of them is method stated by Larsson. According to Larson (1984:15) there are two kinds of translation, i.e:
2. Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in natural form of TL that was famous by name idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the TL, both in the grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. A truly translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the TL.
Nida and Taber agree with Larsson about the method, but they have their own concept. As cited by Simatupang (2000:9), the methods are literal translation and dynamic translation. The literal translation has the same concept as Larsson‟s form -based translation. However, the dynamic translation has the different concept from meaning-based translation. The dynamic translation concerns on meaning rather than form. It tries to make the translation as equivalence as in the TL.
Based on the explanation above, there are two translation methods should be applied by the translator in order to achieve a good translation. They are meaning based translation, proposed by Larson, and dynamic translation that was stated by Nida and Taber. Those methods are considered should be applied in doing translation.
2. Subtitle
a. Definitions of Subtitle
image (letters, inserts, graffiti, inscriptions, placards, and the like), and the information that is contained on the soundtrack (songs, voices off). Another definition is stated by Gotlieb (2001b:87) that subtitles consist of “the rendering in a
different language of verbal messages in filmic media in the shape of one or more lines of written text presented on the screen in sync with the original message”.
b. Types of Subtitling
The same like translation, subtitling has its own types too. Gotlieb (in Baker 2001:247) stated two types of subtitling:
1. Intralingual subtitling
Intralingual subtitling is a subtitle in the original language that includes subtitling of domestic programmes for the deaf and hard of hearing and subtitling of foreign language programmes for language learners. It is often called "captioning," and it is in prevalent use in television broadcasting.
2. Interlingual subtitling
c. Subtitle Translation
The essential thing that a subtitler should pay attention to when translating is the coherence between the SL and the TL. There are also space and time limits in subtitle. Subtitles should take up to two lines and no more than 39 characters per line. They should not last less than 1 second or more than 6, and they should have a minimun gap of 2 frames so viewers notice there has been a change of subtitles.
Reading speed is also another important aspect in subtitling. In a 6-second subtitle we can read much more text than in a 2-second one. The reading speed affects the level of understanding of the readers. If the subtitles change too quickly, the readers could have a difficult time to understand them.
Subtitles considerably reduce the actual dialogue simply to make the viewers easier to understand the movie without missing any action in the movie, stated by Antonini (2005:213). Furthermore, ideally, viewers should be reading and be able to simultaneously watch the movie, read the subtitles, and enjoy it unconsciously. The subtitling process involves three basic steps: elimination, rendering, and condensation.
d. Subtitling strategies
As the translation which has its own strategies, subtitling has its own strategies too. Gotlieb (1992) stated strategies in subtitling summarized in the table below.
Table 1. Gotliebs‟s Subtitling Strategies
Transfer A faithful transmission of the whole form and also message from SL (source language) into acceptable TL (target language) equivalent. Every single piece of original SL aspects, both from and message, are transmitted to and emanated by the TL
accurately.
Imitation Preservation of the original SL forms in the TL. This is in line with Larson's (1984) loan word to refer to the process of a adopting a foreign expression in the translation, which the target audience are not familiar with.
Transcription Preservation of irregularities, atypicalities, and peculiarities of SL elements in the TL.
Expansion Providing supplementary information in the translation due to the formal differences between two languages, in order to render the translation more comprehensible and acceptable in the target language.
Paraphrase Alteration of SL message into TL in order to provide an acceptable as well as TL form.
Dislocation Facilitating the change of a particular SL message into acceptable TL expression so that the translation will produce the same effect on the target audience.
Condensation Reduction of the SL message without reducing its meaningful content. However, all of the original message content is not lost.
Deletion Deliberate exclusion of part of the whole SL message,
especially less important aspects such as those having no verbal content, leaving the most important message to be expressed intact.
Decimation Extensive reduction of message which is followed by the reduction of its important expression and parts.
