A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature Study Program
Written By:
HILMA AULIA TEJAWATI 09211144014
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature Study Program
Written By:
HILMA AULIA TEJAWATI 09211144014
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
2016
MOTTOS
You can do anything only if you believe in yourself.
- Anonymous
Happiness can be found even in the darkest of times, if one only
remembers to turn on the light.
- Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore
Judge nothing, you will be happy, forgive everything you will
be happier, love everything you will be happiest.
- Anonymous
DEDICATIONS
This thesis is especially dedicated to my beloved Ibu and Bapak for
their never ending support, unconditional love, and prayer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahi Roobbil’aalamin , all praise be to Allah SWT, the
Almighty for all blessings and grace without which I would have never completed
this thesis. I realize that I would not be able to complete this thesis without
contribution, guidance, patience, and support of the following people. Thus, I
would like to express my gratitude to:
1. my beloved parents, Ibu Wiwik and Bapak Prawoto, and my brother,
Halim, who always give me love, supports, and prayers that can
encourage me to finish this thesis;
2. Bapak Drs. Asruddin B Tou, M. A as my first supervisor and Bapak
Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, S.S., M.Hum as my second supervisor, who
have shared their valuable time, knowledge, and guidance with all the
patience and wisdom during the process of accomplishing this thesis;
3. Ms. Nandy Intan Kurnia, S.S., M.Hum. as my academic consultant for
giving me academic advices every semester;
4. all lecturers of the English Education Department, for giving me
knowledge and guidance during my academic years;
5. almarhumah mamah Ana and papah Joko, for the supports, advice, and
guidance;
6. my cousin Tika nur aini who always give me supports during my
difficult time, love and encouragements;
7. my unbiological brothers and sister, member of ex-kontrakan demangan
09, Tanin, Wee, Acil, Ibnu, Aris, Shindu, Om suko, Didon, Dicky,
Alwi, and Asep, for the supports, bullying, advice, friendship, and
encouragements;
8. my close friends on the same struggle: Rosma, Rissa, Dita, and Zukki
who always supports me and helps me during my academic years,
Katrin and Lia who already graduated, for never ending supports to me;
9. Bahagia Bersama team, Rico, Etha, Anggun, Edo, Vinn, Emmilia,
Astri, Uchii, Apan, Nia and others who always supports me and remind
me to finish my thesis;
10. The seaman, for the encouragements, supports, and for being my mood
booster;
11. Pupud and Galuh for the supports and help me finish this thesis;
12. all people who have helped and supported me whose name I cannot
mention one by one.
Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I
am looking forward to constructive criticisms for the betterment of this thesis.
Yogyakarta, August 18th, 2016
Hilma Aulia Tejawati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL ... ii
RATIFICATION... iii
PERNYATAAN... iv
MOTTOS ...v
DEDICATION... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xi
ABSTRACT ... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ...1
B. Reseacrh Focus ...3
C. Research Objectives ...4
D. Research Significance...5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Theoretical Review...6
1. Translation ...6
a. Notions of Translation ...8
b. Types of Translation ...8
c. Process of Translation...9
2. Meaning Equivalence ...10
3. System of Mood Grammar ...12
a. Modality...13
b. Modality in Bahasa Indonesia...20
4. Subtitling ...25
5. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows ...27
B. Conceptual Framework ...28
C. Analitycal Construct...39
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Type ...41
B. Data and Data Sources ...41
C. Data Collection Techniques ...42
D. Research Instruments ...42
E. Data Analysis Techniques ...44
F.Trusworthiness...44
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings...46
B. Discussion ...54
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ...73
B. Suggestion ...74
REFERENCES ...76
APPENDICES ...77
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
A. Figures
Figure 01. Process of Translation ...9
Figure 02. Modality System ...14
Figure 03. Analytical Construct ...40
B. Tables Table 01. Speech Function and Speech Role ...13
Table 02. The Degree of Probability... 15
Table 03. The Degree of usuality ... 16
Table 04. The Degree of Obligation ... 18
Table 05. The Degree of Inclination ... 19
Table 06. Three ‘values’ ... 20
Table 07. Modalitas Intensional Realizations... 21
Table 08. Modalitas Epistemik Realizations ... 22
Table 09. Modalitas Deontik Realizations ... 23
Table 10. Modalitas Dinamik Realizations ... 24
Table 11. Types and Degrees of Modality ... 25
Table 12. The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Text ... 43
Table 13 The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation Realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Texts. ... 47
Table 14. The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the English movie texts as the Source Text ... 48
Table 15. The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia movie texts as the Target Text ... 50
Table 16. The Degree of the Interpersonal Meaning Equivalence of the Modalization and Modulation Realizations ... 52
MODALIZATION AND MODULATION EXPRESSIONS OF THE
ENGLISH-BAHASA INDONESIA IN GUY RITCHIE’S
SHERLOCK HOLMES: A GAME OF SHADOWS MOVIE TEXTS By: interpersonal meaning equivalence to their expressions.
The research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected manually from the DVD of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. The data in this research were clause units which containing modalization or modulation expressions. This study is conducted by some procedures. First, the researcher watched the movie. Second, the researcher listened to the dialogues of English in the movie to make English transcript as text 1. Third, the researcher made a transcript of Bahasa Indonesia movie text by type down the text below the screen as the text 2. The last, classified and analyzed the expressions of the data in terms of modalization and modulation in both texts using the data sheets.
