The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective.

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Novita Arsillah, 2013

The Phonemic

−

Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and

Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

NOVITA ARSILLAH 0807525

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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The Phonemic

−

Syllabic Comparisons of

Standard Malay and Palembang Malay

Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective

Oleh

Novita Arsillah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Januari 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

The Comparison of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective

A Research Paper

By

Novita Arsillah

0807525

Approved by

First Supervisor

Dra. Sri Setyarini, M.A. NIP. 196312291990022001

Second Supervisor

Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos., M.Pd. NIP. 197008032005011002

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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ABSTRACT

This study is a historical linguistic investigation entitled The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective which aims to explore the types of sound changes and to reveal the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes found in Palembang Malay. The investigation used a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay. Standard Malay refers to the Wilkinson dictionary in 1908.

The participants of this study are seven native speakers of Palembang Malay whose ages range from 20 to 40 years old. The data were collected from the voice of the participants which were recorded along group conversations and interviews. The voice recordings were then transcribed into voice transcriptions. This study applies the theoretical framework of sound changes which proposed by Terry Crowley in 1997 and Lily Campbell in 1999.

The findings show that there are nine types of sound changes that were found as the results, namely assimilation (42.35%), lenition (20%), sound addition (3.53%), metathesis (1.18%), dissimilation (1.76%), abnormal sound changes (3.53%), split (13.53%), vowel rising (10.59%), and monophthongisation (3.53%). Therefore, the examined sound changes appeared regularly in the data. The analysis results also indicate that words distribution among vowel and consonant phonemes determined based on three types of phoneme positions, namely initial, middle, and final. These positions were decided based on the occurrences of the phonemes.

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ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian linguistik historis yang berjudul The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective yang bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi jenis perubahan suara dan untuk mengungkapkan distribusi fonem vokal dan konsonan yang ditemukan di Palembang Melayu. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan metode komparatif linguistik historis untuk membandingkan perubahan suara antara bahasa asal yaitu Melayu Standar dan bahasa keturunannya yaitu Palembang Melayu. Melayu Standar pada studi ini mengacu pada kamus Wilkinson tahun 1908.

Para peserta penelitian ini adalah tujuh penutur asli Palembang Melayu yang berumur antara 20 sampai 40 tahun. Data dikumpulkan dari suara peserta yang tercatat selama percakapan kelompok dan wawancara. Rekaman suara kemudian ditranskripskan menjadi suara transkripsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka teori perubahan suara yang diusulkan oleh Terry Crowley pada tahun 1997 dan Lily Campbell pada tahun 1999.

Temuan menunjukkan bahwa ada sembilan jenis perubahan suara yang ditemukan sebagai hasil, yaitu asimilasi (42,35%), lenition (20%), penambahan suara (3,53%), metatesis (1,18%), disimilasi (1,76%), normal suara perubahan (3,53%), split (13,53%), penaikan vokal (10,59%), dan monophthongisation (3,53%). Demikian, perubahan suara tersebut teruji muncul secara teratur dalam data. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa distribusi kata-kata antara fonem vokal dan konsonan ditentukan berdasarkan tiga jenis posisi fonem, yaitu awal, tengah, dan akhir. Posisi ini diputuskan berdasarkan pada posisi kejadian dari fonem pada kata.

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1.1 Background of the Study ...1

1.2 The Research Questions ...4

1.3 The Aims of the Study ...4

1.4 The Scope of the Study ...4

1.5 The Research Methodology ...5

1.5.1Data collection ...5

1.5.2 Data analysis ...6

1.6 Clarification of the Terms ...7

1.7 Organization of the Paper ...8

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ...9

2.1 Spelling System in Standard Malay ...9

2.2 Phoneme ...10

2.2.1 The Phoneme of Standard Malay ...11

2.2.2 The Phoneme of Palembang Malay ...13

2.3 Phonetic and Phonemic Change ...16

2.4 Phonetic Symbols and Conventions ...17

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2.5.1 Lenition and Fortition……….18

2.5.2 Sound Addition...19

2.5.9 Abnormal Sound Changes………....23

2.6 Other Sound Changes………..24

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...37

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4.2.1Distribution of Vowel Phonemes in Palembang Malay…………....58

4.2.2Distribution of Consonant Phonemes in Palembang Malay ………63

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………...72

5.1 Conclusions ...…..72

5.2 Suggestions ...…..74

REFERENCES ...75

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the study. It consists of the

background of the study, the research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of

the study, the research methodology, the clarification of the terms, and the

organization of the paper.