3. Slang language
Same as definition of translation, many experts have also tried to define the meaning of slang. Slang is a new language that developed by human needs to express their feelings and the sense of belonging to a certain group. It can be assumed that every community has its own slang language. Another definition is stated by an English professor Connie Eble (1996: 11). She presents her own definition of slang:
“Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to
establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness in society at large”. According to Eble, slang seems to serve a purpose which is the establishment of social identity for the speaker and the people with whom they are interacting. Moreover, Spolsky (1998:36) said slang is a feature of the speech of the young and powerness. Furthermore, according to Spolsky (1998:36) there are some characteristics of slang language:
(1) Slang is a kind of jargon marked by its rejection of formal rules. It is comparative freshness and its common ephemerality and its marked use to claim solidarity.
(2) Slang regularly transgresses other social norms, making free use of taboo expression.
(3) Slang arises as vocabulary which is used by a particular social group with specific purpose, for example as a device for familiarizing a conversation. (4) Slang comes in the form of new words with new meaning or old words with
4. Slang translation
Fawcett (1997: 118) stated translating slang is an enormously difficult task due to the fact that not only does the translator need to know the slang, the translator also needs to find out if the target language holds any concept that is similar to the slang term used in the ST. Slang, like idiom, cannot be translated literally. It needs a particular strategy to make the readers understand what the slang words actually meant because it is mentioned above that slang is a particular language used by particular community. It can be assumed that people outside the community will find it harder to understand the meaning of the slang word.
Example of slang is Bob’s Your Uncle. Bob‟s your Uncle generally means
that something is simple or easy or a “job done”. It is most likely that this expression
came about as a result of nepotism (family favoritism). In the late 1800s, Lord Salisbury was prime-minister of Great Britain. After his third term he was succeeded by his nephew Arthur. Arthur had been made Chief Secretary of Ireland in 1886 which caused some scandal. Suspicions arose that Robert was favoring his nephew
Arthur. The term “Bob‟s your uncle” could be used at the time as a sly reference to
this charge of nepotism.
5. Accuracy
According to Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997), accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of correspondence between the translated and original text. From the opinion, it can be assumed that accuracy deals with the equivalence. In addition, Larson (1984) stated accuracy deals with the meaning that is transferred between SL and TL. The translator, should achieve a fully equivalence between the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL) in order to achieve a fully accurate translation. Moreover, in a good translation, wrong, fuzzy, confusing, or different information must be avoided. Also stated by Larson, one way to check the level of accuracy is by comparing the translated text and the source text. The comparison includes the semantic comparison. Based on this method, the level of accuracy, i.e high level (accurate), medium level, and low level can be discovered.
(1) High Level
SL: Gross!
TL: Jijik!
The translation is considered has high level of accuracy. The consederation is made because the translation is fully equivalent with the expression in the SL. Although the technique that is used in the translation is imitation, which means the translator imitate the expression in the SL and rewrite it in the TL.
(2) Medium level
Medium level of accuracy is indicated by omission and addition in the translation. Omission deals with the deletion of parts or meaning on the translation. Meanwhile, addition deals with the adding some meaning in the translation. In some research, the terms of these two criteria are different. Omission usually called decrease meaning and addition usually called increased meaning.
Omissions mean there are parts of the text is omitted by the translator. The omissions technique is used when the translator assumes that the part of the translation is not needed or there is not such a concept of language in the TL. Some message can be loss when the translator uses the omissions technique. For example:
TL: Motown, ayo masuk ke helicopter butut ini! Cepat!
The translator omitted and changed the form of the phrase on the target language because the translator thought that it was not necessary and in the TL such a phrase is not exist. The omitted part does not change the meaning or the message conveyed by the sentence, though.
On the other hand, addition means that there are some parts that are added by the translator in the translation result. The addition technique can be used to explain some proper noun or to explain the meaning. For example:
SL: Whiskey Fire Old Snake requests an LZ prep…
TL: Whiskey Fire Old meminta tempat pendaratan disiapkan…..