The results of this research show that the modalization or modulation expressions are mostly realized into modalization and modulation expressions in Bahasa Indonesia. As the source text, the English text consists of realized form 205 cases. In the Bahasa Indonesia text, the realized form achieved 180 cases and the unrealized form achieved 25 cases. From 193 data, there are 184 of the data in this research belong to equivalent (fully equivalent is 113 data and partly equivalent is 71 data). This finding indicates that the translation of modalization and modulation expressions in Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is acceptable for Indonesian viewers.
Keywords: modality, modalization, modulation, realized, unrealized, meaning equivalent.
A. Research Background
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Communication is a part of human’s life. To share their ideas, opinions,
knowledge, experience, and information, people use language. By using language,
they do some kinds of communication activity. Problems may occur when people
speak to other people who have different culture and language. It needs a media to
deliver a message in one language to another language, so that the message can be
well understood. The act of ranslation is needed for the solution.
Translation has played an important role in human being’s activity since
it helps people to share their ideas to other people, who have different cultural or
linguistic background. In written contexts, for example, translation is an activity
of transferring source language (SL) texts to equivalent target language (TL) texts
in order to reproduce texts in the same or in different languages and thus making
them available to wider readers. This activity may involve one or more languages.
Therefore, it is very important to master both the source and target language well.
The activity of translation does not only occur in the printed media such
as books, magazines, newspaper, but also in the electronic media such as
television, radio, and mobile phone. Nowadays, translation in the electronic media
is getting more and more popular. One of them is in the movies or film. This is
often called audiovisual translation (AV Translation).
Many kinds of information are transferred through audio-visual media.
It means that translation of audio-visual is essentially needed. So far, subtitling is
known as the technique of audio-visual translation. Subtitling is needed to transfer
the dialogue into different languages by using text below the screen. Subtitling
deliver the messages of audio-visual media such as movies or TV programs to the
target viewer in their languages, so the viewers can understand the message of the
movies or TV programs.
In particular, movie grows to be a favorite program for many people,
because they can understand the plot or thing in an easier and more enertaining
and interesting way than other programs. Movie becomes very popular and
catches people’s attention in different ways, because it develops to be a higly
influential and extremely powerful medium for transferring values, ideas, and
information.
Movie often applies subtitling techniques, it represent a good
translation from the original language text, English into target text, in this case
Bahasa Indonesia. When the characters in the movie doing conversation with
others character they express interpersonal meaning which can be related to mood
grammar. They exchange information and it means that they are arguing about
wether something is or is not. The characters use many kinds of expressions to
share their ideas, opinions, advices, etc. When they use these kinds of expression,
they are using the aspect of modality. Furthermore, when they show some
expressions of usuality, obligation, or an imperative statement, they are using
The grammatical realization of modalization and modulation
expressions may vary from one movie text to another, including Sherlock Holmes:
A Game of Shadows movie text. The researcher takes the movie because problems
are revealed in the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts of Sherlock Holmes: A
Game of Shadows. The problems are related to the modality that actually belongs
to mood grammar.
Besides problems that revealed in the movie text, Sherlock Holmes: A
Game of Shadows movie give us enormous pleasure since the movie is not only
telling about a story, but also showing us the beautiful background of the city of
London in the past. It is also interesting to see how Holmes reveals mistery and
resolves the case. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-
American action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie. It is a sequel to the 2009
film Sherlock Holmes, based on the character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
The screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney.
B. Research Focus
There are more problems related to the modality which are revealed in
the English-Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts.
However, at first, modality actually belongs to mood grammar. Mood grammar
represents to the interpersonal meaning in language.
Modality has two types: Modalization and Modulation. Generally,
when a movie text is translated in another language the problem of modality is
meaning than before modalization can be applied by people to argue the
probability and ususality in their conversation, and when they do command or
give an offer about something to others trough their communication, they have
represented obligation and inclination as modulation. The researcher found some
problems of modalization and modulation expressions on the subject Sherlock
Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts.
In this study, the researcher tended to realize a deep and sharp analysis,
so she limited the modalization and modulation expressions occuring in the
sentences of the English-Bahasa Indonesia as the focus. After the explanation
above, the researcher formulated some problems of modalization and modulation
expression of the subject English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A
Game of Shadows movie texts as follows.
1. How are the Modalization and Modulation Expressions in Sherlock
Holmes: A Game of Shadows English movie texts realized in the
Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts ?
2. To what extent do the expressions in question represent their
interpersonal meaning equivalence?
C. Research Objectives
The objectives of the research are:
1. to describe the realization of English-Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock
Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts in terms of modalization and
2. to analyze the extent of the interpersonal meaning equivalence to their
expressions.
D. Research Significance
The result of this research will give some significance as written below:
1. this study may give contribution for students in English Department,
especially for those who are interested in translation especially in terms
of modalization and modulation. The study of modality needs more
attention beacuse of its importance and its complexity, especially in the
form of translating movie text;
2. this study can be a reference for students who are going to conduct
research in the same field;
3. hopefully, the research finding will be useful on finding a motivation
for the other researchers to conduct other researches concerning
A. Theoretical Review 1. Translation
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
a. Notions of Translation
Translation is a process of translating text from a language to another to
make people understand the information of the text without necessarily learning
the source language first. Translation has various definitions depending on the
experts who give such a definition.
Practically every definitions of translation emphasize how one
particular language deals with other languages. More specifically, it solves the
problem of diversity among languages. Nida in Machali (1998:1) describes that
translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly
in terms of style. Looking at the definitions above, it can be said that translation is
a process to transfer the same message from a SL to a TL with the closest natural
meaning.
