The Analysis Of Translation Shift Of English Noun Phrases In Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Black Cat” Into Indonesian.

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A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Arts Education Indonesia University of Education as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Novi Napila Pajariah

(1105918)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Noun Phrases in Edgar Allan Poe’s

The Black Cat into Indonesian

Oleh

Novi Napila Pajariah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

© Novi Napila Pajariah 2014

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Januari 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION SHIFT OF ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S

“THE BLACK CAT” INTO INDONESIAN

APPROVED BY:

Main Supervisor

Drs. Ahsin Mohammad, M.Ag. NIP. 19540817 198903 1 002

Co-Supervisor

R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum. NIP. 19811024 200501 2 001

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Novi Napila Pajariah, 2014

The Analysis Of Translation Shift Of English Noun Phrases In Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Black Cat” Into Indonesian

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK

The Analysis of Translation Shift of English Noun Phrases in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Black Cat” into Indonesian

Main Supervisor: Drs. Ahsin Mohammad, M.Ag. Co-Supervisor: R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Studi ini meneliti pergeseran terjemahan frasa nomina bahasa Inggris dalam cerita pendek yang berjudul “The Black Cat” (1843) karya Edgar Allan Poe ke dalam

bahasa Indonesia “Kucing Hitam” (2010) yang diterjemahkan oleh Maggie Tiojakien. Studi ini berfokus pada jenis-jenis pergeseran terjemahan dan perubahan makna yang terjadi dalam pergeseran terjemahan. Studi ini sebagian besar menggunakan metode kualitatif dan didukung oleh beberapa kuantifikasi deskriptif. Data diperoleh dari sumber online http://pinkmonkey.com/dl/library1/cat_.pdf dan antologi cerpen Kisah-kisah Tengah Malam yang diterbitkan oleh PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama pada tahun 2010. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori translation shift yang dikemukakan oleh Catford (1965) yang didukung Tree Diagram Fabb (2005) sebagai alatnya. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pergeseran terjemahan yang paling banyak terjadi adalah

structure shift (59%). Hal ini dikarenakan perbedaan gramatika antara bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu, perubahan makna yang paling banyak terjadi dalam pergeseran terjemahan adalah implicitation (34,4 %). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penerjemah cenderung menerjemahkan kata-kata di teks bahasa sasaran yang mempunyai makna lebih umum daripada teks bahasa sumber supaya mendapatkan kata-kata yang sesuai dengan konteks cerita.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

The Analysis of Translation Shift of English Noun Phrases in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Black Cat” into Indonesian

Main Supervisor: Drs. Ahsin Mohammad, M.Ag. Co-Supervisor: R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum.

This research investigates the translation shifts of English noun phrases in the short story entitled “The Black Cat” (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe into Indonesian as “Kucing Hitam” (2010) which was translated by Maggie Tiojakien. It was focused on

the types of translation shifts and the change of meaning in the translation shifts. This research was mostly qualitative supported by descriptive quantification. The data were obtained from an online source at http://pinkmonkey.com/dl/library1/cat_.pdf and from anthology entitled Kisah-kisah Tengah Malam which was published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2010. The data were analyzed by applying translation shift theory proposed by Catford (1965) and supported by Fabb’s (2005) Tree Diagram as a tool. The result showed that the most frequent shift that was used by translator was structure shift (59%). It was because the differences of grammatical structure between English and Indonesian. Besides, the change of meaning mostly took place in implicitation (34,4%). It means that the translator tends to use the words in the target language text with words having more general meaning than the source language text in order to fit the context of the story.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page of Approval ………...……… i

Statement of Authorization ……….. ii

Preface………..…... iii

Acknowledgements ……….………... iv

Abstract………... v

Table of Contents………..……….. vii

List of Tables ………....…….. x

List of Figures………...……... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………. 1

1.1Background of the Study………... 1

1.2 Statement of Problem………... 2

1.3 Aims of the Study……….. 2

1.4 Scope of the Study……….………... 3

1.5 Research Methods……….………... 3

1.5.1 Research Design……… 3

1.5.2 Objects of the Study………3

1.5.3 Data Collection………... 4

1.5.4 Data Analysis……….. 4

1.6 Signification of the Study……….………. 6

1.7 Clarification of the Terms……….……… 6

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION………... 7

2.1 Translation ………... 7

2.1.1 Definitions of Translation………...... 7

2.1.2 Kinds of Translation………...…………... 8

2.3.1.1Modifiers in English Noun Phrase……….. 15

2.3.1.2The Types of English Noun Phrase………..... 17

2.3.2 Indonesian Noun Phrase………... 21

2.3.2.1Modifiers in Indonesian Noun Phrase……… 22

2.3.2.2Types of Indonesian Noun Phrase………... 24

2.4Change of Meaning………...... 25

2.5Tree Structure………...... 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD……… 26

3.1 Research Problem………....... 26

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3.3Data Source ………...... 27

3.4 Data Collection………...... 29

3.4 Data Analysis ………...... 29

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………..………. 32

4.1 Types of Translation Shift of Noun Phrases in the Translation of “The Black Cat” into “Kucing Hitam”……….. 32

4.1.1 Single Translation Shift………... 34

4.1.1.1Structure Shift………...... 34

4.1.1.2Class Shift………. 35

4.1.1.3Unit Shift……….... 36

4.1.1.4Intra System Shift………...... 36

4.1.2 Double Translation Shift……….... 38

4.1.2.1Structure and Unit Shift………. 38

4.1.2.2Structure and Intra System Shift……….. 39

4.1.2.3Unit and Intra System Shift………... 40

4.2 The Changes of Meaning that were Found in Translation Shift of Noun Phrases in Translations of “The Black Cat” into “Kucing Hitam” ………..………..………..... 42

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………... 47

5.1 Conclusion………...... 47

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter is divided into two sections. Section 5.1 elaborates the conclusion of the study. Section 5.2 discusses suggestion for the further study.

