traffic sign as a visual display in study of ergonomic design.

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For the past decade, the rapid development of the ergonomics disciplines as well as the fast growing economy in East Asia have been attracting the attentions of the international ergonomics community. Taking a sharp look at this region, you may find that although it has been changing from a traditional agriculture-oriented society into a modern industry-oriented society and its economy covers a great deal of shared interests across the continents, yet the ergonomics related knowledge and practice are still in its infancy. Because of the geographic proximity and a strong historical, cultural and technology affinity, it is vitally important to maintain good communication and cooperation among the individuals as well as among the ergonomics organizations in the region. It is also necessary to initiate ergonomics studies and to develop appropriate solutions and tools specifically fit the regional needs.

The symposium, East Asian Ergonomics Federation Symposium (EAEFS), was hence initiated and intends to provide supporting ergonomics organizations and interested participants with a forum to exchange ideas, build friendship, foster greater understanding of and among these individuals and organizations, and develop perspectives concerning ergonomics issues in the region of East Asia and beyond.

The 1st EAEFS, initiated by Professor Masaharu Kumashiro, was held at Kitakyushu, Japan in 2008 with the aim to promote the ergonomics research and establish the cooperation among ergonomics researchers, professionals, and practitioners in the regions of East Asia. Following the success of the 1st EAEFS, the 2nd EAEFS held in Taiwan aims to consolidate the established ties within East Asia and to extend the cooperation between East Asia and other regions in Asia and the world.

A strategic interactive meeting, Asia Ergonomics Summit 2011 (AES 2011), will be also held prior to EAEFS 2011. Senior scholars and leaders from Asia countries will be invited to share their wisdom, experience, insights, and visions on past, current, and future ergonomics efforts in Asia. It is expected that consensus can be reached in the meeting and strategies for development of the Asia ergonomics research and practice can be formulated.

Eric Min-yang Wang, PhD

Organizer

EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011

Wen-Ko Chiou, PhD Conference Chair

EAEFS 2011 and AES 2011

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TRAFFIC SIGNS AS A VISUAL DISPLAY IN THE STUDY OF ERGONOMIC DESIGN IB. Alit Swamardika

Udayana University, Bali Indonesia (alit_bbc@yahoo.com)

ABSTRACT: The traffic signs as a visual display installed in the streets is not a decoration, because there is no doubt beneficial for the users of the road. In accordance with the regulations, the position of traffic signs should not be blocked by buildings, trees, or other objects. It is intended to result reducing or eliminating the meaning of these signs. This should be considered and reviewed how the traffic signs as a visual display of ergonomics design.

Keywords : traffic signs, visual display, ergonomic design.

1. BACKGROUND

Basic essence of the evaluation of ergonomics in the design process is as early as possible to try to

think of human interests to be

accommodated in any of creativity and innovation of a "man made objects" (Wignjosoebroto, 2003). The focus of attention from an ergonomic study will lead to efforts to achieve a design of a product that meets the requirements of "fitting the task to the man" (Grandjean, 1988), so that every design must consider the interests of humans, which is about the safety, health, safety and comfort. This should presumably be the basis in designing a traffic sign as a visual display.

Display has a function as a medium for conveying information to be received by the senses. For the senses do not be fatigue, discomfort, insecurity, ineffective and inefficiency it is necessary to design displays that meet the rules of ergonomics. Currently, many found the display is designed without regard to the requirements or standards. If this is allowed then there is the possibility of the emergence of many accidents due to unsafe and uncomfortable when enabled.

Similarly with traffic signs. The presence of traffic signs installed in the streets is not a decoration, because there is no doubt beneficial for

the users of the road. This is mainly to improve the security and smoothness of the road system. Unfortunately often considered trivial by some motorists. In fact, traffic signs on roads that are not arbitrary installation. Each placement of signs is always on the ground of security considerations and smooth the traffic, which ultimately aim to create safety.

In addition, any traffic sign which is attached have the force of law, so that road users that do not deal with the risks faced by officers. In accordance with the regulations, the position of traffic signs should not be blocked by buildings, trees, or other objects. It is intended to result in reducing or eliminating the meaning of these signs.

Starting from this cases should be considered and reviewed how the traffic signs as a visual display of ergonomics. During this past signs untouched ergonomic principles, so frequently encountered any traffic signs that impressed constructed and installed off hand or tend to be more concerned with his artistic side. The goal in writing and study in this paper is to know the role of ergonomics rules in the installation of traffic signs as a visual display.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

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observation to the field of traffic signs along the streets of Nusa Dua - Tohpati, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.

The method used is a literature review or literature studies that seek to be studied in depth and presented in a narrative based on the facts disclosed by the traffic experts mainly related to the visual display of traffic signs.

3. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

Traffic signs are one way the equipment in a particular form that contains symbols, letters, numbers, sentences and / or combination of them, which is used to provide warnings, bans, orders and instructions for users of the road. Signs to look for day or night or during rain, the material

should be made of reflective material

(Anonymous, 1992).

Visual display is a display where a man receive of information through the senses of vision. Ergonomics rules that must be considered when designing the visual displays are associated with organ eye such as accommodation, the ability of the eyes to see someone related to age factor, eye disorders suffered by a person, the placement of the display is adjusted to the height of the eyes, the length of one's view display, eye fatigue factor, lighting (glare, contrast, background) and others. All of these ergonomic rules should already be considered early.

Based on ergonomic principles that must be considered when designing visual displays, Pheasant (1991), Grandjean (1988) and Manuaba (1 994) describes some guidelines to be followed for these displays can be read and understood quickly, precisely, accurately and with minimal errors possible. The guidelines are as follows:

 Use the simplest display concept with a single and definite understanding as well as tailored to the needs of the operator.

 Use of display format that is closer to reality or adapted to real needs.

 Use a format that familiar possible with the operator, if not necessary for adaptation training.

 The use of display techniques have to be as effective as possible and adapted to environmental circumstances or conditions at the time of viewing.

 Optimizing performance display for easy viewing, attracting attention, quickly read and understand.

Good display should be able to convey certain messages in accordance with written or drawn in question in the display. The characteristics of a good display is (Sutalaksana, 1979):

1. Can convey a message.

2. Forms / interesting picture and describe the event.

3. Using the striking colors and draw attention. 4. Proportion of pictures and letter allow to be

viewed / read.

5. Use short sentences, simple, and clear. 6. Using a good letter so easy to read. 7. Realistic according to the problem. 8. Not boring.

Besides the things mentioned above, other eleme nts are also important in the design are the elements of the environment, especially in light of factors. In the light factor, the ability to see objects , the degree of contrast between objects and surroundings, brightness, duration of view, as well as colors and textures that provide a psychological effect on humans. The eyes are expected to get enough light, pleasant scenery, calm the mind, no glare and comfortable. Poor lighting can ca use eye fatigue.

Combine of color in the design of the psychological impact of the observer and wearer, for example red color gives the impression of stimulating, suggesting broad yellow and bright, green or blue to give the impression of cool and fresh, dark colors give the impression of a narrow, bright colors game gives the impression wide.

Results of the survey in the field can be seen in the images below:

Problems encountered:

The Signs

obstructed by the banner stores.

This is very

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The Signs covered by the trees.

Some Solutions:

• directional signs should be placed across the

road, so drivers can see the direction of view while driving.

• In addition, by placing the exact middle of the

transverse road, chances are covered with very small tree.

• To sign turn command, in accordance with the

rules, posted on a certain distance before the bend is located.

• In addition to these solutions, the need for

firmness authorities to crack down on users who violate road traffic signs.

• And also a need for coordination with relevant

department, relating to trees blocking the traffic signs.

• From the study of ergonomics to the large

letters, writings, and symbol, and color that meets the requirements. It has to follow internationally accepted rules and has been strengthened by the traffic laws, as well as transportation minister's decision.

4. CONCLUSIONS

From the results of studies in the above conclusions can be made as follows.

1. Ergonomics rules play an important role in designing the display of traffic signs, especially in order to obtain a safe design, comfort and ultimately the information conveyed effectively and efficiently.

2. Lack of coordination between

transportation department with office cleaning and gardening, so many traffic signs

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3. Lack of awareness of the meaning of road users and the usability of traffic signs.

5. REFERENCES

Anonim. 1992. Tata Cara Pemasangan Rambu Dan Marka Jalan Perkotaan. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga. Direktorat Pembinaan Jalan Kota. Jakarta

Bridger, R.S. 1995. Introduction to Ergonomics. McGraw-Hill Inc. Singapore

Grandjean, 1988. Fitting the Task to the Man. A Textbook of

Occupational Ergonomics. 4th Edition. Taylor & Francis.

London.

Hendrick, H.W. 2002. Ergonomics Design od Controls,

Displays, and Workspace Arrangement to Reduce Human Error. Ergonomics Courses. 11th National Conggress-13th

National Seminar of Indonesian Physiological Society and Ergonomics - Sports Physiology Seminar. Sanur Bali. Manuaba, A. 1994. Display dan Kontrol. Makalah disampaikan

pada pelatihan ergonomi di PTP XXI_–XXII. Jawa Timur. Sutalaksana, I.Z. 1979. Teknik Tata Cara Kerja. Departemen

Teknik Industri ITB. Bandung.

Pheasant,S. 1991. Ergonomics, Work and Health. Macmillan Academic Profesional Ltd. London.

Wignjosoebroto, S. 2003. Ergonomi Studi Gerak dan Waktu;

Teknik Analisis untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja.

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