Moreover, Munday (2001:5) says that the term translation refers to the
general subject field, the product and the process. Translation as a product is the
text that has been translated. It centers on translation product produced by
translator. Translation as a process focuses on the act of producing the translation.
It focuses on the translator‟s activity to translate. It deals with the role of translator
in transferring meaning and message. Additionally, the process of translation
between two different languages involves the activity of translator conveying
message of source text in the source language into target text in different language
or the target language.
Translating is not only about transferring languages but also about
cultures. “Translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into
another, it is now rightly seen as a process of negotiation between texts and
between cultures, a process during which all kinds of transactions take place
mediated by the figure of the translator.” (Bassnett, 2002: 6). Similarly, on their
book, A Companion to Translation Study, Piotr Kuhiwczak and Karin Littau
(2007: 23) describe translation is not only about language but also culture, for the
two are inseparable. A translator needs to know the language as well as the culture
of the country of the information or text from that he would like to translate.
The cultural aspect is very important in translation because culture is
embedded in language. Mostly, the information that people would like to transfer
are in texts, whether it is from books, articles, brochures, or anything else. From
texts, linguistic acts take place in a context and texts are created in a continuum or
one series.
The culture in translation studies reflects the culture in other disciplines,
which is an unavoidable result of the need for greater intercultural awareness in
the world. It gives people a chance to understand more about the complexities of
textual transfer, about what happens to texts as they move into new contexts, and
the rapidly changing patterns of cultural interaction in the world where people
Lastly, the definition of translation in general dictionary, is defined as:
(1) the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another
language (2) a text of work that has been changed from one language into another
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). However, all of those definitions of
translation above which is say that translation must deal with two or more
different languages can be categorized into, according to Jakobson in
Bassnett, (2002:23), interlingual translation that will be explained in the
following discussion
b. Types of Translation
Roman Jakobson in his seminar paper ‘On linguistic aspects of
translation’ (cited in Bassnett 2002:23), distinguishes three types of translation:
1) Intralingual Translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of other signs of the same language.
2) Interlingual Translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of some other language.
3) Intersemiotic Translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of signs of nonverbal sign systems
Firstly, intralingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of other signs of the same language. It occurs when an expression or text
are rephrased in the same language in order to explain or clarify something said or
written. In addition, interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of some other languages, for example, English into Bahasa Indonesia.
signs of non-verbal signs. It occurs when written text was translated, for example,
into music, film, or painting.
c. Process of Translation
Process of translation is an activity of a person (translator) when doing
translation. Nida has three steps of translation process that can be used by a
translator: 1) analysis, 2) transferring, and 3) restructuring (1975: 80). The scheme
can be seen below:
Source Language
Receptor Language
Text Translation
Analysis Transfer Restructuring
Figure 01. Process of Translation (Nida, 1975: 80)
Nida states, “the process of analysis is, however, relatively complex,
for they involve at least three different sets of features: the grammatical
relationships between constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic
units, and the connotative values of the grammatical structures and the
semantic units.” (1975:80). Each step can be explained as follows:
1) Analysis : In this phase, the translator must be understand the content or
the message, and the meaning of the source language text based on the
context, to decide the right word in translating. Therefore, the translator
2) Transfer : In this phase, a translator translates the analyzed meaning of
the original language into the target language.
3) Restructuring : A translator checks the transferred text or the message
in the target language. Therefore, it will looks natural and readable for
the target reader.
Alexander Fraser Tytler (in Bassnett, 2002: 69) in his The Principles of
Translation as the first systematic study in English of the translation processes
sets up three basic principles.
1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the
original work.
2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with
that of the original.
3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
2. Meaning Equivalence
A key concept in translation is equivalence and this helps establish our
approach to translation. Equivalence centers on the processes interacting between
the original Source text and Target Text.
The comparison of a translation text from different languages needs to
be equivalent to the SL. Translation is about to transfer a text from SL to TL with
the same exact meaning with the same or different form. A translator needs to
Munday (2001:37) states that for the message to be equivalent in ST
and TT, the code-units will be different since they belong to two different sign
systems or languages, which partition reality differently. Every language has their
own system or form on grammatical, so the equivalent message in ST and TT will
be different.
For Tytler (in Venutti, 1995:68), the aim of translation is the production
of an equivalent effect that transcends linguistic and cultural differences:
I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
The “merit” or advantage of the foreign text, and the defects of
attempts to reproduce it in translation, are accessible to all, because, in so far as
reason and good sense afford a criterion, the opinion of all intelligent readers will
probably be
uniform.
Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely
formal equivalence (respondence) and dynamic equivalence. Formal
correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a
SL word or phrase. Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle
according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in
such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience
as the original wording did upon the ST audience.
In his definition of translation equivalence, Popovič (in Bassnett,
1) Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic
level of both SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.
2) Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the
elements
of a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e. elements of grammar,
which
Popovič sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence.
3) Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional
equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an
expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning‟.
4) Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the
syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
3. System Mood of Grammar
When two people exchange information, the language they use to each
other is the part of interpersonal meaning. In this study, the interpersonal meaning
deals with the system mood of grammar. Sinar (2002:45) says that the
interpersonal meaning of language (clause) in its function as an exchange, in
which clauses of exchange representing the speech role relationship, is realized by
the mood system of language (clause).
A clause refers to propositions when it is used to exchange information.