5.1 Conclusion

This study found the types of translation shift of English noun phrases in horror short story “The Black Cat” (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe into Indonesian in “Kucing Hitam” translated by Maggie Tiojakien (2010). Moreover, this study elaborated the change of meaning in the translation shifts that were found.

According data analysis, translation shift were found in the translation of 160 noun phrases in “The Black Cat” into “Kucing Hitam”. The most frequent shift was single translation shift including structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift that was existed in 146 data (91,25%). Next, the second was double translation shift including structure and unit shift, structure and intra system shift, and unit and intra system shift that was existed in 14 data (8,75%).

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to get the equivalent meaning between the SLT and TLT. Therefore, the readers can understand easily the message of the TLT.

Moreover, in this study, implicitation was found at most in 55 data (34,4%). Then, the second type of change of meaning was null change in 49 data (30,6%). The third, explicitation was found in 31 data (19,37%). The last were substitution that were found in 25 data (15,62%). Implicitation mostly were found indicates that the translator tends to render the meaning of the TLT more general at most than in the SLT. It aimed to make the readers can acquire the equal meaning.

5.2 Suggestion

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

This chapter elaborates several key points of theories related to this study. Section 2.1 explains translation theories including the definitions of translation, the kinds of translation, and translation process. Section 2.2 expounds the types of translation shift. Section 2.3 expounds noun phrase including English and Indonesian noun phrases. Section 2.4 explains short story. Section 2.5 explains change of meaning. The last, section 2.6 explains tree structure.

2.1 Translation

2.1.1 Definitions of Translation

Based on Newmark‟s theory (1988), translation is interpreting the meaning of

a text into a different language using certain procedures. Additionally, Larson (1984) stated that translation is replacing the form of the source language into the form of receptor (target) language. The other opinion comes from Catford (1965) in his book entitled A Linguistics Theory of Translation. He (1965) said that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” (p.20). Moreover, Munday (2008) explained that translation refers to the general subject ﬁeld, the text and the process of producing the translation.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 2.1.2 Kinds of Translation

Larson (1984) noted that translation is divided into two kinds namely literal and idiomatic translation. The first kind is literal translation that is defined as a form-based translation trying to follow the form of the SL. Since the literal translation is a form-based translation, the grammatical constructions of SL are adapted to their nearest TL equivalents (Newmark, 1988). Example [a] shows that literal translation is

used in ST “we had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat”

which is translated into TT “kami memelihara burung, ikan koki, seekor anjing yang manis, beberapa ekor kelinci, seekor kera kecil dan seekor kucing”. The grammatical construction of ST and TT are same. Both of ST and TT have pattern: Pronoun (PRO)/Subject (S) + Verb (V)/Predicate (P) + Noun(N)/Object (O).

[a]

Source language text :

We Had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.

PRO/S V/P N/O

Target language text :

Kami Memelihara burung, ikan koki, seekor anjing yang manis, beberapa ekor kelinci, seekor kera kecil, dan seekor kucing.

PRO/S V/P N/O

The second is idiomatic translation. It is a meaning-based translation that attempts to transfer the meaning of the source language text into the natural form of the target language. Newmark (1988) noted that “idiomatic translation reproduces the

“message” of the original but tends to distort nuance of meaning by preferring

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“kick the bucket” which is an English idiomatic expression is translated idiomatically

into “mati konyol”. Idiomatic translation is used in translating “kick the bucket” into “mati konyol” in order to get the equivalent meaning between the source language and the target language.

[b]

Source text : Kick the bucket

Target text : Mati konyol

2.1.3 Process of Translation

The concept of translation process was recently explored by Larson (1984). He noted that a main key word in the process of translation is meaning. Therefore, to produce a good translation, a translator has to discover the meaning of the text in the SL then re-express the meaning in new words in the TL. The following figure might enhance the understanding of Larson‟s concept:

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Figure 2.1

Nida and Taber (1969) classified the process of translation into three parts: 1) analyzing message in SL; 2) transferring message of SL into TL, and ; 3)

Text to be translated

Translation

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reconstructing of transferred message in TL. The following figure describes this process of translation.