1.1Background of the Study

This study classifies into the field of historical linguistics that examines language

change and relationship among languages. Campbell (1999) states that historical

linguistics is sometimes called diachronic linguistics, which means that linguists are

basically concerned with change in languages over periods of time. In this study, the

historical linguistics’ main approach is the comparative method which specifically

compares the sound changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its

descent language Palembang Malay. Wilkinson Dictionary in 1904 is used to be the

source of Standard Malay spelling system in this study since it is considered to be the

first Malay spelling system that is used widely in Malaya, Singapore, and Brunei

(Omar, 1989).

As introduced by Sir William Jones in 1786, protolanguage means a set of

words that derived from a single original form that provides the idea of parallel

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Ethnologue: Language of the World had demonstrated that the historical

classification of Palembang Malayis started from its protolanguage Austronesian →

Malayo-Polynesian → Malayo-Sumbawan → North and East → Malayic → Malay

→ and finally Palembang Malay. Therefore, Standard Malay and then Palembang

Malay are believed to be a branch of languages that include in the Austronesian

language family.

From the viewpoint of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, Adelaar (2004)

points out that there is an agreement among Malay historical linguists that the Malay

homeland certainly places in Western Borneo rather than in Malay Peninsula or even

Sumatra. Before AD 1500 the Austronesian languages belonged to the most common

protolanguage in the world with a distribution from Madagascar to Easter Island

(Bellwood, Fox & Tryon, 1995:1).Widely, it is predicted that there are between 1000

and 1200 distinct Austronesian languages that exist most or all of the inhabitant

populations of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Madagascar and so forth (ibid).

As already stated in the first paragraph, this study examines the sound

changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language

Palembang Malay by using Historical Linguistics’ Comparative Method as the main

approach. Lass (1984) cited in Smith(2007) states that a sound change is a

phenomenon in the phonological structure of a language which is assumed to occur

after there had been a change in the system in which that sound existed. This study

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of attested sound changes. These changes are classified into sound changes in

Standard Malay that have undergone change to Palembang Malay.

There are a number of studies on Malay. Omar (1989) investigates three ways

of Malay spelling reform, namely the standard norm spelling, the practical language

development spelling and the Malay spelling in the cultural and linguistic network.

Meanwhile, Adelaar (2004) had investigated Malay homeland, migrations and

classifications for twenty years. Additionally, there are many hypotheses that emerge

from Adelaar’s investigations such as back-migration hypothesis and Borneo

hypothesis. At last, Adelaar (2004) points out that the homeland of Malay is located

in Western Borneo.

A couple of years ago an anthropologist named David Gil was interested in

Malay. His interest is shown by many articles that can be accessed under his name.

Gill (2007) wrote one paper entitled ‘A Typology if Stress, and Where

Malay/Indonesian Fits in’, but this time the investigation appears to be more about

the position of lexical stress in Malay. Hence, one more previous study that has

investigated Malay comes from Mohamed (2006) who demonstrates research about

historical and linguistic perspective of Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca. It

discusses the appearances of the chetties’ descendents of two ethically and culturally

different groups, Indian men from south India and local women of Malacca

(Mohamed, 2006). Thus, some preceding studies seem to focus on the study of Malay

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comparative method perspective of sound changes that have occurred in Palembang

Malay.

1.2The Research Questions

The research questions of the study are formulated as follows:

1) What types of sound changes have occurred in Palembang Malay in comparison

with Standard Malay?

2) What are the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang

Malay used by the participants?