This speech function can be realized by questions and statements. Afterwards,
when a clause is used to exchange goods and services, it refers to proposal. This
speech function can be realized by offering expressions. Below is the table of
Table 01: Speech Function and Speech Role
He’s giving her teapot.
(ii) demanding „
command‟
Give me the teapot!
„question‟
What is he giving her?
Source: Halliday and Mathiessen (2004:107)
Halliday (1985:68) states that the most primary types of speech role
when people interact one another are: (i) giving and (ii) demanding through
exchanging of expressions of utterances, that can be (1) goods and services and
(2) information. These two variables define the four primary speech functions of
offer, command, statement, and question. When people exchange information, the
language they use to one another is the part of interpersonal meaning, which is
doing function of language.
a. Modality
Webster (1981:1451) states modality is the quality of being modal, or
the qualification of logical propositions according to which they are distinguished
as asserting or denying the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of
their content.
According to Bell (1991:146), modality is a part of the mood system,
which provides option for expressing opinions on the probability of proposition
Halliday (1985:335) states that modality refers to the area of meaning
that lies between yes or no. the intermediate ground between positive and negative
polarity. Halliday also states that modality is the speaker‟s judgment of the
probabilities, usualities, or the obligations involved in what the people saying. In
our everyday communication, some statements or utterances cannot be expressed
by just „yes‟ or „no‟. There degrees between „yes‟ or„no‟.
1. modalization i probability (may be)
(indicative type) ii usuality (sometimes)
modality
2. modulation i obligation (is wanted to)
(imperative type) ii inclination (wants to)
Figure 02. Modality System (Halliday 1985:335) 1) Modalization
Halliday (1985:86) states that modalization is one part of the
grammatical area of modality. It has to do with the different ways in which
language users can intrude on his/her message expressing attitudes and judgments
of various kinds. When modality is used to argue about the probability or
frequency of propositions, it is referred as modalization.
Modalization is part of modality which is used to argue about the
A proposition is something that can be argued in particular way. When there is an
information exchange, it means arguing whether something IS or IS NOT.
Modalization is always expressing the implicit judgment of the speaker
because it is the way the speaker getting into the text expressing a judgment about
certainty, likelihood, or frequency of something happening or being. The
expressions of modalization can cover mood adjunct and modal auxiliaries.
Modalization involves the expression of probability and usuality. Modalization
involves the expressions of (i) probability and (ii) usuallity. Eggins (1994:179)
argues that probability is where the speaker expresses judgments as to the
likelihood or porbability of something happening or being. Usuality is where the
speaker expresses judgments as to the frequency with which something happen.
a) Probability
It occurs when there is an expression of judgments to the likelihood or
probability of something happens. Eggins (1997:100) ranges the degrees of
probability from “high” which means almost certain to “low” that means
very
uncertain it can be. It can be illustrated as follows.
Table 02: The Degree of Probability
Expression Degree
He eats two apples. positive polarity
He must definetely eats two apples. modalized: high probability
He might possibly eats two apples. modalized: low probability
Source: Eggins (1997:100)
b) Usuality
It occurs when there is an expression of judgments to the frequency of
something happens. Eggins (1997: 102) ranges the degree of usuality from
“high” that means always done to “low” which means never done or almost
never done.
It can be illustrated as follows.
Table 03: The Degree of Usuallity
Expression Degree
He plays badminton. positive polarity
He always plays badminton. modalized: high usuallity
He usually plays badminton. modalized: medium usuallity
He sometimes plays badminton. modalized: low usuallity
Source: Eggins (1997:102)
Both probability and usuallity can be expressed in some three ways:
I. By a finite modal operator in the verbal group
That will be my car.
II. By a modal adjunct of probability or usuallity
That is probably my car.
III. By both together
2) Modulation
Halliday (1985:86) calls modulation as the way speakers express their
judgment or attitudes about actions and events. When people exchange goods and
services in their communication activity, the clauses takes the form of proposal.
Semantically, modulation has meaning of command, although it may be
grammatically declarative structure clause. Modulation is not always represented
by command structure clause. As a part of interpersonal realization, modulation
always has something to do with demanding direction, advice, permission,
undertaking, or capability.
Modulation is an expression of asking, direction or expression of our
willingness to get somebody to do something. These can be represented into
asking for someone, offering declarative statement, advice statement, or even
direct imperative statement. Modulation has two types:
a) Obligation
It occurs when the speaker gives a command about something to
another that must be done. Eggins (1997:102) ranges the degree of obligation
from unmodulated positive statements to unmodulated negative statement. It can
Table 04: The Degree of Obligation
Expression Degree
Do it. unmodulated: positive
You must do it.
modulated:high obligation: directive It is required that you do it.
you are required to do it.
You will do it.
modulated: medium obligation: advice You are supposed to do it.
It is expected that you do it.
You may do it.
modulated: low obligation: permission You are allowed to do it.
It is permitted that you do it.
Don‟t do it. unmodulated:negative
Source: Eggins (1997:102)
b) Inclination
It represents the speaker who has a tendency in doing something from
his or her own feeling. Eggins (1997:102) traces inclination through the
intermediate stages of conviction (high modulated), attitude (medium), and
Table 05: The Degree of Inclination
Expression Degree
I will study biology next year. unmodulated: positive
I‟m determined to study biology next
year. inclination: high modulated: conviction
I‟m keen to study biology next year.