Figure 2.2

2.2 Translation Shift

Catford (1965) concluded that shift in translation is a change in the process of going from the SL into the TL regarding formal match. One of the factors which brings on translation shift is the difference of linguistic system between SL and TL. The differences can be shown in table 2.1 (as cited in Maharani, 2012). Table 2.1 illustrates that determiner of noun phrases in SL such as “some” from noun phrase

“some fresh air” which means “beberapa” and “a” in noun phrase “a silly

premonition” which means “sebuah” are not translated. The reason why those two

determiners were not translated is because without them the translation has been already clear. Moreover, the first phrase is shifted from modifier (adjective: fresh) +

SOURCE

LANGUAGE

TARGET

LANGUAGE

Analysis

Transfer

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head (noun: air) in SL into head (noun: udara) + modifier (adjective: segar) in TL. Then, the second is shifted from modifier (adjective: silly) + head (noun: premonition) in SL into head (noun: firasat) + modifier (adjective: konyol) in TL.

Table 2.1 Examples of Translation shift

Source language Target language Some fresh air Udara segar A silly premonition Firasat konyol

There are two main shifts in translation. Those are level shift and category shift. Level shift is elaborated in 2.2.1 and category shift is discussed in 2.2.2.

2.2.1 Level Shift

As noted by Catford (1965) level shift happens when the translation of TL which is translated from SL has equivalent translation, however, there is a change of TL level. The examples of level shift is given in [c]. According to the following example, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in which the pattern “to be + v-ing” (grammar) in the source language text is translated into lexicon “sedang” in the target language.

[c]

Source language : He is walking

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 2.2.2 Category Shift

Catford (1965, p.73) defined category shift as “departures from formal

correspondence in translation”. It is classified into four types. Those are structure

shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift. Structure shift is discussed in 2.2.2.1, class shift is explained in 2.2.2.2, unit shift is elaborated in 2.2.2.3, and intra system shift is explained 2.2.2.4.

2.2.2.1 Structure Shift

Structure shift happens in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation. It is a kind of shift that occurs mostly in translation (Catford, 1965). The example of the structure shift in [d] shows that the noun phrase „beautiful

girl‟ in the source language text is constructed of pre modifier (beautiful) + head

(girl). The position of the head of the English noun phrase in source language is at the right end. However, in the target language, the noun phrase is translated into “gadis cantik”which is constructed of head (gadis) + post modifier (cantik). The position of the head of the Indonesian noun phrase in target language is at the left end then it is followed by post modifier.

[d]

Source language : Beautiful girl

Target language : Gadis cantik

2.2.2.2 Class Shift

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of translation shift in which the noun phrase „a polite smile‟ in the source language text is translated into the verb phrase “tersenyum sopan” in the target language text. [e]

Source language :A polite smile

Target language :Tersenyum sopan

2.2.2.3 Unit Shift

In English grammar, unit involves sentence, clause, and group. Each of these is the carrier of the particular kind of meaningful grammatical pattern. Unit shift encompasses change in rank. Additionally, it undergoes from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is the unit at a different rank in the TL.

In example [f], a phrase is translated into a clause. “Each for his own destination” is a phrase because it has no subject or predicate in it. Exactly, there is no verb which can function as a predicate. Nevertheless, in the target language text, it is translated into “masing-masing menuju tujuan mereka sendiri” which is a clause. This is because the preposition „for‟ is translated into verb “menuju”. The verb functions as the predicate of the clause and words “masing-masing” functions as the subject.

[f]

Source language : In due course, the brothers separated, each for his own destination.

Target language : Pada saatnya, ketiga kakak-beradik ini terpisah, masing-masing menuju tujuan mereka sendiri.

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Intra-system shift is used for cases where the shift ensues internally, within a system; that is, for cases where SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system (Catford, 1965).

The example of intra system shift is shown in [g]. „Eyes‟ in the source language text is a plural form. It is translated into “mata” in the target language text in a singular form. This occurred because of the different system between SL and TL. Plural in SL is marked by adding “s” or “es” in the end of noun, for example:

„books‟. Meanwhile, in TL, plural form is repetition of a noun, for example: “

buku-buku”. However, in this case, the word “eyes” cannot be translated into “mata-mata”. This is not only because of different system between SL and TL but also the different meaning of SL “mata-mata” which means “spy”. According to Catford, the changing from plural to singular form can be categorized into intra system shift.

[g]

Source language: …when Scrubb‟s eyes opened wide with horror…

Target language: …ketika mataScrubb melebar ketakutan…

2.3 Noun Phrase

Noun phrase is a phrase which can occupy the function as a subject or an object in a clause (Chaer, 2009) and consists of noun as the most meaningful part within it (Thomas, 1993). Thomas also stated that noun is the requisite constituent in noun phrase as a head.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 2.3.1 English Noun Phrase

According to Thomas (1993), English noun phrase consists of Noun (N), Determiner + Noun (Det+N), and Pronoun (Pro). Table 2.2 shows the examples of N, Det+N and Pro.

Table 2.2 Examples of Noun Phrase

Det+N N Pro

Det N

An Apple Apple It

The Boy Boy He/him

Those Students students They/them

2.3.1.1 Modifiers in English Noun Phrase

Thomas (1997) argued that noun phrases consist of one constituent, the head (e.g. Pro) or more than one constituent (e.g. Det+N). Constituents that modify the head noun are known as modifiers. The modifiers which exist before the head noun are named pre-modifiers. While, those which exist after the head of noun are termed post-modifier.