The translator translated the phrase LZ prep into tempat pendaratan disiapkan. He expand the LZ word meana by translated it into tempat pendaraan. LZ
itself means Landing Zone. In the sentence, addition technique used to explain the meaning of the word.
(3) Low level of accuracy
The indicators of low level accuracy are zero meaning and different meaning.
Different meaning differs from zero meaning. Different meaning means there are no equivalence between the SL and TL but the translation still communicate and have a meaning. For example:
SL: I love the pussy, hell yeah!
TL: Aku suka perempuan
The meaning between the SL is differing from the meaning conveyed in TL. In SL the speaker did not mention anything about gender, but in the TL, the translator translated it into perempuan. It means the translator has different interpretation about the word.
6. Naturalness
SL: Delivery on five. I repeat, delivery on five.
TL: Bersiap menyerang, kuulangi, bersiap menyerang.
The translator used the phrase bersiap menyerang to translate the phrase
delivery on five. The phrase is more common used in Indonesia and when we translate the phrase literary it would become: pengiriman dalam lima. It would be
sounded “unnatural” to Indonesian people.
In this research, method the researcher used to determine the level of naturalness is by asking two respondents to read the translation of the slang expressions found in the movie. The readers are students from English Literature and take Translation as their concentration. Then, the level of naturalness is divided into three levels based on the judgment of the two readers. They are natural, less natural, and unnatural.
7. About Tropic Thunder
Tropic Thunder is a 2008 American action comedy film written,
co-produced, directed by, and co-starring Ben Stiller. The film also co-stars Robert Downey, Jr. and Jack Black. The story is about Ben Stiller's satirical look at Hollywood, Tropic Thunder concerns the production of an epic Vietnam War film that quickly derails thanks to the giant egos of everyone involved in the production.
fat comic also attempting to change his image by taking on such a serious film. They star alongside Kirk Lazarus (Robert Downey Jr.), one of the world's most awarded actors, and a man who insists on immersing himself totally in a role. In this case, that means Lazarus has had his skin dyed in order to portray an African-American soldier. Brandon T Jackson played as Alpa Chino, a rapper that promoting his drink product. Steve Coogan acted as Damien Cockburn, the director of the movie, and there was Tom Cruise played as Les Grossman.
The movie started in the making of Tropic Thunder, a book written by
Vietnam War veteran, John “Four Leaf” Tayback, into a movie. The problem arose
when rookie Director, Damien Cockburn could not control the actors who behave on their own way and the movie could not follow the initial schedule. The production was reported to be in one month behind schedule in the initial shooting. The producer, Les Grossman, got angry and ordered Cockburn to get the filming back into the track or he would cancel the filming.
that the actors are real American soldiers who came to catch them. The actors did not know the fact they dropped in the middle of Golden Triangle, where drug dealer named Flaming Dragon had its home base operation built in it. The actors started firing the drug dealers, thought that they were still filming and successfully drove the drugs dealer away thanks to the help of explosion effect that were set beforehand.
When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood tried to locate the dead director, they were captured by Flaming Dragon, it was time when Four Leaf revealed that he did not lost his arms in the war. As the actors continued through the jungle, Kirk and Kevin discover that Tugg was leading them in the wrong direction. Then, the rest of actors took the map from Tugg and left him alone to the direction which he thought the right one. Unfortunately, he was captured by Flaming Dragon and brought to their heroin factory, which he thought it was the POW camp from the movie.
quickly returned when Flaming Dragon firing him. Four Leaf detonated the bridge allowing Tugg to reach safety, but as the helicopter took off, the gang fired an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly came out of the jungle carrying a TiVo box and throws it in the path of the RPG, saving them. The crew returned to Hollywood, where footage from the hidden cameras was compiled into a feature film, Tropic Blunder, which became a major critical and box office hit. The film made Tugg won
his first Academy Award, which Kirk presented to him at the ceremony and all of the actors presented as the audience.