I won‟t study biology next year. unmodulated: negative
Source: Eggins (1997:102)
Both inclination and obligation can be expressed in either of two ways:
I. By a finite modal operator
You should obey the rules.
II. By an expansion of the predicator
(i) Typically by a passive verb, you’re supposed to obey the rules.
(ii) Typically by an adjective, i’m anxious to help.
The degree of value of modalization and modulation can be divided into three
calssification. Those are high, medium, and low. Below is the table of
Table 06: Three ‘values’
Degrees Probability Usuality Obligation Inclination
high certain required required determined
medium probable usually supposed keen
low possible sometimes allowed willing
Source: Halliday and Mathiessen (2004:620)
b. Modality in Bahasa Indonesia
The term of modality also found in the grammatical of Bahasa
Indonesia.According to Hasan Alwi (1990), in Bahasa Indonesia, modality in the
dialogues consists of four kinds. They are modalitas intensional, modalitas
epistemik, modalitas deontic, and modalitas dinamik.
1) Modalitas Intensional (Intentional Modality)
In this kind, modality has the meaning of feelings, willingness, hope for
future, a tendency, the need for future time, offering dialogues, and asking
dialogues. Alwi propose intentional modality as follow:
c. kadar ‘maksud’
the difference between hendak and mau is that hendak ususally used
in writing while mau usually used in oral.
III. Mau is asserting ‘kemauan’ and ‘keakanan’
2) Modalitas Epistemik (Epistemic Modality)
This kind of modality offers possibility, future condition, showing
requirement condition, showing certain condition. In showing requirement
condition, means something must be done accurately. In showing certain
condition, it contains the meaning of reliability and certainty.
According to Coates in Hasan Alwi (1990:117), epistemic modality is
an assumption or judgment of the speaker to the possibilities which describe
certainty and uncertainty to the thruth or presumption. Alwi enlist the words in
epistemic modality as follows:
sepatutnya
3) Modalitas Deontik (Deontic Modality)
This kind of modality offers permission, allowance, showing something
must be done. Something must be done because there is instruction to do it. On
the contrary, deontic modality also means that something may not be done or in
the form of prohibition order. Hasan Alwi listed deontic realizations as follows:
No. Makna Pengungkap Modalitas
1. ‘kemampuan’ dapat
bisa
mampu sanggup
4) Modalitas Dinamik (Dynamic Modality)
This kind of modality offers the meaning of capability in doing
something. It means that someone has capability to do the instruction or showing
the ability. Alwi propose a dynamic realizations as follows:
Table 10: Modalitas Dinamik realizations, Hasan Alwi (1990:320)
Source: Hasan Alwi (1990:320)
Referring to Halliday (1994), Saragih (2001: 79) defines modality as
the views, personal opinions, attitudes or comments to the speaker‟s exposure
experience that conveyed in the interaction. Saragih (2001:80) states that based on
its type, modality can be divided into modalisasi (modalization) and modulasi
(modulation).
1) Modalisasi (Modalization)
Modalisasi (modalization) is an opinion or personal considerations of
the speaker on the proposition of the expressing or asking information. Saragih
added that modalisasi consists of:
a) Probabilitas (Probability)
b) Keseringan (Usuality)
Modulasi (modulation) is an opinion or personal consideration of
proposals of the offering or requesting the goods and services. Saragih added that
modulasi consists of:
a) Keharusan (Obligation)
b) Kecenderungan (Inclination)
Table 11: Types and Degrees of Modality
Modalitas (Modality)
emodality, basically, consists of two parts that are modalization and modulation.
characters. As a rule, subtitles are placed at the bottom of the picture and are
either centered or left-aligned.”
Compared to dubbing, subtitling is a simpler and cheaper method in
learning of language transfer. There are many techniques or strategies of inserting
subtitles onto the film developed by scholars. The aim of studying that strategies
or techniques is to help the translator identify which appropriate strategies to
employ the informational content in subtitling more effectively.
Gottlieb‟s (in Ghaemi and Benyamin 2010: 42) translation strategies for
subtitling films are as follows:
1) Expansion is used when the original text requires an explanation
because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language.
2) Paraphrase is resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original
cannot be reconstructed in the same syntactic way in the target
language.
3) Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source text completely
and accurately.
4) Imitation maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and
places.
5) Transcription is used in those cases where a term is unusual even in the
source text, for example, the use of a third language or nonsense
6) Dislocation is adopted when the original employs some sort of special
effect, e.g., a silly song in a cartoon film where the translation of the
effect is more important than the content.
7) Condensation would seem to be the typical strategy used, that is, the
shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way possible.
8) Decimation is an extreme form of condensation where perhaps for
reasons of discourse speed, even potentially important elements are
omitted.
9) Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text.
10) Resignation describes the strategy adopted when no translation solution
can be found and meaning is inevitably lost.
As a result, when it comes on translating in subtitling, the translator
needs to concern about which subtitling strategies that he/she used, in order to
keep the meaning effect in the subtitle translation. But the subtitles cannot
predictable whether the meaning effect tends to be preserved or lost in subtitles. It
depends on the strategies that translator used.
5. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Movie
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-American
action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, Lionel
Wigram, Susan Downey and Dan Lin. It is a sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock
Holmes, based on the character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The
screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney. Robert
Watson and were joined by Noomi Rapace as Simza and Jared Harris as Professor
Moriarty.