Most often, pre-modifiers are determiners (DET), adjective phrase (AP), and nouns (N). Thomas (1997) classified determiners into several types which can be seen in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 The Examples of Determiners

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Demonstrative This, that, these, those Quantifiers Some, any, each, every, no

Possessives My, your, her, his, its, our, your, their Wh-determiners Whose, what, which

Adjective phrase (AP) can consist of one or more than one element (e.g. beautiful, very beautiful). The function of AP within the NP is to pre-modify the head. Murphy (2004) stated that to pre-modify head noun can be used both fact and opinion adjectives. Opinion adjectives are positioned before fact adjective. Fact adjectives include size, age, shape, color, origin, material and purpose. Table 2.4 displays example of the word order of the AP within the NP.

Table 2.4 The Word Order of AP within the NP

Det AP Head

Opinion adjective

Fact adjective

Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Purpose

The expensive old large Round brown Javanese Wooden dining Table

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and Grenbaun: 1973). Examples of prepositional phrases are exemplified in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 The Examples of Prepositional Phrases

Preposition Prepositional Complement Types of Prepositional Complement At the bus-stop noun phrase

In the bus station noun phrase

On the bus noun phrase

From what the lecturer said wh-clause By completing the thesis V-ing clause

The function of prepositional phrase after the noun is to modify the noun by more narrowly defining or describing it. At the higher level, the function of the entire noun phrase (including the prepositional phrase) is as a direct object of the sentence.

Meanwhile, relative clause is part of a sentence which cannot exist independently and which describes a noun which comes before it in the main part of the sentence functioning as a nominal modifier (Keenan, 1985, as cited in Payne, 1997). Thomas (1997, p.95) also stated that “relative clause is a kind of subsidiary

sentence into the main one”. Additionally, there are two kinds of relative clauses

namely “restricted” and “unrestricted” contrasting with or without commas

(Whitman, 1975). Restricted relative clause which is differed without using commas provides essential information for the identification of the head noun. However, unrestricted relative clause which is differed with using commas provides extra and inessential information of identification of the head noun. The examples of restricted and unrestricted relative clause are displayed in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 The Examples of Types of Relative Clauses

Restricted relative clause Unrestricted relative clause The man who is smiling is my brother. The man, who is smiling, is my brother.

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According Table 2.6, the example of restricted relative clause is “The man who is smiling is my brother”. Relative clause “who is smiling” delivers important information to identify “man” as the head noun. Without the relative clause “who is

smiling”, the reader could not be sure which man is my brother. Nevertheless, the

relative clause “, who is smiling,“ in the example “The man, who is smiling, is my

brother” is unrestricted relative clause. The relative clause “, who is smiling,“

delivers additional and inessential information since the reader already knows which man is being discussed.

2.3.1.2 The Types of English Noun Phrase

Based on Keizer (2007) English noun phrase is categorized into three types.

Those are „binominal‟ phrases, possessive constructions and discontinuous noun

phrases. Binominal is also called two-noun noun phrase having N1-of-N2 constructions. Examples of binominal phrases are shown in [h], [i] and [j].

[h]

a fool of a beggar

NI N2

[i]

a devil of a row

NI N2

[j]

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu NI N2

From these examples, it can be known that N2 (the second noun) of [h], [i] and [j] is the head of the binominal and N1 (the first noun) of [h], [i] and [j] is the modifier of the binominal. According to Quirk et al. (1985, as cited in Keizer, 2007), constructions of binominal allow for a paraphrase in the form of a copular sentence, i.e. with a predicate relation between the two nouns (see examples [h.1], [i.1] and [j.1]).

[h]

[h.1] a fool of a beggar - the beggar is a fool

[i]

[i.1] a devil of a row – the row is a devil

[j]

[j.1] a wonder of a city – the city is a wonder

The other way to distinguish the function of N1 (as modifier) and N2 (as head) is by changing class/rank of N1 into adjective. This is exemplified by [h.2], [i.2] and [j.2].

[h]

[i.2] a fool of a beggar – a foolish beggar

[i]

[i.2] a devil of a row – a devilish row

[j]

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The second noun phrase is possessive constructions. It is divided into two types namely prenominal possessive and a post-nominal of construction. Some examples are shown in the Table 2.7 (Quirk et al., 1985, as cited in Keizer, 2007).

Table 2.7 Prenominal Possessive and Post-nominal of Construction

Types of possessive construction

Prenominal possessive Post-nominal of construction

Proper names referring to person

Tom‟s father Father of Tom

Common nouns referring to person

The boy‟s new bicycle The new bicycle of the boy

Higher animals the horse‟s tail the tail of the horse Collective nouns denoting

groups of people

the government‟s plans The plans of the government

Geographical names Europe‟s mainland the mainland of Europe Locative nouns earth‟s interior the interior of the earth Temporal nouns the decade‟s events the events of the decade Special relevance to human

activity

the brain‟s total weight The total weight of the brain

Concrete or inanimate noun the car‟s engine The engine of the car

Based on Table 2.7, frequently, possessive constructions which are found as possessor nouns in prenominal position are proper names referring to persons (e.g.

Tom‟s father). Prenominal possessive “Tom‟s father” can be changed into

post-nominal of construction „father of Tom‟. The second type is common nouns referring to persons (e.g. the boy‟s new bicycle). Prenominal possessive “the boy‟s new

bicycle” can be changed into post-nominal of construction “the new bicycle of the

boy”. The other type is noun which denotes higher animals (e.g. the horse‟s tail).