8. Previous Studies
There are two theses that became the reference to carry out the research. The first one is thesis written by Nor Fatikhah entitled The Accuracy and Readability of Rekso Translator Release 2.0 in English Bahasa Indonesia Translation. The thesis
discussed about the accuracy and readability of the translation of several English texts that translated using Rekso Translator application. The researcher takes the method and the parameter to measure the accuracy from the thesis. The differences between
Nor‟s thesis and this thesis are the method used and the target that want to be achieved. Nor‟s thesis used quantitative method, while this thesis used qualitative method. Then, Nor‟s thesis want to measure the accuracy and readability of the
The second reference is thesis written by Falla Nour Rohmah entitled
Subtitling Strategies of English Slang Expression in the Indonesian Subtitle of TV
Series: Hannah Montana Season 4. The thesis discussed about the subtitling
strategies used to translate the slang expressions found in the data sources. The researcher takes the subtitling strategies and kinds of slang as the reference to understand more about the subtitling and slang language. The difference lies in the
focus of the research. Falla‟s thesis focused on the subtitling strategies and kinds of
slang expression while this thesis more focused about to measure the accuracy and naturalness of the translation.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research adapts the theory proposed by Jakobson about translation. He divided translation into three parts, intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic translation. Intralingual translation deals with translation of verbal signs in the same language, intralingual translation deals with translation of verbal signs in different language. Meanwhile, intersemiotic translation deals with translation of verbal signs that converted into non-verbal signs.
The material used in the research was subtitle of movie entitled Tropic Thunder. Subtitling can be defined as "diasemiotic translation in polysemiotic media
(including films, TV, video and DVD), in the form of one or more lines of written text presented on the screen in sync with the original dialogue (Gottlieb:1996). Subtitling, according to Dries (1995), can be initially divided into two main
categories, “inter-lingual subtitling” and “intra-lingual subtitling”; inter-lingual
subtitling encompasses the communication “from one language into another language” and “from spoken dialogue into a written, condensed translation which
appears on the screen” (pp.26). There is condition in subtitling according to Gottlieb: time-and-space constraints of subtitling, which mean that no more than some 70 (alphanumeric) characters can be fitted into one subtitle, and that - in order to give viewers enough reading time - subtitles should be exposed at a pace not exceeding 12 characters per second. The condition is the aspect that makes many experts debating whether subtitle is a translation or not.
In the subtitle, the researcher only focuses on one linguistic aspect, which is slang. The researcher lists slang expression in the subtitle of the movie. Definition of slang stated by English professor Connie Eble (1996: 11) is: “Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or
reinforce social identity or cohesiveness in society at large”. According to Oxford
typically restricted to a particular context or group of people. In the subtitle, slang expression comes into forms of phrases and words.
Slang is kind of expression that cannot be translated literally. The researcher believes that the translator needs some kinds of technique to overcome the obstacle in translating slang expression. Then, there is a need to use some criteria to measure the quality of translation. Accuracy and naturalness are long known to be three criteria of good translation. Accuracy deals with the equivalence meaning between the ST and
the TT. Naturalness deals with whether the translation “sounds” natural in the TT.
Accuracy itself has four criteria to define whether the translation is accurate or not. The four criteria are divided into three levels are used to measure the degree of accuracy. Accuracy formulated by Larson (1984) where it is proposed that accuracy check for meaning could be performed only by a careful comparison of the source text and the semantic analysis. The criteria promoted by Larson are:
1. High level that consists of accurate translation 2. Medium level that consists of addition and omission.
3. Low level that consists of different meaning and zero meaning.
35 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Approach
The study aims to analyze and find out the degree of accuracy and naturalness in meaning of slang translation on Indonesian subtitle of Tropic Thunder movie. Thus, the research applies descriptive qualitative method that employs techniques of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Moleong (2001) states qualitative research is a research which describes and produces descriptive data consisting of written and spoken words. Besides, Arikunto (1998) states that in qualitative research, there is no hypothesis to be proven. It simply try to describe the phenomenon the researcher wants to discover. In other words, qualitative descriptive research is described the result of research with description rather than number and percentage.
research rather than numbers and percentage which is the basic presentation of quantitative method. Quantitative method was used in form of percentage to make the readers easier to understand the result of this research.