1.3The Aims of the Study

The study aims to explore the types of sound changes found in Palembang

Malay used by the participants. It is interesting in how the language has shaped the

sounds in order to make variation of languages. It also aims to reveal the distributions

of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay. Additionally, the

investigation uses a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound

Palembang Malay.

1.4The Scope of the Study

This study investigates phonemic and syllabic changes in the context of

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the number of isolated words that were obtained from data collection, which implies

that the level of linguistic truth is limited to the analyzed data at the researcher’s

disposal. Then, this study examines the use of Palembang Malay in order to

categorize and to analyze the data into types of phonetic and syllabic changes.

Finally, it covers the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in

Palembang Malay. The participants of this study were Palembang Malay native

speakers. There were seven native speakers whose ages range from 20 to 40 years

old.

1.5The Research Methodology

This study primarily employs a qualitative method. It specifically seeks to

describe the changes of sounds from Palembang Malay which are considered to be

interesting phenomena to analyze. In a similar vein, Creswell (2008) states that a

descriptive method investigates detailed interpretation of people, places, or events in a

setting in the qualitative method. Therefore, the investigation approach of the study

has also affected the field of historical linguistics, especially in the comparative

method. The comparative method concerns with the relationship between Standard

Malay as an ancestor language and Palembang Malay as a descendent language.

1.5.1 Data Collection

The data were collected from the voices of the participants using Palembang

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month in Palembang and three months in Bandung, the data observation was done.

The observation started from May 2012 to September 2012. This data observation

was conducted by analyzing the process of sound changes in Palembang Malay.

Voice records and interview notes were used as the data sources and the voice

recordings were transcribed into voice transcriptions.

1.5.2 Data Analysis

The data obtained from two techniques were divided into several steps of

analysis to answer the research questions. Miles and Huberman (1984) state that there

are three steps in analyzing the data, namely data reduction, data display, and

conclusion (drawing/verifying). Firstly, data reduction refers to the process of

selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that emerge in

written-up field notes or transcriptions (Miles and Huberman 1984). Secondly, after

the data were reduced and the important items remain, the next step was to display

the data. Miles and Huberman (1984) further suggest revealing the most frequent

form of displaying data for qualitative data is in the form of narrative text. There are

also some tables that are used to display the distributions of data including the

frequencies and the percentages calculation. This study used PhoTransEdit Online

application that helped to locate the correct phonetic spelling using the International

Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) phonetic symbols. Finally, the study presents conclusions

through verifying the data from the observation, the participants’ voice recordings,

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1.6The Clarification of the Terms

To avoid misunderstandings of the problem in this study, there are several terms that

have to be clarified as follows:

 Palembang Malay

Palembang Malay is Malay spoken by about 1.6 million inhabitantsof

Palembang – Southern Sumatra, Indonesia. Palembang Malay is highly

influenced by Malay and Javanese (Dunggio, 1983).

 Standard Malay

In this study, Standard Malay refers to the Wilkinson system in 1908 which is

considered to be the first Malay used widely in Malaya, Singapore, and

Brunei. The system was recommended by the Federated Malay States

Government in 1904(Omar, 1989).

 Sound Changes

Sound changes in this study means to compare the sound changes between an

ancestral language Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang

Malay using the historical linguistics’ comparative method.

 Types of Sound Changes

There are some types of attested sound changes that can classify what kind of

sound changes one language undergoes, namely lenition and fortition, sound

addition, metathesis, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilation,

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1.7The Organization of the Paper

The chapter contains a general introduction that covers background of the

study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, research

methodology consisting research design, data collection and data analysis,

clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

The second chapter employs some related theories which serve as the

foundation of the study. It presents theories that were used to answer the research

questions. Furthermore, some previous studies that are related to the study are

demonstrated in this chapter.

The third chapter elaborates the research methodology, involving statements

of the problems in the study and the research method that consists of research design,

participants, data collection, and data analysis. This chapter also outlines the

procedure of the study and the analysis techniques.