Prenominal possessive “the horse‟s tail” can be changed into post-nominal of

construction “the tail of the horse”. Additionally, genitive constructions are often

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mainland” modifies into post-nominal of construction “the mainland of Europe”. Thus, genitive construction occurs in locative nouns, for example “the earth‟s interior

becomes “the interior of the earth‟, temporal nouns (e.g. “the decade‟s events”

changes into “the events of the decade”), as well as with other nouns „of special

relevance to human activity‟, for example, the brain‟s total weight becomes the total

weight of the brain. In some cases even a concrete or inanimate noun can appear in genitive position (e.g. the car‟s engine). Prenominal possessive “the car‟s engine” modifies into post-nominal of construction “the engine of the car”.

Sometimes, “a post-nominal of” construction is used to avoid ambiguity in constructions. An adjective can be construed as modifying either the genitive noun or a compound noun the ﬁrst element of which is a bare genitive. For example, „a poor

doctor‟s daughter‟ may be have two meanings. First, “poor” can only modify the

noun “doctor”, thus, the adjective can be interpreted as modifying the possessive compound “doctor‟s daughter”. To prevent the misconception, “a poor doctor‟s

daughter” can be altered into “a post-nominal of” construction “a poor daughter of a

doctor” (Keizer, 2007).

The last type of noun phrase is discontinuous noun phrase also known as displacement or extraposition. Usually, all the words in a noun phrase will be connected with the noun, however, there is also a probability for a noun phrase to be broken. One very good purpose for a discontinuous noun phrase is to balance a subject and its predicate. Discontinuous noun phrase is classified into three kinds.

They are “of-phrase”, “participle phrase” and “to infinitive phrase”.

Example [k] is a discontinuous noun phrase with “of-phrase” as post modification. Instead of writing “a review of his new bookcame out yesterday”, the

writer broke the construction of the “of-phrase”.

[k]

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In example [l], we can see a discontinuous noun phrase with “participle” as post modification. Instead of writing “several accidents involving passengers falling from trains have been reported”, the writer broke the construction of the “participle phrase”.

[l]

Several accidents have been reported involving passengers falling from trains.

The last example of discontinuous noun phrase is noun phrase with “to

infinitive” (see example [m]). Instead of writing “the time to stop spending money

foolishly and to put something away for the future had come”, the writer broke the construction of the “to infinitive phrase”.

[m]

The time had come to stop spending money foolishly and to put something away for the

future

2.3.2 Indonesian Noun Phrase

Indonesian noun phrase is known as frasa nomina. Loewen (2011) noted that the head noun in Indonesian usually appears at the left edge of the noun phrase.

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Indonesian noun phrase can be followed by a number of modifiers, for instance, adjectives [n], possessors [o], prepositional modifiers [p] and demonstratives [q] (Loewen (2011).

However, Djenar (2003) termed modifier as combination. She categorized combination of Indonesian noun phrase into four categories such as “noun +

possessor”, “noun + another noun”, “noun + adjective”, “noun + verb” and “noun +

demonstrative”. The first category is “noun + possessor”. It means that the noun

refers to something that belongs to a person or animal. In example [r], “pensil” is

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu [r]

Noun Possessor English meaning

Pensil Tommy Tommy‟s pencil

The second category is “noun + another noun”. In this category, “another

noun” specifies the location mentioned in the head, such as “sekolah“ in

“perpustakaan sekolah” (see example [s]). It explains that “sekolah” is the location of “perpustakaan”.

[s]

The third category is “noun + adjective”. The adjective which follows the

noun describes such thing as the size, color, taste and the quality of the thing referred to by the noun. Example [t] shows “cantik” is the quality of the head noun “gadis”.

[t]

Noun Adjective English meaning

Gadis cantik Beautiful girl

The forth category is “noun + verb”. When a verb follows a noun, that verb

shows the activity for which the noun is used. We can see in example [u] that verb “mandi” indicates the activity for which the noun “kamar” is used.

[u]

Noun Verb English meaning

Kamar mandi Bathroom

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The last category is “noun + demonstrative”. Demonstrative which is

positioned after noun is a word that is used to point at something, such as “ini” (this)

and “itu” (that). In example [v], demonstrative “ini” points at “universitas”.

[v]

Noun Demonstrative English meaning

Universitas ini This university

2.3.2.2 Types of Indonesian Noun Phrase

Oka and Suparno (1994) explained that Indonesian noun phrase is divided into three types. They are coordinative noun phrase, attributive noun phrase and appositive noun phrase. Coordinative noun phrase contains two nouns or more

connecting with coordinative conjunction “dan” or “atau”. The example of

coordinative noun phrase is displayed in [w]. The example [w] displays “kakak” as

N1 (first noun), “dan” as coordinative conjunction and “adik” as N2 (second noun).

[w]

N1 Conjunction N2

Kakak dan adik

Rumah atau mobil

In attributive noun phrase, the head noun is attributed by other elements, such as noun, adjective, article and prepositional phrase. Example [x] shows the example of attributive noun phrase. “Sepatu” as the head noun is attributed by noun “merah”,

adjective “baru” and prepositional phrase “dariBandung”.