B. Data and Data Sources
The data of the research are slang expression units in English spoken expressions that are translated into Indonesiansubtitle. The expression units can be in forms of phrases or words which have appeared in the English subtitle movie entitled Tropic Thunder and its Indonesian subtitle as data source. The researcher chooses to
analyze all the slang expressions appeared on the movie.
According to Arikunto (1998:114-115), source of data is the subject from which data are taken. It can be person (people who give data through interview or answer the questionnaire), place (source of data which serves a certain situation), and paper (source of data which serves signs like letter, number, picture, etc.)
that the Tropic Thunder movie, which uses English, and its Indonesian subtitle are non-simultaneous translation. The movie used slang expressions a lot and in the translation process into Indonesian language, the message contained in those expressions could be lost. The researcher assumes it is necessary to analyze the accuracy and naturalness of the meaning. The data are collected by closely observing the slang expressions found in the movie as the SL and Bahasa Indonesia subtitle as TL.
C. Techniques and Instruments for Data Collection and Data Analysis
According to Moleong (1991:4), in qualitative research, the researcher himself or with the help of other people is the main data collecting instrument. Thus, the researcher himself is the instrument of the research. The design of the research was made by the researcher. The researcher also collects, analyzes, interprets data and reports the result of the research. Meanwhile, this study also uses additional instruments, such as the dictionaries, data sheet, and computer to collect and classify the data.
the personal judgment of the two readers. Further, in this research, they will be mentioned as Reader 1 and Reader 2.
The data are taken from slang expressions found in dialogues on Tropic
Thunder movie and its Indonesian subtitle. First, the researcher identified the slang expression in the dialogue and looked for the equivalence of meaning and its naturalness in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitle.
The data were analyzed using content analysis technique. The followings are the steps of data analysis:
1. The researcher watches the movie and reads its English and the Bahasa Indonesia subtitle repeatedly.
2. The researcher identifies and lists expressions which can be categorized as slang expressions.
3. The researcher analyzes the data by comparing the meaning accuracy and expression naturalness of the translation and the Bahasa Indonesia subtitle. 4. The researcher draws some calculation based on the result of analysis.
level of meaning accuracy and expression naturalness, Bungin‟s formula (2005:171)
is used. The following formula is:
n = Fx X 100% N
Where, n = percentage of the type
Fx = the number of the level of accuracy or naturalness N = total number of slang expressions found in the movie
D. Trustworthiness of the Data
Data trustworthiness is an effort to gain data reliability in qualitative research. Moleong (2001) states that the trustworthiness of data of research can be gained by conforming four criteria; they are credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability. Credibility serves as an inquiry to gain reliability. In achieving credibility, the researcher carried out deep and detailed observation of the data, so the data can be regarded credible. The researcher watches and reads the movie and its dialogue in both languages, English (source text) and Indonesia (target text), repeatedly in order to get the same conclusion; then, the data were matched with the formulation of the problem.
the researcher looked for some experts‟ judgment to confirm the obtained data. They
41 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Description of Accuracy and Naturalness
There are about 103 slang expressions that found in the Tropic Thunder movie text. They are the analysis of Accuracy and Naturalness of Bahasa Indonesia Subtitling Expressions of The English Slang Expressions in Tropic Thunder Movie Text. The data percentage of accuracy ad naturalness level can be seen in the table below.