The fourth chapter presents the results of the study. It contains the research

findings and discussions. The result analysis and the research questions’ answers are

reported in this chapter. Moreover, the explanations of the results are also deeply

discussed.

The last chapter contains the interpretation of the results of the study. In

addition, this chapter also briefly provides the conclusion and suggestions in

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedures for the subject selection in this study. It is

divided into two parts, namely the formulation of problems and the research

methodology. The formulation of problems covers the research questions investigated

in this study. Afterward, the research method reveals the research design, the

participants, the data collection, the data analysis and the examples of data analysis.

3.1 Formulation of Problems

The problems of the research are formulated as follows:

1) What types of sound changes have occurred in Palembang Malay in comparison

with Standard Malay?

2) What are the distributions of the vowel and consonant phonemes in Palembang

Malay used by the participants?

3.2 Research Methodology

3.2.1 Research Design

This study primarily employs a qualitative method. It was conducted to the native

local language of Palembang Malay in Indonesia. It is concerned with the details of

the kinds of changes that have happened in the language. Wu and Volker (2009) state

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they have experienced. Thus, this study tends to be directed to understand everyday

human linguistic behavior in a routine situation. In addition, this study specifically

seeks to describe the changes of sounds from Palembang Malay which are considered

to be interesting phenomena to analyze.

In a similar vein, Creswell (2008) states that a descriptive method investigates

detailed interpretation of people, places, or events in a setting in the qualitative

method. This study is intended to describe the language change phenomenon in the

phonological field when there has been a change in the system in which those sounds

exist. Therefore, the investigation approach of the study has also affected the field of

historical linguistics, especially in the comparative method. It is interesting to

examine the process of how the language shapes the sounds in order to make

variations in the languages. In this study, the investigation uses a historical linguistic

comparative method to compare the sound changes between an ancestral language

Standard Malay and its descent language Palembang Malay.

3.2.2 Participants

The participants of this study are Indonesian specifically from Palembang native

speakerswho are considered Palembang Malay to be their first language. The

participants consist of seven native speakers refer to those whose age ranges from 20

to 40 years old must have regularly spoken at least ten years of Palembang Malay.

The observations and voice recording were surreptitiously conducted from 15 May to

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were conducted several times in order to obtain natural results from participants’

chatting activities.

3.2.3 Data Collection

The data were collected from the voices of the participants using Palembang Malay

that were recorded along group conversations and interviews. Even though this study

had planned to have individual interviews, it ended up having group interviews with

seven participants. The collection of data and the observation of the participants were

conducted during May 2012 until September 2012 in Palembang and Bandung.

This observation was conducted by monitoring the process of sound changes

in Palembang Malay. Voice records and interview notes were used as the data

sources. Alwasilah (2009) argues that the transcription was used in the research to

understand how respondents organized their perspectives. Consequently, the voice

recordings were transcribed into voice transcriptions.

3.2.4 Data Analysis

The results of the voice recordings were transcribed and used as the main

source to be examined. Meanwhile, the observations conducted by the writer were

documented in forms of field notes. In this stage, the data obtained from two

techniques were divided into several steps of analysis to answer the research

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the data, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion (drawing/verifying). It

is described in the following figure:

Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model

Source: Miles and Huberman (1984)

3.2.4.1 Data Reduction

Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting,

and transforming the data that emerge in written-up field notes or transcriptions

(Miles and Huberman 1984). The analysis of this study was easier to be conducted by

reducing several data which were not necessary with the research questions as

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In this study, data reduction was done by coding and categorizing to give a

clear picture of which data actually needed. The coding and categorizing process

were conducted after the data were obtained from the field notes, the voice

transcriptions, and interview transcriptions. Finally, the writer classified those data

into categories of sound changes to address the research questions.

3.2.4.2 Data Display

After the data were reduced and the important items remained, the next step was to

display the data. Miles and Huberman (1984) suggest that data are frequently

displayed in the form of narrative text. In this study, the data were shown not only in

narrative text but also in the form of tables. The tables were used to display the

distributions of data including the calculation of the frequencies and the percentages.