Sherlock Holmes is investigating terrorist attacks in London alone since
his old partner Dr. John Watson will get married a few days later with Mary. His
investigations point to Professor James Moriarty as the person responsible for the
explosions. Moriarty warns that he considers the Watsons a legitimate target for
his retaliation against the detective, Holmes must save them and get John involved
in one last case. When Dr. Watson and Mary are attacked in the train while
traveling for their honeymoon in Brighton, Holmes delivers Mary to the
protection of his brother Mycroft. After that, they join the Roma lady Madam
Simza Heron's quest to find her missing brother, Renee, who may be the key to
defeating Moriarty. Soon Holmes and Dr. Watson disclose that Professor Moriarty
has bought arms and ammunition factories and is trying to start a war in Europe
killing political leaders and politicians. Now Sherlock and Watson have to stop
Moriarty and his dangerous associate, the skilled former Colonel Sebastian Moran
to avoid the imminent war.
B. Conceptual Framework
This study applied the Systemic Functional Linguistics developed by
Halliday (1994). The conception of modalization and modulation analysis is
fulfilled by the theory of modality. Halliday classifies semantic, lexigo grammar,
and phonology or graphology as the three levels of language. Semantic is a system
textual meaning. Lexico grammar deals with word system which are included
grammar and lexis. Phonology or graphology deals with sounding and writing.
The analysis of features and representation of modalization and
modulation expressions is identified from the realization of the English dialogue
that change to graphic and Bahasa Indonesia movie subtitle. The realization deals
with lexico grammar which is classified into realized and unrealized form. The
realized form occur when modalization and modulation expressions in the English
taxt as the source text are represented into Bahasa Indonesia subtitle as the
translated text. In this case, the process of shifting in which two sentences on the
English text are translated into one sentence in Bahasa Indonesia text may occur.
On the other hand, unrealized forms occur when modalization and modulation
expressions in the English text are not represented in Bahasa Indonesia text.
In the analysis, three levels of realized form are stratified. They are
high, medium, and low. The explanation about each degree will be discussed as
follows:
1. Realized Expreesion
This occurs when the modalization or modulation expressions in the
English text as the phonic channel is represented in the Bahasa Indonesia as the
graphic channel. In this case relating to the degree of high, medium, and low,
either explicating or even implicitly, it is occurs when an expression in a sentence
is implied by the previous or next sentences. The degree of high, medium, and
low of those expressions will be explained below.
1) Probability
It shows when someone states a condition or something that will
happen in future. Probability degree is divided into three levels. Those are high,
medium, and low. The explanation will be discussed below.
a) High Degree
It occurs when someone who conveys or tries to convince something or
condition that will be happened certainly. Therefore he or she expresses
probability on the high degree. It can be represented by words certainly, must be,
believe, definetely, can’t, couldn’t, and of course. In Bahasa Indonesia, it can be
represented by pasti, tentu, niscaya, tentunya, tak salah lagi, percaya, tidak bisa,
and yakin.
Example:
ST: It must be your bag.
TT: Ini pasti tasmu.
b) Medium degree
It occurs when someone expresses something in the range of yes or no.
It is usually used when he or she conveys his or her opinion. It can be used by the
words will, probably, seem, think, will be, and words that realize probability in
medium degree. While in Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by kira-kira,
belum tentu, pikir, tampaknya, agaknya, rupanya, konon, sepertinya,
Example:
ST: It seems that he can‟t do it.
TT: Kelihatannya, dia tidak bisa melakukannya.
c) Low degree
It shows someone expression who has a little or weak certainly in his or
her statement. The word may be, guess, perhaps, might, can, and possibly can be
one of representations. In Bahsa Indonesia it can be represented by kalau-kalau,
barangkali, bisa jadi, mungkin, kemungkinan, dapat, bisa, bisa saja, boleh,
rasanya, duga, kalau saja.
Example:
ST: I guess Jody come to ruin Indah‟s birthday party.
TT: Kurasa, Jody datang untuk merusak pesta ulang tahun Indah.
2) Usuallity
It occurs when someone expresses something that he or she does most
of the time or something routines. Usuallity can divided into three levels, high,
medium, and low. The explanation about each degree can be seen below.
a) High degree
It expresses something that is done or felt by someone almost all the
always and every can be some of representations. In Bahasa Indonesia can be
represented by setiap, and selalu.
Example:
ST: I wake up at 5 o‟clock every morning.
TT: Saya bangun jam 5 setiap pagi.
b) Medium degree
It occurs when someone quite routine in doing his or her activity. The
words usually, often, and frequently can be some of the representations. The
words seringkali, biasanya, and berkala is the representations in Bahasa
Indonesia.
Example:
ST: Deni usually come to the caffe when he is bored.
TT: Deni biasanya datang ke kafe saat merasa bosan.
c) Low degree
It is used when someone expresses or feels something that almost he or
she does not do. It is often indicated by sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely,
or never. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be represted by kadang, terkadang, sesekali,
jarang, pernah, tidak pernah.
ST: I never read this book.
TT: Saya tidak pernah membaca buku ini.
b. Modulation 1) Obligation
It can be used to ask someone to do something for us, ask permission,
give an advice, demanding, and direction. Obligation is divided in three degrees.
The explanation about the degrees can be seen below.
a) High degree
It occurs when someone asks someone else to do something as a
necessity. It is indicated by need to, must, have to, ought to, obligate to, required
to are the example of words that realize obligation in high degree. The words
harus, wajib, mesti, perlu, mau tak mau, jangan are the representations in Bahasa
Indonesia.
Example:
ST: You have to finish your study.