No. Categorization Frequency Percentage
1. Accurate (high level) 41 39. 81 %
2. Omission (medium level) 14 13.59 %
3. Addition (medium level) 9 8.74 %
4. Different meaning (low level) 31 30.09 %
5. Zero meaning (low level) 8 7.77 %
Total 103 100%
omission has 13.59% or 14 expressions and addition has 9 expressions out of 103 expressions. On the other hand, low level of accuracy has total 37. 86%. It is divided into 30.09 % or 30 expressions for different meaning and 7.77% or 8 expressions for zero meaning. This shows the dominance of high level of accuracy or fully accurate. From 41 expressions that are reached accurate level, a lot of them are translated literally. So it matches between the SL and the TL.
No. Categorization Frequency Percentage
Reader 1 Reader 2 Reader 1 Reader 2
1. Natural 68 41 66.02% 39.81 %
2. Less Natural 29 42 28.16% 40.77 %
3. Unnatural 6 20 5.82% 19.42 %
Total 103 103 100% 100%
On the other hand, reader 2 judged there are many less natural translation of the slang expression. He pointed there are 42 out of 103 expressions or 40.77% that are translated less naturally. Then, he found that there are 41 expressions are translated naturally and 20 expressions are translated unnaturally 39.81% for natural and 19.42% for unnatural.
B. Discussion
The results above show us that the accuracy level has the highest frequency among the other levels. Meanwhile, according to reader 1 the natural level is most dominant, but according reader 2 the most dominant occurrence is less natural on the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling expressions of the English slang expressions of Tropic Thunder movie text. The results of the higher percentage are accurate with 40.19%,
natural according to reader 1 with 66.01% and less natural according reader 2 that has 40.77%. The findings imply that the translation of the slang expressions is accurately translated. According the reader 1 the translation is mostly translated naturally based on the context of the movie, but according to reader 2 the translated are translated less naturally based on the same reason.
1. Accuracy
There are three levels of accuracy; high level, medium level, and low level. Then, there are four indicators to determine the accuracy level. They are omission, addition, different meaning and zero meaning. Fully accurate is achieved when the translation of the SL is fully equivalent with the TL, both in terms of grammatical and contextual. The omission and addition are indicators for medium level accuracy. Then, different meaning and zero meaning are indicators for low level accuracy.
a) High level
High level is achieved when the SL and the TL are fully equivalent to each other, both grammatically and contextually. Grammatically means the expressions are appropriately translated according to the grammatical rules in the TL. While, contextually means the meaning of the translation is matched with the situation on the movie.
Table 1.
From the expression on the first columns, there is a literal translation of the expression on the SL into expression on the TL. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, gross means extremely unpleasant. Meanwhile, according to
KBBI, jijik means a very unpleasant feeling about something. Also, the meaning of the expression in the SL is equivalent with the meaning on the TL and on the context on the movie.
In the sample no. 2, the expression in the SL is translated literally into the TL.
On the SL, expression “at Alpha-Delta-two-four-eight-niner, over” is translated
into ” di Alfa-Delta-dua-empat-delapan-sembilan, ganti”. Therefore the expression
So, the translation is fully equivalent and accurate. The expression in the SL is especially used on military service to tell the coordinate location of one place.
In the sample no. 3, the slang expression on the TL has the meaning a place where someone stops. It can be interpreted as a place where the group on the movie arrived as they landed from the helicopter. On the TL, it is translated as tempat awal. Although the expression is not translated literally, but the meaning still equivalent with the SL because it still has the same meaning. Tempat awal also can be interpreted as a place where someone begins their journey, on the movie it is a place where the group started their shooting. So, the translation is fully accurate and matched contextually with the scene on the movie.
Then in the sample no. 4, the expression fellas has meaning a way to call a man, in this case a group of man, according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. It is considered a not formal language and only used by a particular
group. Therefore, on the TL, it is translated as teman-teman. The translator also translated the plural form into the TL. Although the term teman-teman is used daily by the speakers of the TL, not belongs to certain group, the meaning still equivalent with the SL. There is no loss or added meaning on the translation process and the translation is fully accurate.
insult a certain race by white race. On the TL, the expression is translated as negro. According to KKBI, negro means a black man. Although, the expression on the TL is not served as a way to insult certain race, but the meaning between the SL and TL is equivalent. So, the translation is still fully accurate and matched with the context on the movie.
b) Medium level
In analyzing the data, the researcher used two indicators. They are omission and addition. The table below shows the medium level of accuracy with those two indicators. The researcher put those expressions separately so it can be easier to analyze. The references of the analysis are Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, KBBI, and the context based on the movie.
i) Omission
Table 2
Source Language Target Language
Motown, get your Detroit jukebox Jheri curl ass in this chickenshit chop-chop! ASAFP!