[x]

Head Modifiers

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Sepatu merah baru dari Bandung

However, in appositive noun phrase, the head noun is extended by apposition which is a noun phrase which has the same reference with the head noun (Alwi et al., 1998:247). The head noun and apposition is separated by comma. The example of appositive noun phrase (see example [y]) shows that the head noun “Indonesia” is extended by apposition “negara kami yang sangat kami cintai”.

[y]

Head Apposition

Indonesia ,negara kami yang sangat kami cintai

2.4 Change of Meaning

There are four types of change of meaning. The first is explicitation which means that when a SL unit with a more general meaning is replaced by a TL unit with a more specific meaning (Klaudy, 1998). The second is implicitation when a SL unit with a specific meaning is replaced by a TL unit with a more general meaning (Klaudy and Karoly, 2005). The third is substitution which means item in the SL that is translated by no means unusual in the TL (Akbari, 2012). The fourth is null change

which there is no change of meaning between SL and TL.

2.5 Tree Structure

According to Fabb (2005, p.49), “tree structure is made of labelled nodes and

line which connect those nodes”. Tree structure is applied to identify the word

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter explains data analysis and discussion of findings related to the statements of problem. Section 4.1 shows the types of translation shift of noun phrases that were found in the translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖.

Section 4.2 elaborates the change of meaning that were found in translation shift of noun phrases in the translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖.

4.1 Types of Translation Shift of Noun Phrases in the Translation of “The Black

Cat” into “Kucing Hitam”

All types of translation shift proposed by Catford (1965) were found. However, data analysis showed that the translation of a noun phrase not only consisted of single translation shift but also combination of the types proposed by Catford i.e. double translation shift.

When in a noun phrase there is only one type of translation shift, it is termed as

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Table 4.1 Types of Translation Shift of Noun Phrases in The Translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖

Table 4.1 shows translation shift were found in the translation of 160 noun phrases of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖. The most frequent shift was single translation shift including structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift

that was existed in 146 data (91,25%). Next, the second was double translation shift

including structure and unit shift, structure and intra system shift, and unit and intra system shift that was existed in 14 data (8,75%).

The most frequent type of translation shift which was found in the translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖ was structure shift in 95 data (59 %). Then, it

1 Single Translation Shift 146 91,25

Structure shift

Structure and intra system shift 11 7 Unit and intra system shift 1 0,6

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 4.1.1 Single Translation Shift

4.1.1.1 Structure Shift

Structure shifts were the most frequent type of translation shift in the translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖ which were found in 95 data (59%). The example of structure shift is presented in the example [a].

[a] SLT: This latter was a remarkably large and beautiful animal,

(para. 4, line 28)

TLT:Kucing itu bertubuh besar dan indah, (adj) (para. 4, line 49)

Tree structure:

SLT: NP TLT: NP

dem N N dem

this latter kucing itu

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 4.1.1.2 Class Shift

Class shifts were in the second position of the most frequent type of translation shift in the translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖ which were found in 32 data (20%). The example [f] shows the example of class shift.

[b] SLT: …- when I had slept off the fumes of the night's debauch - ...

(para. 8, line 57)

TLT: …- terbangun dari tidur nyenyak -...(para. 8, line 101)

The tree structure:

SLT: NP TLT: VP

NP PP

NP

art N P art N N V A

the fumes of the night 's debauch tidur nyenyak

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Hence, we know that the class shift was found here in which the noun phrase in the SLT was translated into verb phrase in the TLT. The translator changed the class of the SLT from noun phrase into verb phrase in the TLT with the intention of the message of the SLT can be understood easily by the reader.

4.1.1.3 Unit Shift

Unit shifts were in the third position of the most frequent translation shifts that were found in translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖. It were found in 13 data (8,1%). Example [c] displays the example of unit shift.

[c] SLT: My happiness was supreme! (para. 28, line 234)

TLT: Aku sangat bahagia! (para. 26, line 374)

Tree structure:

SLT: NP TLT: S

NP AdvP AP

N N N Adv A

my happiness Aku sangat bahagia

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that translator strengthened the feeling of ―aku” as subject. Hence, the translator wanted to build the happier situation to the readers.

4.1.1.4 Intra System Shift

Intra-system shifts were found in 3 data (2,3%). The example [h] presents the example of intra system shift.

[d] SLT: Hereafter, perhaps, some intellect may be found which will reduce my phantasm to the common-place…. (para. 1, line 9)

TLT: Mudah-mudahan setelah aku menceritakan perihal kejadian yang kualami,

seseorang dengan wawasan luas dan ilmu tinggi akan mengatakan

bahwa apa yang kualami tak lebih dari hal yang alami…. (para. 1, line 13)

The tree structure:

SLT: NP TLT: NP

PP

NP

NP NP

Q N N P N A CC N A

some intellect seseorang dengan wawasan luas dan ilmu tinggi

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of head (N ―seseorang‖) + post-modifier (PP ―dengan wawasan luas dan ilmu tinggi”). The translation shift that was found in the example [m] was an intra-system shift. It was because the pre-modifier ―some‖ which indicates plurality in the SLT was translated into ―seseorang‖ which indicates singularity in the TLT. It shows that the translator wanted to refer the subject more explicitly. Therefore, the singularity can help the reader to focus on a subject (seseorang). Besides, the message of the TLT can be understood more easily by the reader.