TT: Kamu harus menyelesaikan sekolahmu.
b) Medium degree
It is used when someone asks someone else to do something in more
flexible statement than the first one. It can indicate by would, should, shall, will,
Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by seharusnya, semestinya, diminta, ayo,
mari, maukah, sudikah, akankah, disuruh.
Example:
ST: Let‟s find other hotels.
TT: Ayo kita cari hotel lain.
c) Low degree
It shows the obligation expression that can indicate by weak statement.
It represented by may, might, can, could, allowed to, allow are the example of
words that realize obligation in low degree. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be
represented by diizinkan and mengizinkan.
Example:
ST: You are allowed to go to the beach.
TT: Kamu diperbolehkan pergi ke pantai.
2) Inclination
Commonly, it occurs when someone has a desire to do something for
others. It means the expressions of willingness and capability. Inclination is
divided into three degrees, those are high, medium, and low. Below are the
explanation of the degrees.
It is the condition when someone tries to do something for someone
else, seems like necessity. It is indicated by using determined to and need to are
some words that realize inclination in high degree. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be
representted by bertekad, harus, hendak, mesti.
Example:
ST: I‟mdetermined to finish my thesis this year.
TT: Aku harus menyelesaikan skripsiku tahun ini.
b) Medium degree
It shows the inclination expressions more flexible than the first one. It is
can be indicate by want to, keen, hope, pray, and wish. Ingin, kepingin, maksud,
bermaksud, berkemauan, berniat, semoga, mudah-mudahan are some words that
represented inclination in Bahasa Indonesia.
Example:
ST: I wish, I can be the winner.
TT: Aku berharap bisa menjadi pemenang.
c) Low degree
It shows someone‟s desire in a weak statement. It is indicated by
can,
and willing. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by bisa and dapat.
ST: I can be your friend.
TT: Aku bisa menjadi temanmu.
2. Unrealized Expression
There are several causes of unrealized expressions, first, it occurs when
the modalization or modulation expressions in the source text as the phonic
channel is not represented in the target text as the graphic channel. Second, there
is no modalization and modulation in the source text, but they have the realization
in the target text. For the last, there is realization in the source text, but in the
target text is not considered. In this case the source text is English text as the
phonic channel that changed into graphic channel, and the target text is Bahasa
Indonesia as the graphic channel.
Example:
ST: I always take care of you.
TT: Selama ini aku sudah merawatmu.
On the example above, there is realization of modalization i.e usuality
in the source text, on the high degree. But in the target text the translator does not
translate the clause I always related to usuality expression. So, it can be concluded
that there is unrealized expression.
According to the statement above, it can be concluded that
modalization and modulation expressions from English text as the phonic channel
into Bahasa Indonesia text as the graphic channel were analyzed in realized and
unrealized form.
The meaning equivalence of modalization and modulation expressions
in the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie text is related to semantic, especially the
interpersonal meaning. In addition, the target text must convey the meaning
completely from the degree of equivalence with the source text, in term of
reference, context, and content. In this case, the meaning can be equivalent or non
equivalent. The researcher processes the analysis of each sentence and possibly
inter-sentence or clause in order to know the interpersonal meaning equivalence,
explicitly and implicitly.
i. Fully equivalent meaning
It occurs when the modalization and modulation expressions in the
English text as the phonic channel are the same as Bahasa Indonesia text as the
graphic channel completely and explicitly in the content of information. It also
can be transferred implicitly if an expression in a sentence has represented in
previous or next sentences. On the other hand, it occurs when two sentences in
English text are translated into once sentence in Bahasa Indonesia and vice versa.
Example:
ST: I thought you are my friend.
TT: Kupikir kamu temanku.
ii. Partly equivalent meaning
It occurs when those expressions in the English text as the phonic
graphic channel in content of information. For instance, some information inthe
English text may not be found in Bahasa Indonesia text.
Example:
ST: I think you must decide.
TT: Harus Hana yang memutuskan.
b. Non equivalent Meaning i. Different meaning
It occurs when the target text have different meaning from the Source
Text. All or almost information contents of the expressions in source text in this
case English text (phonic channel) are represented in the words Bahasa Indonesia
that have different meaning.
Example:
ST: You may eat lots of pancake.
TT: Kamu tidak harus makan panekuk.
ii. Completely no meaning
It occurs when all the information in source text is not found or there is
no meaning in Bahasa Indonesia text. It happens when the expressions in the
English text are unrealized in Bahasa Indonesia text.
ST: Oh Dear, how poor you are.
TT: -
C. Analytical Construct
The aim of the study was to analyze the occurrence of modalization and
modulation expressions in the sentences of the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie
text of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Firstly, the researcher identified the
realization of modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa
Indonesia texts and considered them as a research data. Then, she recorded them
in the data analysis table and she made the analysis viewed from the interpersonal
meaning, with respect to the degree of meaning equivalence, either equivalent
meaning or non-equivalent meaning.
Finally, the reseacher would take the inferences from the result of
realization and meaning equivalence of modalization and modulation expressions
in the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts of Sherlock Holmes: A game of
Translation
Lingual Translation Non-Lingual Translation Lingual and Non-Lingual
Intralingual Interlingual Intersemiotic
Multilingual Bilingual
Simultaneous Non-Simultaneous
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows English Movie Texts
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows
Bahasa Indonesia Movie Texts
Phonology/Graphology Lexicogrammar ‘writing’ Semantics
Realizations
Realized Expressions Unrealized Expressions
Ideational Interpersonal Textual
Mood
Modality
Modalization Expressions Modulation Expressions
A. Research Type
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
Content analysis was a research technique for making replicate and
valid infers from data to their content. It was aimed at providing a sophisticated
description or illustration of a phenomenon. The phenomena that were described
in this research were the modality expressions of English-Bahasa Indonesia movie
subtitle entitled Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and their impact on the
degree of equivalence of it.