Since the related study about phonological change, phonetic transcription was treated

in this study. The study used PhoTransEdit Online application that helped the writer

to find the correct phonetic spelling using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

phonetic symbols.

3.2.4.3 Conclusion Drawing and Verification

The third step of Interactive Model from Miles and Huberman (1984) is conclusion

drawing and verification. In this study, the researcher made conclusions through

verifying the data from the observation, the participants’ voice recordings, and the

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instruments in order to determine the accuracy of the data. There were many

procedures conducted by the researcher to validate the findings. Therefore, by

applying three procedures above, the study was expected to have the accuracy of the

data.

3.2.5 Examples of Data Analysis

In this study, Standard Malay is believed to be the protolanguage of Palembang

Malay. Wilkinson dictionary is used to be the source of Standard Malay spelling

system in this study because it is considered to be the first Malay spelling system that

was coined by Richard James Wilkinson in 1904 (Omar, 1989).

As have been mentioned in the data collection, Miles and Huberman(1984)

introduced the interactive model of data analysis. Hence, this section presents

examples of data analysis. The first step of data analysis of this study was data

reduction. The data were obtained from the transcribed group conversations and

interviews. Then, the data were elaborated by reducing several data. The analysis is

presented as follows.

Raw Data: Voice Transcription of Group Conversation in the Kitchen

Speaker 1: Yah ngapocakitu Put? Uji kau dikit-dikit, geleran aku dikit bae.

Speaker 2: WindotkaubisoWindot!

Speaker 3: Bundo, yang manopisoyang palengtajem?

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Speaker 1: Cuboke di perotkauhahaha.

Speaker 3: Cubo nah Winhahaha.

Speaker 1: Cakmanoiniibuk?

Speaker 2: Nahjingok.

Speaker 4: GalonyobekastanganWinda.

Speaker 1: OiyaAllohBundo.

Next, data reduction was done by coding to give a clear picture of what data were

really needed. The data were obtained from the voice transcription. The important

words were indicated by the texts in bold, such as ngapo, dikit, geler, biso, piso,

paleng, tajem, mano, cubo, perot, ibuk, jingok, and galo. The selected texts bold

are considered as those sounds which have undergone change from Standard Malay

into Palembang Malay. In this step, the researcher identified all the data not only by

observing the voice transcriptions but also the interview transcriptions and the field

notes to obtain the occurrences of sound changes.

After reducing the data, the next step was to classify the data into types of

sound changes. Then, the data were analyzed by using phonetic transcription. This

study used PhoTransEdit Online application that helped to locate the correct phonetic

spelling using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) phonetic symbols. The

investigation used a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the sound

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Table 3.1 Example of Data Display Using Phonetic Transcription

No Standard Malay → Palembang Malay Types of Sound Changes 1 *apa → [ŋapɔ] Split

shown in the form of tables to display the distributions of data which consisted of the

frequencies and the percentages. The example of the calculation is presented as

follows.

Table 3.2 Example of Sound Changes’ Distribution

No. Types of Sound Changes Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

1. Assimilation 72 42.35

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data displays are shown in the appendices of this study. Many procedures were used

by the researcher to validate the findings. By applying several procedures above, the

study was expected to obtain the accuracy of the data.Finally, those data were

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

5.1. Conclusions

Based on the result of the data analysis, some points can be concluded. Assimilation

(42.35%) is likely the most frequent type of sound change used by participants. In

Palembang Malay, there are three sound change phenomena are considered to be

partial assimilations, namely (_/*i/ → _ [e]), (_/*u/ → _ [ʊ]), and (_/*o/ → _

[ɔ]).Meanwhile, there are three sound change phenomena in Palembang Malay that

are considered to be total assimilations, namely (*/i/– */i/ → [e] - [e]), (*/u/– */u/ →

[ʊ] - [ʊ]), and (*/o/– */o/ → [ɔ] - [ɔ]).From thirty-four words, the appearances of

lenition (20%) in Palembang Malay include aphaeresis, apocope and syncope. An

Examples of aphaeresis can be seen in the pronunciation of original features *hiris→

[eres] in Palembang Malay. Apocope is illustrated by the words*muntah → [muta].