4.1.2 Double Translation Shift 4.1.2.1 Structure and Unit Shift

This part is the explanation of the double translation shift which is identified as

structure and unit shift. Structure and unit shifts were found in 6 data (1,3%). It occupied the sixth rank in the most frequent translation shift. The example [e] exemplifies the example of structure and unit shift.

[e] SLT: …, the figure of gigantic cat. (para. 11, line 100)

TLT: ...ukiran berbentuk kucing besar…. (para. 11, line 167)

The tree structure:

SLT: NP

NP PP

NP

art N P A N

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TLT: NP

NP VP

NP

AP

N V N A

ukiran berbentuk kucing besar

Based on example [e], the noun phrase ―the figure of gigantic cat ‖ in the SLT is binominal noun phrase because it consisted of N1 (as modifier) + of + N1 (as head) (Keizer, 2007). The modifier (N1) ―the figure‖ is a noun phrase which is constructed of art ―the‖ + N ―figure‖. The head (N2) is also a noun phrase which consisted of pre-modifier (A ―gigantic‖) + head (N ―cat‖). Meanwhile, in the TLT, it was translated into sentence ―ukiran berbentuk kucing besar”. According to the tree structure,

sentence ―tidur nyenyak” was constructed of NP ―ukiran‖ + VP ―berbentuk kucing besar‖. Hence, we know that the unit shift was found here in which the noun phrase

in the SLT was translated into sentence in the TLT. Meanwhile, structure shift

occurred due to the omission of the translation of article ―the‖ in the TLT. Additionally, there was word order in N2 ―gigantic cat‖ which was translated into ―kucing besar‖. The translator shifted the structure and unit with the intention of the message of the SLT can be understood easily by the reader.

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Structure and intra system shifts occupies the fourth rank of the most frequent of translation shift that were found in the translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing

Hitam‖. Structure and intra system shifts were found in 11 data (7%). The example of

structure and intra system shift can be seen in the examples [f]. [f] SLT: the curtains of my bed (para. 10, line 86)

TLT: tirai yang mengelilingi ranjang tidurku (para. 10, line 143)

The tree structure:

SLT: NP TLT: NP

NP PP VP

NP class. NP

art N P N N N V N N the curtains of my bed tirai yang mengelilingi ranjang tidurku

The translation shift which exists in the example [f] is double translation shift

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tidur‖. The second shift was intra system shift. It was because the word ―curtains‖ which is plural was translated into ―tirai‖ which is singular. ―Curtains‖ was not translated into ―tirai-tirai‖ which is reduplication in Indonesian for marking the plural form. The translator applied structure and intra system shift aimed to the TLT can be understood easily by the reader. Besides, the using of singular form of ―tirai‖

can sufficiently directs the reader to imagine ―curtains‖. In addition, the singular form of ―tirai‖ does not change totally the meaning in the TLT.

4.1.2.3 Unit and Intra System Shift

The last double translation shift type is unit and intra system shift. The percentage of occurrence unit and intra system shift is 0,6 % in 1 data. The example of unit and intra system shift is exemplified in [g].

[g] SLT: The falling of other walls had compressed the victim of my cruelty into the substance of the freshly-spread plaster; (para. 13, line 109)

TLT: Lalu, karena dinding lain telah runtuh, maka bangkai kucing itu melekat di dinding yang lapisan plasternya masih baru; (para. 12, line 183)

The tree structure:

SLT: NP TLT: S

NP PP

NP VP

NP

art A P det N CC det N Adv V

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In the example [g], there was double translation shifts which are unit shift and intra system shift. Unit shift was identified since the noun phrase―the falling of other

walls‖ was translated into ―karena dinding lain telah runtuh‖ which is a clause. Additionally, the second shift is intra system shift. It can be shown in the word ―walls‖ which is plural form was translated into ―dinding‖ which is singular form. Literally, ―the falling of the other walls‖ can be translated into ―dinding-dinding lain yang runtuh‖. However, the translator added conjunction ―because‖ and omitted

reduplication of ―dinding-dinding‖. The clause ―karena dinding lain telah runtuh‖ is

considered better than ―dinding-dinding lain yang runtuh‖. ―The translator applied

unit shift and intra system shift in translating example [g] aimed to facilitate the readers in understanding the message of the TLT.

4.2 The Changes of Meaning that were Found in Translation Shift of Noun Phrases in Translation of “The Black Cat” into “Kucing Hitam”

This section elaborates the meaning changes of the noun phrase translations of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖. This study found that there are four types of meaning changes that are found according to data analysis. The first is explicitation

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null change which there is no change of meaning between SL and TL. Table 4.2 presented the occurrences and the percentages of meaning changes of the translations of noun phrase of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖.

Table 4.2 Types of Meaning Change that were Found in Translation Shift of Noun Phrases in The Translation of ―The Black Cat‖ into ―Kucing Hitam‖

According to the table 4.3, we can see that implicitation was found at most in 55 data (34,4%). Then, the second type of change of meaning was null change in 49 data (30,6%). The third, explicitation was found in 31 data (19,4%). The last was

substitution that was found in 25 data (15,6%).

The first type of meaning change is implicitation. The example [h] and [i] present the example of implicitation.