Motown, ayo masuk ke helikopter butut ini! Cepat!
From this table, we can see the translator omitted the meaning and the grammatical of the SL and translated simpler expressions. On the first expression, the omitted part is the meaning. The translator changed the meaning of the expression into a simpler one. On the SL, the speaker said to the listener to get in to the helicopter, but with an insult expression. On the TL, it simply translated into ayo masuk. Still, it is a command expression, but there is a meaning loss on the translation
process. The urgency of the command on the SL is missing when it translated into the TL expression. On the second expression, the translator changed the grammatical structure of the expression. Expression ASAFP stands for As Soon As Fucking
Table 3
Source Language Target Language
Jack, stupid ass Jack. Jack, Jack yang bodoh.
This sentence omitted the level of stupidity of the person referred by the speaker. On the SL, expression stupid ass has the meaning a very stupid person. It can also be interpreted as an idiot person. Meanwhile, on the SL it is simply translated as bodoh. The level of stupidity is decreased as the translation process. According to KBBI, bodoh has the meaning as person who is hard to understand something. Yet, on the SL it can be interpreted as a person who is beyond stupid, so there is added word ass. The level of stupidity is loss on the process. Actually, there does exist such an expression to convey the full meaning of the expression on the SL, but the expression is not used by the translator.
Table 4
Source Language Target Laguage
You play ball, we play ball. Kau main, kami main.
the whole phrase, it would be an unnatural expression on the TL. The meaning of the
play ball itself is to take a part in an action. If the translator translated it literally, it would have a meaning memainkan bola. The translation might be matched with the SL but it would be unnatural on the TL because of the context on the movie.
ii) Addition
Addition means that there are some parts that are added by the translator in the translation result. The addition technique can be used to explain some proper noun or to explain the meaning. The translator can add some expressions that there are do not exist on the SL but always used on the TL. Moreover, the addition can be used as a way to make the readers understand the translation easier.
Table 5
Source Language Target Language
Whiskey Fire Old Snake requests an
LZ prep…
Whiskey Fire Old meminta tempat pendaratan disiapkan…..
From the table above, we could see the translator used addition to explain the meaning of the phrase. LZ is a military slang expression that has meaning Landing
TL. The translator expanded the translation of the expression so the readers can understand the meaning of the expression.
Table 6
Source Language Target Language
Right echelon approach from RP to LZ, acknowledge.
Eselon kanan mendekat dari titik berkumpul ke mendarat.
In the table above, we can see there are two expressions which are used abbreviation. They are RP and LZ. RP stands for Release Point and LZ stands for Landing Zone. The translator choose to increase the meaning of the translation by explain the meaning of the abbreviations. Release Point is translated into Titik Berkumpul and Landing Zone into mendarat. Although there is omitted meaning on
the latter expression, but the translations between SL and TL are equivalent.
Table 7
Source Language Target Language
You‟re sitting on a nest of hostile
enemy V.C.