This study would be a descriptive-qualitative research, because it
provide natural data, whereas, the researcher did not apply any experiment. In
analyzing the data realting to the context of modalization and modulation
expressions in the subtitling text, she applied a context analysis method.
B. Data and Data Sources
The object of this research was a movie entitled Sherlock Holmes: A
Game of Shadows. The movie was a form of audiovisual. In this study, the data of
the research would be taken from the dialogue or utterances, which was in English
and their Indonesian translation or subtitle focusing on the modality expressions.
The data in this research were clause units containing modality expressions. The
movie form was DVD Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows consisting of one
disc. Since the object was movie entitled Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows,
the sources of the data was English text (phonic channel) and Indonesian text
(graphic channel).
C. Data Collection Techniques
The process of data collecting in this research used the content analysis
technique. In using this technique, the researcher took all data that support the
research questions. In the meantime, the chosen data led to the focus of the
research. In collecting the related data, the researcher was listening, watching,
reading, and note taking. The researcher observed the object by listening and
watching the dialog or utterance of the movie, and reading the Indonesian subtitle
of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows carefully and comprehensively. Then by
note taking, the modality expressions found in the movie was collected into the
data sheet.
D. Research Instruments
The primary instrument of this research was the researcher herself. The
researcher was involved in all process of the research observation, analysis, and
interpreting data. The secondary instrument of this research were original DVD
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, laptop, dicitionaries, and data sheet that
was used to note the modality expressions that found in movie of Sherlock
E. Data Analysis Techniques
In analyzing the data, the researcher firstly revealed the English-Bahasa
Indonesia movie texts in the one form, where she changed English as the phonic
text to be graphic text the same as Bahasa Indonesia text into data sheets. Then
she made a classification of the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts in order to
find the realization of features and representations of modalization and
modulation expressions that occurred in the process of translation. Then, she
classified and identified the meaning equivalence of the English-Bahasa Inodnesia
movie texts relating to interpersonal meaning, especially those expressions.
F. Trustworthiness
This research applied credibility and dependability to obtain
trustworthiness of the data. First, credibility was used to ensure the correctness of
the data. In achieving the degree of credibility, the reseacher performed deep and
detail obsevation of the data. Credibility was also obtained by conducting
triangulation. Moleong (2001: 128) states, triangulation was a technique for
checking the trustworthiness of data by using something outside the data to verify
the data or to compare them. There are four types of triangulation: by source, by
method, by expert, and by theory. In this study, source and theory triangualtion
were applied. The sources were Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie
texts and its Indonesian subtitling. The theories which were applied to conform
In the criteria of dependability, it concerned about reliability of the data of
the research. The data findings of this research were triangulated by a bachelor of
English literature study program and a student of English literature study
program, then, the sources outside the data to verify or to compare the data. In this
occasion she looked for the Englissh texts of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of
Shadows movie texts in the form of graphic channel that available at the site
(http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk), in order to cross-check and confirm this
research data as well as posssible. Then, the result of triangulated data findings
A. Findings
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The researcher examined three problems in this study. The first problem
is how the English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows
movie texts are realized in terms of modalization and modulation expressions. The
second problem is to what extent the realizations in question represent their
interpersonal meaning equivalence.
1. Description of the English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts that are realized in terms of modalization and modulation expressions.
According to the data that are taken in the form of sentence, it is found
that the modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa Indonesia
of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts are translated into
realized and unrealized forms. Realized form means that the expressions in the
source text represented into the target text relating to the type and the degrees. The
realized form can be realized in the same type and degree, the same type but
different degree, the different type but same degree, and in the different type and
degree. On the other hand, unrealized form can be made when the expressions in
the source text are not revealed into the target text. Below is the table that shows
the result of realized and unrealized forms of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of
Shadows movie texts represented in its Bahasa Indonesia subtitle.
Table 13: The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation Realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Texts.
No. Expressions Number Percentage
Englist text
Realized 205 100 %
Total 205 100 %
Bahasa Indonesia text
Realized 180 88%
Unrealized 25 12%
Total 205 100 %
From 193 sentences as the data that researcher analyze, it is found 205
cases or 100% realized expressions in the English text as the source text. While in
the Bahasa Indonesia text as the target text, the cases realized 180 cases or 88%.
There are 25 cases or 12% remain unrealized forms.
a. The Realizations of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the English Text as the Source Text
The modalization and modulation expressions in the source text are
realized 205 cases. The expressions could appear in the same type and degree of
high, medium, and low, in the same type but different degrees, in the different
types but in the same degree, and in the different types and different degrees.
Modalization divided into two part, those are probability and usuality, while
modulation has inclination and obligation as its parts. The realization of the
Table 14: The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the English Movie Texts as the Source Text
No Expressions
modulation expressions that realized in the source text. In modalization, there are
108 expressions or 52.6% of probability and 16 expressions or 8.1% of usuality.
In modulation, there are 49 expressions or 23.8% of inclination and 32
expressions or 15.5% of obligation.
The table indicates that the most frequent number of the realized form is
achieved by modalization expression. It is supported by the occurrences of