Finally, the syncope would be shown by the alternation *darah → [dara] in

Palembang Malay.

However, the most common sound addition (3.53%) is the phoneme insertion

/ʔ/ (83.33%). Then, it is followed by prosthesis. An example of phoneme consonant

(/ʔ/)insertion is illustrated by the Standard Malay words *minta → [mintaʔ]in

Palembang Malay. Meanwhile, the only Palembang Malay that was discovered as

prosthesis is that [əlap] which is originally pronounced as *lap.There are two

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feature of ʒiŋɔʔ] and[udəʔ-udəʔ] in Palembang Malay was originally pronounced

as ʒəŋuʔand*adoʔ-adoʔ by metathesis. Afterwards, there are three dissimilation

appearances (1.76%) that were found in Palembang Malay. Those dissimilation was

found in the words [aer], [asek] and [aker] in Palembang Malay, descended from

Standard Malay*ajer, *aʃikand*axir.

There have been changes of the phonemes*/r/, */l/ and */m/to the phoneme[ʔ]

which were considered to be abnormal sound changes(3.53%), such as the

alternations of *tidur to [tedʊʔ];*kətʃil to [kətʃiʔ]; and *matʃam-matʃam to [matʃaʔ

-matʃaʔ].Then, there is also split (13.53%) from vowel /*a/ in Standard Malay that

changed regularly to [ɔ] at word final position, such as *bisa→[bisɔ].Here, there are

there examples of occurrences of schwa[ə] which are usually know as vowel rising (10.59%) in Palembang Malay, such as in the changes of ʒəm], [təbəl]and [tʃəpət]

which originally came from ʒam, *təbal and*tʃəpat. Besides, there are also

twomonophthongisations (3.53%) in the alternation of the original words

and*pisau → [sampe] and [pisʊ]in Palembang Malay.

This paper also shows that the distributions of the vowel and consonant

phonemes in Palembang Malay. From two hundred and fifty words’ distribution, the

majority vowel phoneme is the phoneme /a/ (29.03%). It is followed by the vowel

phonemes /ɔ/ (18.95%); /ə/ (16.13%); /ʊ/ (13.71%); /e/ (10.48); /i/ (7.26%); and /u/

(4.44%). On the other hand, from three hundred and seventy-seven words’

distribution of consonant phonemes in Palembang Malay, the most regular

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followed by consonant phonemes /p/ (9.55%); /r/ (8.49%); /b/ (7.96%); /ʔ/ (7.43%);

/l/ (7.16%); /n/ (7.16%); /m/ (6.63%); /s/ (6.90%); /k/ (5.83%); /ŋ/ (5.04%);/d/

(4.77%); /tʃ/ (3.18%); /ɡ/ (2.92%); /dʒ/ (1.33%); /j/ (0.80%);/ɲ/ (0.53%); /w/ (0.53%)

and/h/ (0.26%). Regarding to the distribution of consonant phonemes, three types of

initial, middle, and final phoneme positions were determined based on the

occurrences of consonant phonemes that were discovered in the data.

5.2. Suggestions

Considering the findings if this research, the writer proposes some suggestions that

can raise numerous questions requiring further research. The observations,

interviews, and voice recordings have provided data to usage. Further research can

enrich the data by using any other data sources, such as video recording or written

text conducted by the participant. In addition, the topic of sound changes in

Palembang Malay should be addressed more extensively. Although the issue was

touched briefly in this final paper, an in-depth study of the phonemic − syllabic

comparisons of standard Malay and Palembang Malay using a historical linguistic

perspective The results also indicated words’ distribution among positions, namely

initial, middle, and final. Thus, this study is important for providing insights into

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Campbell, L. (1999). Historical Linguistics : An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Clynes, A., & Deterding, D. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41, 259–268.

Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle Creek, NJ: Pearson Education.

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