[h] SLT: … gold fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.

(para. 3, line 27)

TLT: … ikan koki, anjing, kelinci, seekor kera kecil, dan seekor kucing.

(para. 3, line 47)

[i] SLT: The officers bade me accompany them in their search. (para. 29, line 240)

TLT: Mereka menolak ketika aku mengajukan diri untuk membantu pencarian

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According to the example [h] above, a noun phrase ―a fine dog‖ was

translated into ―anjing‖. There is implicitation in that translation shift because ―fine‖ was not translated. Hence, the meaning of SLT had more general meaning.

Example [i] denotes that the noun phrasein the SLT is ―the officers‖ then it

was translated into pronoun ―mereka‖ in the TLT. The meaning changed from specific into general. ―The officers‖ has specific meaning which refers to ―policeman‖. However, pronoun ―mereka‖ has general meaning which can refer to ―a group of people which is not clearly described‖. Actually, in the previous sentence in the SLT, ―the officers‖ has mentioned as the synonym of ―a party of the police‖ which is translated into ―sekelompok petugas kepolisian‖. To compare the differences between the SLT and the TLT, it can be seen in Table 4.3. rigorous investigation of the premises.

381/27 Di hari keempat menyusul perbuatanku terhadap istriku, mendadak sekelompok petugas

kepolisian datang berkunjung

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 240/29 The officers bade me

According to Table 4.3,the translator tends to use pronoun ―mereka‖ than use literal translation ―para petugas kepolisian‖ that aimed to avoid repetition as in the previous sentence ―sekelompok petugas kepolisian‖. In fact, repetition can make the readers bored.

The second type of the change of meaning in translation shift was null change. According to the data analysis, the null change was at the second rank of the most frequent of the meaning change. The example [j] displays the example of null change.

[j] SLT: —as the monks of the middle ages are recorded to have walled up their

victims. (para. 25, line 205)

TLT: — seperti yang dilakukan para biarawan abad pertengahan untuk

mengubur korban-korban mereka. (para. 23, line 334)

As can be seen in example [j], the noun phrase in the SLT is ―their victims‖ then it was rendered into ―korban-korban mereka‖. Actually, each word was

translated literally. Possessive pronoun ―their‖ is translated into ―mereka‖ and noun

―victims‖ is translated into ―korban-korban‖. There was a structure shift due to the word order between possessive pronoun and noun. However, the meaning of those two noun phrases did not change. In structure shift, the translator tends to translate the SLT literally into the TLT. Besides, the change was only in the position of each word class not in the meaning.

The third type of change of meaning in the translation shift is explicitation. The example [k] presents the example of explicitation in class shift.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TLT: Aku terus mengelus kucing itu, (para. 15, line 219)

The noun phrase ―my caresses‖ in example [k] was translated into verb phrase ―mengelus kucing itu‖. The translator applied explicitation in rendering this

noun phrasesince ―my caresses‖ which has more general meaning was translated into “mengelus kucing itu” which has more specific meaning. More specific meaning of “mengelus kucing itu” is shown by addition of noun phrase “kucing itu” as the object. By applying explicitation, the readers can understand the TLT easily. Hence,

explicitation help the readers to comprehend the message of the text with no trouble.

The next type of change of meaning in translation shift is substitution. The example [l] and [m] shows the examples of substitution.

[l] SLT: … gold fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.

(para. 3, line 27)

TLT: … ikan koki, anjing, kelinci, seekor kera kecil, dan seekor kucing.

(para. 3, line 47)

[m] SLT: …, this garden had been immediately filled by the crowd —

(para. 13, line 106)

TLT: …, taman itudipenuhi tetangga yang datang untuk menonton….

(para. 12, line 177)

The example [l] denotes that there was substitution since ―monkey‖ which

means ―monyet‖ was translated into ―kera‖ which means ―ape‖. Actually, ―monkey‖

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There are two possibilities why the translator substituted ―monkey‖ into ―ape‖. First, based on the characteristics that have explained in the previous paragraph, a monkey lives in the tree, whereas an ape lives both in the tree and on the ground. It shows that ―ape‖ is more suitable to be said as pet than ―monkey‖ since the ―ape‖ can live on the ground same as the other pets that have mentioned in the SLT such as dog, rabbit, and cat. However, ―monkey‖ should live in the trees and it is difficult for human to adapt with the animals which do not live on the ground.

Second, based on the social factor. For Indonesian people, word ―monyet‖ has

two meanings namely denotation and connotation. As denotation word, ―monyet‖ is

categorized as primate which has a long tail and climbs trees. However, as connotation word, the meaning of ―monyet‖ has changed into more negative sense.

Commonly, the word ―monyet‖ is used to mock someone who is stinker.

Consequently, the translator tended to use ―kera‖ than ―monyet‖ aimed to

make the translation can be accepted by the readers. The acceptance of a term in the readers’ mind are based on the logical factor and the politeness.

From example [m], it can be compared the difference between noun phrase in the SLT which is ―this garden‖ and the noun phrase in TLT which is ―taman itu‖. The change of meaning that was found in example [m] is substitution. Literally,

demonstrative―this‖ is translated into ―ini‖ which refers to something near. However,

in the TLT, translator substituted ―this‖ by ―that/itu‖ which refers to something far.

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