Kau berada di dalam wilayah tentara Vietnam.
abbreviation, while in the TL it is translated as a phrase. The translator increased the meaning of the expression because such an expression does not exist on the TL. So, the translator explains the meaning of the abbreviation and translated it literally. It still natural and equivalent though.
c) Low Level
Low level accuracy has two indicators. They are different meaning and zero meaning. The tables below are some example of translations which have low level accuracy.
i) Different Meaning
Different meaning means there are no equivalence between the SL and TL but the translation still communicate in a way and have a meaning. The basic of the analysis is the meaning of the translation and based on the context on the movie. The translator translated the expression differently because sometimes the expression does not exist on the TL, so he translated it with his own interpretation
Table 8
Source Language Target Language
I love the pussy, hell yeah! Aku suka perempuan
We can see in the table above the expression on the TL is translated differently from the expression on the SL. According to Cambridge Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary, pussy means cat, while, on the TL it is translated into perempuan. On the slang term, pussy can have a meaning for woman‟s genital organ or having sex with woman. So, the translator used the meaning of the slang term in order to translate the expression. Although, the expression does not literally translated because of the norm issue but the meaning is fully carried to the TL. Still, the expression between the SL and the TL is differently translated. The expression also used in daily conversation on the TL.
Table 9
Source Language Target Language
Oh, Jesus! Holy shit! Ya Tuhan! Gawat!
is something related to God and shit has meaning the solid waste which is released from the bowels of a person or animal, according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. While, when it comes on the form of phrase, the meaning greatly change
become a saying to express surprise. On the TL, it is translated into gawat, it is a term to describe a terrible condition. The translator chose the word gawat out of any other Indonesian expressions used to describe surprise because of the context of the movie. The condition on the movie tend to be a condition where the speaker in a terrible condition, not in a surprise. The meaning between the SL and the TL is fully equivalent, although the meaning of the expressions is different.
Table 10
Source Language Target language
Get on that horn and get some firepower, boy!
Ambil radio itu dan minta perlindungan, nak!
In the table above, we can see two expressions that translated into the TL differently from the original meaning. The first expression is horn, according to
TL. Radio means a device to communicate with others, not a device to make some noise. Then, perlindungan means some kind of protection. The first expression is translated into radio because on some condition, noise also can be a way to communicate with others. Firepower is translated into perlindungan because with the ammunition the military has; they can give some kind of protection to their friends. There is a loss meaning in the translation process although the expression is translated naturally.
ii) Zero Meaning
Zero meaning means that there are no equivalence meaning between SL and TL. It happens when the form that used does not communicate any meaning at all. The expression in the SL and in the TL does not equivalent at all. Zero meaning can be happened because the expression in the SL does not exist on the TL, so the translator has to create a new expression in order to translate the expression.
Table 11
Source Language Target Language
Pop an ass open! Bukalah kalengnya!
kalengnya!. The translator interpreted the meaning of the expression and translated it
into expression that can be used on the TL. If the translator translated it literally, the expression cannot be understood by the readers because it has no meaning at all. The literally translated expression of the SL is not used daily in the TL so the readers of the TL cannot understand the meaning of the translation and the translated expression is cannot be used on the movie. The translator try to translate the expression by make the context on the movie (the scene) and the translation equivalent.
Table 12
Source Language Target Language
Stop tailgating me, you pasty tea bag! Berhenti mengikutiku, kau Inggris jelek!
annoyed by the person he spoke to. There is no equivalent between the SL and the TL because the translation does not carry the meaning from the SL to the TL.
2. Naturalness
Farahani (2005) defines naturalness as the extent to which a work of translation sounds natural in the target language. The translation should be as natural as possible in target language so the reader can easily understand the meaning of the text and can enjoy the translation. The possible way to check the value of naturalness is refer to native speaker of the language and ask their evaluation of the naturalness of the translation. The second way is to follow the grammatical rules in the target language. It is can only be done if the translator has a deep knowledge of the grammatical rules and the using of daily language of the target language.
The level of naturalness to be measured is divided into three categories. They are natural, less natural, and natural. The researcher asked two students of English Literature who took Translation discipline to judge the level of naturalness. They judged the level by comparing the slang expression in the SL and the TL and according to the context of the scene in the movie.
a) Natural
The natural level means the translation of the SL expression “sound” like the
movie, whether the expression matched with the context or not. The table below shows the highest level of naturalness can be found on the translation.
